Hostname: page-component-686fd747b7-4b24c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-02-13T13:59:07.984Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Lady Lovelace had it right: Computers originate nothing

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 February 2010

Selmer Bringsjord
Selmer Bringsjord
Affiliation:
Department of Philosophy, Psychology, and Cognitive Science, Department of Computer Science, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180; selmer@rpi.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Open Peer Commentary
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 17 , Issue 3 , September 1994 , pp. 532 - 533
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1994

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abelson, R. P. (1973) The structure of belief systems. In: Computer models of thought and language, ed. Schank, R. C. & Colby, K. M.. W. H. Freeman. [arMAB]Google Scholar
Amarel, S. (1968) On representations of problems of reasoning about actions. In: Machine intelligence 3, ed. Michie, D.. Edinburgh University Press. [rMAB]Google Scholar
Arbib, M. (1993) Review of Allen Newell's Unified theories of cognition. Artificial Intelligence 59:265–83. [rMAB]Google Scholar
Bickhard, M. H. (1980) Cognition, convention, and communication. Praeger. [RLC]Google Scholar
Bickhard, M. H. (1991) The import of Fodor's anticonstructivist arguments. In: Epistemological foundations of mathematical experience, ed. Steffe, L. P.. Springer-Verlag. [RLC]Google Scholar
Bickhard, M. H. (1993) Representational content in humans and machines. Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence 5:285–333. [RLC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bickhard, M. H. & Campbell, R. L. (1989) Interactivism and genetic epistemology. Archives de Psychologie 57:99–121. [RLC]Google Scholar
Bickhard, M. H. & Richie, D. M. (1983) On the nature of representation: A case study of James Gibson's theory of perception. Praeger. [RLC]Google Scholar
Block, N., ed. (1981) Imagery. MIT Press. [KR]Google Scholar
Boden, M. A. (1972) Purposive explanation in psychology. Harvard University Press. [arMAB, KWMF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boden, M. A. (1977) Artificial intelligence and natural man. Basic Books. (1987: Expanded ed. New York, Basic Books; London, MIT Press.) IrMAB]Google Scholar
Boden, M. A. (1988) Computer models of mind: Computational approaches in theoretical psychology. Cambridge University Press. [arMAB]Google Scholar
Boden, M. A. (1990a) The creative mind: Myths and mechanisms. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. (1991: Expanded ed., Abacus; American ed., Basic Books.) [aMAB, CAP]Google Scholar
Boden, M. A. (1990b) Escaping from the Chinese room. In: The philosophy of artificial intelligence, ed. Boden, M. A.. Oxford University Press. [rMAB]Google Scholar
Boden, M. A. (1993) Mapping, exploring, transforming. Artificial Intelligence and Simulation of Behavior Quarterly: Special Issue on Artificial Intelligence and Creativity, Autumn. [THD]Google Scholar
Boden, M. A. (1994) What is creativity? In: Dimensions of creativity, ed. Boden, M. A.. MIT Press. [arMAB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boden, M. A. (in press) Creativity and computers. In: Artificial intelligence and creativity: An interdisciplinary approach, ed. Dartnall, T. H.. Kluwer Academic. [THD]Google Scholar
Bowers, K. S., Regehr, G., Balthazard, C. & Parker, K. (1990) Intuition in the context of discovery. Cognitive Psychology 22:72–110. [VAS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brainerd, C. J. (1978) The stage question in cognitive-developmental theory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2:173–213. [HLJM]Google Scholar
Brannigan, A. (1981) The social basis of scientific discoveries. Cambridge University Press. [aMAB]Google Scholar
Bringsjord, S. (1991) What robots can and can't be. Kluwer. [SB]Google Scholar
Bringsjord, S. (1994) “Why Henrik Ibsen threatens computer-generated literature,” presented at the Computer Generated Literature session at ALLC-ACH 94, Colloque de Paris VII—Jussieu, La Sorbonne, Paris, France, 04 22. [SB]Google Scholar
Bundy, A. (1991) A science of reasoning. In: Computational logic: Essays in honor of Alan Robinson, ed. Lassez, J.-L. & Plotkin, G.. MIT Press. (Also available from Edinburgh University as DAI Research Paper 445.) [AB]Google Scholar
Burns, B. D. & Schriener, M. E. (1992) Analogy and representation: Support for the Copycat model. Proceedings of the Fourteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, Bloomington, IN, 07: 737–42. [BDB]Google Scholar
Campbell, D. T. (1960) Blind variation and selective retention in creative thought as in other knowledge processes. Psychological Review 67:380–400. [KJC, DKS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Campbell, R. L. (1993) Sun Ra: Super sonic sounds from Saturn. Goldmine 19(2):22ff. [RLC]Google Scholar
Campbell, R. L. & Bickhard, M. H. (1987) A deconstruction of Fodor's anticonstructivism. Human Development 30:48–59. [RLC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, R. L. & Bickhard, M. H. (1991) If human cognition is adaptive, can human knowledge consist of encodings? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 14:488–89. [RLC]Google Scholar
Campbell, R. L. & Bickhard, M. H. (1992) Types of constraints on development: An interactivist approach. Developmental Review 12:311–38. [RLC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chalmers, D. J., French, R. M. & Hofstadter, D. R. (1991) High-level perception, representation, and analogy: A critique of artificial intelligence methodology. CRCC Technical Report 49. Center for Research on Concepts and Cognition, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN. [aMAB]Google Scholar
Clark, A. C. (1993) Associative engines: Connectionism, concepts and representational change. Bradford Books/MIT Press. [rMAB, THD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, A. C. & Karmiloff-Smith, A. (in press) The cognizer's innards (with peer-commentary). Mind and Language 8(3). [arMAB, THD]Google Scholar
Cliff, D., Harvey, I. & Husbands, P. (1993) Explorations in evolutionary robotics. Adaptive Behavior 2(1):71–104. [rMAB]Google Scholar
Colby, K. M. & Gilbert, J. P. (1964) Programming a computer model of neurosis. Journal of Mathematical Psychology 1:405–17. [rMAB]Google Scholar
Csikszentimihalyi, M. (1988a) Motivation and creativity: Toward a synthesis of structural and energistic approaches to cognition. New Ideas in Psychology 6:159–76. [DKS]Google Scholar
Csikszentimihalyi, M. (1988b) Society, culture, and person: A systems view of creativity. In: The nature of creativity: Contemporary psychological perspectives, ed. Sternberg, R. J.. Cambridge University Press. [RWW]Google Scholar
Dartnall, T. H. (1992) After Lamington: AI, creativity and representational redescription. Artificial Intelligence and Simulation of Behavior Quarterly, Autumn. [THD]Google Scholar
Dartnall, T. H. (1993a) AI, creativity, representational redescription, intentionality, mental life: An emerging picture. In: AAAI technical report on AI and creativity, ed. Dartnall, T. H., Kim, S., Levinson, R., Sudweeks, F. & Subramanian, D.. AAAI Press. [THD]Google Scholar
Dartnall, T. H. ed. (1993b) Artificial Intelligence and Simulation of Behavior Quarterly: Special Issue on AI and Creativity, Autumn. [THD]Google Scholar
Dartnall, T. H. ed. (in press a) Artificial intelligence and creativity: An interdisciplinary approach. Kluwer Academic. [THD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dartnall, T. H. (in press b) Creativity, thought and representational redescription. In: Artificial intelligence and creativity: An interdisciplinary approach, ed. Dartnall, T. H.. Kluwer Academic. [THD]Google Scholar
Davey, A. (1978) Discourse production: A computer nwdel of some aspects of a speaker. Edinburgh University Press. [aMAB]Google Scholar
de Groot, A. D. (1978) Thought and choice in chess, 2nd ed.Mouton. [BDB]Google Scholar
Dennett, D. (1991) Consciousness explained. Penguin Press. [JP]Google Scholar
Donald, M. (1991) Origins of the modern mind. Harvard University Press. [MD]Google Scholar
Donald, M. (1993) What we were, what we are becoming: Cognitive evolution. Social Research 60:143–70. [MD]Google Scholar
Dorfman, J., Kihlstrom, J. F. & Shames, V. A. (in preparation) Intuition, incubation, and insight. University of Arizona. [VAS]Google Scholar
Dreyfus, H. (1992) What computers still can't do: A critique of artificial reason. MIT Press. [JP]Google Scholar
Dunbar, K. (1993) Concept discovery in a scientific domain. Cognitive Science 17:397–434. [KD]Google Scholar
Dunbar, K. (in press) How scientists really reason: Scientific reasoning in real-world laboratories. In: Mechanisms of insight, ed. Sternberg, R. J. & Davidson, J.. MIT Press. [KD]Google Scholar
Dunbar, K. & Schunn, C. D. (1990) The temporal nature of scientific discovery: The roles of priming and analogy. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, Cambridge, MA: 93–100. [KD]Google Scholar
Dyer, M. G. (1983) In-depth understanding: A computer model of integrated processing for narrative comprehension. MIT Press. [aMAB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elman, J. L. (1991) Distributed representations, simple recurrent networks, and grammatical structure. Machine Learning 7:195–225. [rMAB]Google Scholar
Elton, M. (1993) Towards artificial creativity. In: Proceedings of LUTCHI symposium on creativity and cognition, ed. Edmonds, E.. University of Loughborough. [aMAB]Google Scholar
Eno, B. & Schmidt, P. (1975) Oblique strategies. Opal. (Limited edition, boxed set of cards.) [rMAB]Google Scholar
Ericcson, K. A. & Simon, H. A. (1993) Protocol analysis: Verbal reports as data. MIT Press. [MFI]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Euclid, (1956) The thirteen books of elements, ed. Heath, T.. Dover. [GG]Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1993) Creativity and personality: Suggestions for a theory. Psychological Inquiry 4:147–78. [DKS]Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (in press) The measurement of creativity. In: Dimensions of creativity, ed. Boden, M. A.. MIT Press. [rMAB]Google Scholar
Falkenhainer, B., Forbus, K. D. & Gentner, D. (1989) The structure-mapping engine: Algorithm and examples. Artificial Intelligence 41:1–63. [aMAB, BDB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fetzer, J. H. (1988) Mentality and creativity. Journal of Social and Biological Structures 11:82–85. [JHF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fetzer, J. H. (1990) Artificial intelligence: Its scope and limits. Kluwer Academic. [JHF]Google Scholar
Fetzer, J. H. (1991) Philosophy and cognitive science. Paragon House. [JHF]Google Scholar
Fetzer, J. H. (1994) Mental algorithms: Are minds computational systems? Pragmatics and Cognition. In press. [JHF]Google Scholar
Findlay, A. (1965) A hundred years of chemistry, 3rd ed., ed. Williams, T. I.. Duckworth. [aMAB]Google Scholar
Finke, R. A. (1989) Principles of mental imagery. MIT Press. [KR]Google Scholar
Finke, R. A., Ward, T. B. & Smith, S. M. (1992) Creative cognition: Theory, research, applications. MIT Press. [DKS]Google Scholar
Flor, N. & Hutchins, E. (1991) Analyzing distributed cognition in software teams. In: Empirical studies of programmers 4, ed. Koenemann-Belliveau, J., Moher, T. & Robertson, S.. Ablex. [NVF]Google Scholar
Fodor, J. (1975) The language of thought. Crowell. [THD]Google Scholar
Fodor, J. (1981) The present state of the Innateness Controversy. In: Representations: Philosophical essays on the foundations of cognitive science, ed. Fodor, J.. MIT Press. (British edn., Harvester Press.) [RLC, THD]Google Scholar
Fodor, J. (1985) Reply module. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8:33–42. [RLC]Google Scholar
(1987a) Meaning and the world order. In: Psychosemantics: The problem of meaning in the philosophy of mind. MIT Press. [RLC]Google Scholar
Fodor, J. (1987b) Psychosemantics: The problem of meaning in the philosophy of mind. MIT Press. [THD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fodor, J. (1990a) A theory of content II: The theory. In: A theory of content and other essays. MIT Press. [RLC]Google Scholar
Fodor, J. (1990b) A theory of content, and other essays. MIT Press. [rMAB]Google Scholar
Fodor, J. A. & Z., Pylyshyn (1988) Connectionism and cognitive architecture: A critical analysis. Cognition 28:3–71. [rMAB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Forrest, S. & Miller, J. H. (1991) Emergent behaviour in classifier systems. In: Emergent computation, ed. Forrest, S.. MIT Press. [JR]Google Scholar
Fulford, K. W. M. (1989) Moral theory and medical practice. Cambridge University Press. [KWMF]Google Scholar
Fulford, K. W. M. (1993) Mental illness and the mind-brain problem: Delusion, belief and Searle's theory of intentionality. Theoretical Medicine 14:181–94. [KWMF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Funt, B. V. (1980) Problem-solving with diagrammatic representations. Artificial Intelligence 13:201–30. [rMAB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gabora, L. M. (1993) Meme and variations: A computational model of cultural evolution. Proceedings of the 1993 Santa Fe Institute Complex Systems Summer School. [LMG]Google Scholar
Gardner, H. (1983) Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences. Heinemann. [arMAB]Google Scholar
Gardner, H. (1987) The mind's new science: A history of the cognitive revolution. Basic Books. [DKS]Google Scholar
Gardner, H. (1988) Creative lives and creative works: A synthetic scientific approach. In: The nature of creativity: Contemporary psychological perspectives, ed. Sternberg, R. J.. Cambridge University Press. [CA-P]Google Scholar
Gardner, H. (1993a) Creating minds: An anatomy of creativity seen through the lives of Freud, Einstein, Picasso, Stravinsky, Eliot, Graham, and Gandhi. Basic Books. [JP]Google Scholar
(1993b) The creators of the modern era. Basic Books. [rMAB]Google Scholar
Gamham, A. & Oakhill, J. V. (1994) Thinking and reasoning. Basil Blackwell. [AG]Google Scholar
Gelernter, H. L. (1963) Realization of a geometry theorem-proving machine. In: Computers and thought, ed. Feigenbaum, E. A. & Feldman, J.. McGraw-Hill. [aMAB, MT]Google Scholar
Getzels, J. & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1976) The creative vision: A longitudinal study of problem finding in art. Wiley. [MFI]Google Scholar
Gilmore, R. (1981) Catastrophe theory for scientists and engineers. Wiley. [HLJM]Google Scholar
Goodfield, J. (1981) An imagined world: A story of scientific discovery. Harper & Row. [MFI]Google Scholar
Gooding, D. (1990) Experiment and the making of meaning. Kluwer Academic. [MFI]Google Scholar
Gould, S. J. (1989) Wonderful life: The Burgess shale and the nature of history. Hutchinson Radius. [AG]Google Scholar
Gruber, H. E. (1974) Darwin on man: A psychological study of scientific creativity. Wildwood House. [rMAB]Google Scholar
Gruber, H. E. (1980) Darwin on man: A psychological study of scientific creativity, 2nd ed.University of Chicago Press. [KJG]Google Scholar
Gruber, H. E. (1989) The evolving systems approach to creative work. In: Creative people at work: Twelve cognitive case studies, ed. Wallace, D. B. & Gruber, H. E.. Oxford University Press. [DKS]Google Scholar
Gruber, H. E. & Davis, S. (1988) Inching our way up Mount Olympus: The evolving-systems approach to creative thinking. In: The nature of creativity: Contemporary psychological perspectives, ed. Sternberg, R. J.. Cambridge University Press. [CA-P]Google Scholar
Haase, K. W. (1986) Discovery systems. Proceedings of the European Conference on Artificial Intelligence 1:546–55. [aMAB]Google Scholar
Hadamard, J. (1954) An essay on the psychology of invention in the mathematical field. Dover. [aMAB]Google Scholar
Harnad, S. (1990) The symbol grounding problem. Physica D 42:335–46. [RLC]Google Scholar
Hayes, J. R. (1989) The complete problem solver, 2nd ed.Erlbaum. [DKS]Google Scholar
Hodgson, P. (1990) Understanding computing, cognition, and creativity. MSc. thesis, University of the West of England. [aMAB]Google Scholar
Hofstadter, D. R. (1985) Variations on a theme as the crux of creativity. In: Metamagical themas, ed. Hofstadter, D. R.. Basic Books. [CA-P]Google Scholar
Hofstadter, D. R. (1986) On the seeming paradox of mechanising creativity. In: Metamagical themas, ed. Hofstadter, D. R.. Penguin Books. [THD]Google Scholar
Hofstadter, D. R. & McGraw, G. (1993) Letter spirit: An emergent model of the perception and creation of alphabetic style. CRCC Technical Report 68. Center for Research in Concepts and Cognition, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN. [rMAB]Google Scholar
Holland, J. H. (1975) Adaptation in natural and artificial systems. University of Michigan Press. [JR]Google Scholar
Holland, J. H., Holyoak, K. J., Nisbett, R. E. & Thagard, P. R. (1986) Induction: Processes of inference, learning, and discovery. MIT Press. [aMAB]Google Scholar
Holyoak, K. J. & Thagard, P. R. (1989a) Analogical mapping by constraint satisfaction. Cognitive Science 13:295–356. [aMAB, BDB, JP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holyoak, K. J. & Thagard, P. R. (1989b) A computational model of analogical problem solving. In: Similarity and analogical reasoning, ed. Vosniadou, S. & Ortony, A.. Cambridge University Press. [aMAB]Google Scholar
Hsu, F.-H., Ananthataram, T., Campbell, M. & Nowatzyk, A. (1990) A grandmaster chess machine. Scientific American 263:44–54. [BDB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hudson, L. (1966) Contrary imaginations. Methuen. [JP]Google Scholar
Hutchins, E. (in press) Cognition in the wild. MIT Press. [NVF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ippolito, M. F. & Tweney, R. D. (in press) The inception of insight. In: Inside insight, ed. Sternberg, R. J. & Davidson, J. E.. MIT Press. [MFI]Google Scholar
Jackson, F. (1982) Epiphenomenal qualia. Philosophical Quarterly 32:127–36. [SB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
James, W. J. (1890) Principles of psychology, vol. 1. Dover. [MFI]Google Scholar
Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1988) Freedom and constraint in creativity. In: The nature of creativity: Contemporary psychological perspectives, ed. Sternberg, R. J.. Cambridge University Press. [AG]Google Scholar
Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1991) Jazz improvisation: A theory at the computational level. In: Representing musical structure, ed. Howell, P., West, R. & Cross, I.. Academic Press. [arMAB]Google Scholar
Jones, E. (1992) Brainstormer: A model of advice taking. Ph.D. dissertation, Yale University. [AR]Google Scholar
Kantorovich, A. (1993) Scientific discovery: Logic and tinkering. State University of New York Press. [DKS]Google Scholar
Karmiloff-Smith, A. (1986) From meta-processes to conscious access: Evidence from children's metalinguistic and repair data. Cognition 23:95–147. [RLC, THD]Google Scholar
Karmiloff-Smith, A. (1990) Constraints on representational change: Evidence from children's drawing. Cognition 34:57–83. [THD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Karmiloff-Smith, A. (1992) Beyond modularity: A developmental perspective on cognitive science. MIT Press. [arMAB, RLC, TD]Google Scholar
Karmiloff-Smith, A. (1993) Is creativity domain-specific or domain-general? Clues from normal and abnormal development. Artificial Intelligence and Simulation of Behavior Quarterly, 08. [THD]Google Scholar
Karmiloff-Smith, A. (1994) Multiple book review of Beyond modularity: A developmental perspective on cognitive science. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17(4). [THD]Google Scholar
Kemper, S. (1987) Life-span changes in syntactic complexity. Journal of Gerontology 42:323–28. [CA-P]Google Scholar
Kemper, S. (1990) Adults' diaries: Changes made to written narratives across the lifespan. Discourse Processes 13:207–24. [CA-P]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kemper, S. & Anagnopolous, C. (in press) Linguistic creativity in older adults. In: Creativity and aging: Theoretical and empirical approaches, ed. Adams-Price, C.. Springer. [CA-P]Google Scholar
Klahr, D. & Dunbar, K. (1988) The psychology of scientific discovery: Search in two problem spaces. Cognitive Science 12:1–48. [KD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klahr, D., Fay, A. L. & Dunbar, K. (1993) Heuristics for scientific experimentation: A developmental study. Cognitive Psychology 25:111–46. [KD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klein, S., Aeschlimann, J. F., Balsiger, D. F., Converse, S. L., Court, C. et al. (1973) Automatic novel writing: A status report. Technical Report 186. Computer Science Department, University of Wisconsin. [aMAB]Google Scholar
Koestler, A. (1964) The act of creation. Macmillan. [RWW]Google Scholar
Koestler, A. (1975) The act of creation. Picador. [aMAB]Google Scholar
Kolodner, J. (1994) Case-based reasoning. Morgan-Kaufmann. [AR]Google Scholar
Kolodner, J. & Wills, L. (1993) Case-based creative design. AAAI Spring Symposium on AI and Creativity, Stanford, CA, 03. [AR]Google Scholar
Kosslyn, S. M. (1980) Image and mind. Harvard University Press. [KR]Google Scholar
Kripke, S. (1971) Naming and necessity. In: Semantics of natural language, ed. Davidson, D. & Harinan, G.. Reidel. [SB]Google Scholar
Kuhn, T. S. (1962) The structure of scientific revolutions. University of Chicago Press. [rMAB]Google Scholar
Kuhn, T. S. (1970) The structure of scientific revolutions, 2nd ed.University of Chicago Press. [AG]Google Scholar
Langley, P. W., Simon, H. A., Bradshaw, C. L. & Zytkow, J. M. (1987) Scientific discovery: An account of the creative process. MIT Press. [aMAB, JMZ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lehman, H. C. (1953) Age and achievement. Princeton University Press. [KJG]Google Scholar
Lenat, D. B. (1983) The role of heuristics in learning by discovery: Three case studies. In: Machine learning: An artificial intelligence approach, ed. Michalski, R. S., Carbonell, J. C. & Mitchell, T. M.. Tioga. [arMAB]Google Scholar
Lenat, D. B. & Seely-Brown, J. (1984) Why AM and EURISKO appear to work. Artificial Intelligence Journal 23:269–94. [aMAB]Google Scholar
J., Livingston Lowes (1951) The road to Xanadu: A study in the ways of the imagination. Constable. [aMAB]Google Scholar
Longuet-Higgins, H. C. (1987) Mental processes: Studies in cognitive science. MIT Press. [arMAB]Google Scholar
Longuet-Higgins, H. C. (in press) The structural determinants of musical expression. In: Artificial intelligence and musical cognition: New breakthroughs or dead ends?, ed. Boden, M. A. & Bundy, A.. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London: A, 11, 1994. [aMAB]Google Scholar
Lovelace, A. (1953) Notes on Manabrea's sketch of the analytical engine invented by Charles Babbage. In: Faster than thought, ed. Bowden, B. V.. Pitman. [aMAB]Google Scholar
Maes, P., ed. (1991) Designing autonomous agents: Theory and practice from biology to engineering and back. MIT Press. [rMAB]Google Scholar
Malcolm, N. (1971) The myth of cognitive processes and structures. In: Cognitive development and epistemology, ed. Mischel, T.. Academic Press. [rMAB]Google Scholar
Martindale, C. (1990) The clockwork muse: The predictability of artistic styles. Basic Books. [DKS]Google Scholar
Masterman, M. & R., McKinnon Wood (1968) Computerized Japanese haiku. In: Cybernetic serendipity, ed. Reichardt, J.. Studio International. [aMAB]Google Scholar
McCorduck, P. (1991) Aaron's code. W. H. Freeman. [arMAB]Google Scholar
Meehan, J. (1981) TALE-SPIN. In: Inside computer understanding: Five programs plus miniatures, ed. Schank, R. C. & Riesbeck, C. J.. Erlbaum. [aMAB]Google Scholar
Mellor, C. S. (1970) First rank symptoms of schizophrenia: I. The frequency of schizophrenics on admission to hospital; II. Differences between individual first rank symptoms. British Journal of Psychiatry 117:15–23. [KWMF]Google Scholar
Metcalfe, J. & Wiebe, D. (1987) Intuition in insight and noninsight problem solving. Memory & Cognition 15:238–46. [VAS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Michalski, R. S. & Chilausky, R. L. (1980) Learning by being told and learning from examples: An experimental comparison of two methods of knowledge acquisition in the context of developing an expert system for soybean disease diagnosis. International Journal of Policy Analysis and Information Systems 4:125–61. [aMAB]Google Scholar
Michie, D. & Johnston, R. (1984) The creative computer: Machine intelligence and human knowledge. Viking. [aMAB]Google Scholar
Miller, G. A., Beckwith, R., Fellbaum, C., Gross, D., Miller, K. & Tengi, R. (1990) Five papers on WordNet. International Journal of Lexicography 3:235–312. [JP]Google Scholar
Millikan, R. G. (1984) Language, thought, and other biological categories: New foundations for realism. MIT Press. [rMAB]Google Scholar
Minsky, M. (1985) The society of mind. Picador. [JR]Google Scholar
Mitchell, M. (1993) Analogy-making as perception. MIT Press. [arMAB, BDB]Google Scholar
Moorman, K. & Ram, A. (1994) A functional theory of creative reading, Psycgrad Journal, in press. (Also available as Technical Report GIT CC-94/01, College of Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA.) [AR]Google Scholar
Morris, M. R. (1992) The good and the true. Clarendon Press. [rMAB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mozer, M. & Smolensky, P. (1989) Using relevance to reduce network size automatically. Connection Science 1:3–17. [rMAB]Google Scholar
Nagel, T. (1974) What is it like to be a bat? Philosophical Review 83:435–50. [SB]Google Scholar
Nersessian, N. (1993) In the theoretician's laboratory: Thought experimenting as mental modeling. In: PSA 1992, vol. 2, ed. Hull, D., Forbes, M. & Okruhlik, K.. PSA. [AR]Google Scholar
Newell, A. (1980) Physical symbol systems. Cognitive Science 4:135–83. [RLC]Google Scholar
Newell, A. & Simon, H. A. (1976) Computer science as empirical enquiry: Symbol and search. Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery 19. (Reprinted in: The philosophy of artificial intelligence, ed. M. A. Boden. Oxford University Press.) [rMAB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oatley, K. & Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1987) A cognitive theory of emotions. Cognition and Emotion 1:29–50. [rMAB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ochse, R. E. (1990) Before the gates of excellence. The determinants of creative genius. Cambridge University Press. [RWW]Google Scholar
Partridge, D. & Rowe, J. (in press) Computers and. creativity. Intellect Books. [THD, JR]Google Scholar
Perkins, D. N. (1981) The mind's best work. Harvard University Press. [aMAB, AC, DKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perkins, D. N. (1985) Novel remote analogies seldom contribute to discovery. Journal of Creative Behavior 17:223–39. [RWW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piaget, J. (1970) Genetic epistemology. Columbia University Press. [RLC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pind, J., Magnússon, F. & Briem, S. (1991) Islensk ordtidnibók [Icelandic frequency dictionary]. Institute of Lexicography. [JP]Google Scholar
Pind, J., Magnússon, F. & Briem, S. (1993) Frequency dictionary of Icelandic. Technical Report 4. Institute of Lexicography. [JP]Google Scholar
Plunkett, K. & Sinha, C. (1992) Connectionism and developmental theory. British Journal of Developmental Psychology 10:209–54. [rMAB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poincaré, H. (1913/1952) Mathematical creation. In: The foundations of science. (trans. Halsted, G. B..) The Science Press. (Reprinted in: The creative process, ed. B. Ghiselin. New American Library.) [RWW]Google Scholar
Poincaré, H. (1982) The foundations of science: Science and hypothesis, the value of science, science and method. University Press of America. [aMAB]Google Scholar
Popper, K. R. (1974) Conjectures and refutations: The growth of scientific knowledge, 5th ed.Routledge. [rMAB]Google Scholar
Port, R. & van Gelder, T, ed. (in press) Mind as motion: Dynamics, behavior and cognition. MIT Press. [rMAB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1984) Computation and cognition: Toward a foundation for cognitive science. MIT Press. [KR]Google Scholar
Qin, Y. & Simon, H. A. (1990) Laboratory replication of scientific discovery processes. Cognitive Science 14:281–312. [GG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raijmakers, M. E. J. & Molenaar, P. C. M. (1993) Catastrophic phase transitions in exact ART networks. In: ICANN '93: Proceedings of the International Conference on Artificial Neural Networks, Amsterdam. Springer-Verlag. [HLJM]Google Scholar
Ram, A. (1993) Creative conceptual change. Proceedings of the Fifteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, Boulder, CO: 17–26. [AR]Google Scholar
Ritchie, G. D. & Hanna, F. K. (1984) AM: A case study in AI methodology. AI Journal 23:249–63. [aMAB]Google Scholar
Rowe, J. (1991) Emergent creativity: A computational study. Ph.D. dissertation, Computer Science Department, University of Exeter, England. [JR]Google Scholar
Rowe, J. & Partridge, D. (1992) Creativity: Learning flexible representations through emergent memory. Research Report no. 215, Department of Computer Science, University of Exeter, England. [THD]Google Scholar
Rowe, J. & Partridge, D. (1993) Creativity: A survey of AI approaches. Artificial Intelligence Review 7:43–70. [aMAB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schaffer, S. (1994) Making up discovery. In: Dimensions of creativity, ed. Boden, M. A.. MIT Press. [arMAB]Google Scholar
Searle, J. R. (1980) Minds, brains, and programs. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3(3):417–59. [arMAB, SB, RLC, MFI]Google Scholar
Searle, J. R. (1992) The rediscovery of the mind. MIT Press. [SB]Google Scholar
Seidenberg, M. S. (1993) Connectionist models and cognitive theory. Psychological Science 4:228–35. [RWW]Google Scholar
Shames, V. A. & Bowers, P. G. (1992) Hypnosis and creativity. In: Contemporary hypnosis research, ed. Fromm, E. & Nash, M. R.. Guilford Press. [VAS]Google Scholar
Simon, H. A. (1955) On a class of skew distribution functions. Biometrika 42:425–40. [DKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simon, H. A. (1966) Scientific discovery and the psychology of problem solving. In: Mind and cosmos: Essays in contemporary science and philosophy, ed. Colodny, R. G.. University of Pittsburgh Press. [KJG]Google Scholar
Simonton, D. K. (1984a) Artistic creativity and interpersonal relationships across and within generations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 46:1273–86. [DKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simonton, D. K. (1984b) Genius, creativity, and leadership: Historiometric inquiries. Harvard University Press. [CA-P, DKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simonton, D. K. (1988) Scientific genius: A psychology of science. Cambridge University Press. [DKS]Google Scholar
Simonton, D. K. (1990) Creativity and wisdom in aging. In: Handbook of the psychology of aging, 3rd ed., ed. Birren, J. E. & Schaie, K. W.. Academic Press. [CAP]Google Scholar
Simonton, D. K. (1992) The social context of career success arid course for 2,026 scientists and inventors. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 18:452–63. [DKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simonton, D. K. (1993) Genius and chance: A Darwinian perspective. In: Creativity: The reality club IV, ed. Brockman, J.. Simon & Schuster. [DKS]Google Scholar
Simonton, D. K. (1994) Foresight in insight? A Darwinian answer. In: The nature of insight, ed. Sternberg, R. J. & Davidson, J. E.. MIT Press. [DKS]Google Scholar
Sims, K. (1991) Artificial evolution for computer graphics. Computer Graphics 25(4):319–28. [aMAB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sloman, A. (1986) What sorts of machines can understand the symbols they use? Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Supplementary Volume, 60:61–80. [aMAB]Google Scholar
Sloman, A. (1987) Motives, mechanisms, and emotions. Cognition and Emotion 1:217–33. (Reprinted 1990 in: The philosophy of artificial intelligence, ed. M. A. Boden. Oxford University Press.) [arMAB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, B. C. (1982) Reflection and semantics in a procedural language. Ph.D. dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Technical Report LCS/TR-272. [rMAB]Google Scholar
Smith, S. M. & Blankenship, S. E. (1991) Incubation and the persistence of fixation in problem solving. American Journal of Psychology 104:61–87. [VAS]Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J., ed. (1988) The nature of creativity: Contemporary psychological perspectives. Cambridge University Press. [rMAB]Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J., ed. (1989) Computational models of scientific discovery: Do they compute? [Review of Scientific discovery: Computational explorations of the creative process.] Contemporary Psychology 34:895–97. [DKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. & Lubart, T. I. (1991) An investment theory of creativity and its development. Human Development 34:1–31. [RJS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. & Lubart, T. I. (1992) Buy low and sell high: An investment approach to creativity. Current Directions in Psychological Science 1(1):1–5. [RJS]Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. & Lubart, T. I. (in press) Buy low, sell high: An investment theory of creativity. Free Press. [RJS]Google Scholar
Taylor, C. W. (1988) Various approaches to and definitions of creativity. In: The nature of creativity: Contemporary psychological perspectives, ed. Sternberg, R. J.. Cambridge University Press. [aMAB]Google Scholar
Thagard, P. R. (1992) Conceptual revolutions. Princeton University Press. [aMAB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thagard, P. R., Holyoak, K. J., Nelson, G. & Gochfeld, D. (1990) Analog retrieval by constraint satisfaction. Artificial Intelligence 46:259–310. [BDB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thom, R. (1975) Structural stability and morphogenesis. Benjamin. [HLJM]Google Scholar
Todd, S. & Latham, W. (1992) Evolutionary art and computers. Academic Press. [aMAB]Google Scholar
Turner, S. (1992) MINSTREL: A model of story-telling and creativity. Technical note UCLA-AI-17–92. AI Laboratory, University of California at Los Angeles. [arMAB]Google Scholar
Tweney, R. D. (1990) Five questions for computationalists. In: Computational models of scientific discovery and theory information, ed. Shrager, J. & Langley, P.. Kaufmann. [DKS]Google Scholar
Tweney, R. D. (1992) Stopping time: Faraday and the scientific creation of perceptual order. Physis 29:149–64. [MFI]Google Scholar
Tweney, R. D. (in press) Shifting sands: Sight and sound in Faraday's acoustical researches. In: Sensation and experience: Essays on the changing role of sense experience in the history of science, ed. Gooding, D.. University of Chicago Press. [MFI]Google Scholar
van der Maas, H. L. J. & Molenaar, P. C. M. (1992) Stagewise cognitive development: An application of catastrophe theory. Psychological Review 99(3):395–417. [HLJM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van der Maas, H. L. J., Walma van der Molen, J. & Molenaar, P. C. M. (1994) Discontinuity in conservation acquisition: A longitudinal experiment. Submitted. [HLJM]Google Scholar
Vera, A. H. & Simon, H. A. (1993a) Situated action: A symbolic interpretation. Cognitive Science 17:7–48. [RLC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vera, A. H. & Simon, H. A. (1993b) Situated action: Reply to William Clancey. Cognitive Science 17:117–33. [RLC]Google Scholar
Wallas, G. (1926) The art of thought. Harcourt, Brace & World. [aMAB, LMG]Google Scholar
Weiland, S. (1993) Criticism between literature and gerontology. In: Voices and visions of aging: Toward a critical gerontology, ed. Cole, T. R., Achenbaum, W. A., Jakobi, P. L. & Kastenbaum, R.. Springer. [CA-P]Google Scholar
Weisberg, R. W. (1986) Creativity: Genius and other myths. Freeman. [RWW]Google Scholar
Weisberg, R. W. (1993) Creativity: Beyond the myth of genius. Freeman. [DKS, RWW]Google Scholar
Wickelgren, W. A. (1974) How to solve problems: Elements of a theory of problems and problem solving. Freeman. [BDB]Google Scholar
Wilkes, K. V. (1988) Real people: Personal identity without thought experiments. Clarendon. [KWMF]Google Scholar
Wos, L. (1993) Automated reasoning answers open questions. Notices of the AMS 5(1): 15–26. [AB]Google Scholar
Wos, L., Winker, S., Veroff, R., Smith, B. & Henschen, L. (1983) Questions concerning possible shortest single axioms for equivalential calculus: An application of automated theorem proving to infinite domains. Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 24(2):205–23. [AB]Google Scholar
Yaniv, I. & Meyer, D. E. (1987) Activation and metacognition of inaccessible stored information: Potential bases for incubation effects in problem solving. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 13:187–205. [VAS]Google ScholarPubMed
Zembowicz, R. & Zytkow, J. M. (1992) Discovery of equations: Experimental evaluation of convergence. Proceedings of the Tenth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence: 70–75. The AAAI Press. [JMZ]Google Scholar