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Nuanced in theory, tricky in practice: falsifiability, timing, and curvilinearity of Tier 1 and 2 effects

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 November 2025

Krystina Adriana Boyd-Frenkel Open the ORCID record for Krystina Adriana Boyd-Frenkel [Opens in a new window] ,
Minyoung Choi  and
Oliver Sng Open the ORCID record for Oliver Sng [Opens in a new window]
Krystina Adriana Boyd-Frenkel*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA Kboydfre@uci.edu m.choi@uci.edu olisng@uci.edu
Minyoung Choi
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA Kboydfre@uci.edu m.choi@uci.edu olisng@uci.edu
Oliver Sng
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA Kboydfre@uci.edu m.choi@uci.edu olisng@uci.edu
*
*Corresponding author.
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Abstract

The two-tiered model offers a meaningful advance in life history theory, but refinements are needed to enhance testability. We highlight challenges related to the timing of Tier 1 and 2 effects and potential curvilinearity in Tier 2 responses. Clarifying these dimensions would improve falsifiability and strengthen the model’s utility for guiding empirical research.

Information

Type
Open Peer Commentary
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 48 , 2025 , e102
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Copyright
© The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press

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