Hostname: page-component-54dcc4c588-ff9ft Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-09-17T08:56:35.245Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Classical conditioning: The new hegemony

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 February 2010

Jaylan Sheila Turkkan
Jaylan Sheila Turkkan
Affiliation:
Division of Behavioral Biology, Department of Psychiatiy and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 Electronic mail: med_bjst@jhuvms.bitnet
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Converging data from different disciplines are showing the role of classical conditioning processes in the elaboration of human and animal behavior to be larger than previously supposed. Restricted views of classically conditioned responses as merely secretory, reflexive, or emotional are giving way to a broader conception that includes problem-solving, and other rule-governed behavior thought to be the exclusive province of either operant conditiońing or cognitive psychology. These new views have been accompanied by changes in the way conditioning is conducted and evaluated. Data from a number of seemingly unrelated phenomena such as relapse to drug abuse by postaddicts, the placebo effect, and the immune response appear to involve classical conditioning processes. Classical conditioning, moreover, has been found to occur in simpler and simpler organisms and recently even demonstrated in brain slices and in utero. This target article will integrate the several research areas that have used the classical conditioning process as an explanatory model; it will challenge teleological interpretations of the classically conditioned CR and offer some basic principles for testing conditioning in diverse areas.

Keywords

analgesiaassociationautoshapingcardiovascular conditioningclassical conditioningdrug relapsefeedingimmune responselanguagelearningmemoryPavlovianplacebotaste aversion

Information

Type
Target Articles
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 12 , Issue 1 , March 1989 , pp. 121 - 137
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1989

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

REFERENCES

Ader, R. (1985) Conditioned immunopharmacological effects in animals: Implications for a conditioning model of pharmacotherapy. In: Placebo:Theory, research and mechanisms, ed. White, L., Tursky, B. & Schwartz, G. E.. Cuilford Press. [aJST]Google Scholar
Ader, R. & Cohen, N. (1975) Behaviorally conditioned immunosuppression. Psychosomatic Medicine 37:333–39. [aJST, MDIC, GM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ader, R. & Cohen, N. (1982) Behaviorally conditioned immunosuppression and murine systemic lupus erythematosus. Science 215:1534–36. [aJST, GM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ader, R. & Cohen, N. (1985) CNS-immune system interactions: Conditioning phenomena. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8:379–426. [aJST, WK, MDK, GM, ALR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ader, R. & Cohen, N. (1986) Conditioned responses are indeed conditioned. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9:760–63. [rJST]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alkon, D. L. (1982) A biophysical basis for molluscan associative learning. In:Conditioning: Representation of involved neural functions, ed. Woody, C. A.. Academic Press. [aJST]Google Scholar
Anderson, J. A., Silverstein, J. W., Ritz, S. R. & Jones, R. S. (1977) Distinctive features, categorical perception, and probability learning: Some applications of a neural model. Psychological Review 84:413–51. [SC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, J. R. (1980) Cognitive psychology and its implications. W. H. Freeman. [aJSTJGoogle Scholar
Andersson, M. (1982) Female choice selects for extreme tail length in a widowbird. Nature 299:818–20. [KLH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arbib, M. A. (1982) Perceptual-motor processes and the neural basis of language. In: Neural models of language processes, ed. Arbib, M. A., Caplan, D. & Marshall, J. C.. Academic Press. [ajST]Google Scholar
Arbib, M. A., Caplan, D. & Marshall, J. C. (1982) Neurolinguistics in historical perspective. In: Neural models of language processes. ed. Arbib, M. A., Caplan, D. & Marshall, J. C.. Academic Press. [aJST]Google Scholar
Archer, T., Sjoden, P-O. & Nilsson, L-G. (1985) Contextual control of taste- aversion conditioning and extinction. In: Context and learning, ed. Balsam, P. & Tomie, A.. Lawrence Erlbaum. [ALR]Google Scholar
Asratyan, E. A. (1965) Compensatory adaptation, reflex activity, and the brain. Oxford University Press. [HDK]Google Scholar
Ayres, J. J. B., Haddad, C. & Albert, M. (1987) One-trial excitatory backward conditioning as assessed by conditioned suppression of licking rats: Concurrent observations of lick suppression and defensive behaviors. Animal Learning and Behavior 15:212–17. [BTC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Babkin, B. P. (1949) Pavlov: A biography. University of Chicago Press. [BRDJGoogle Scholar
Badia, P. & Culbertson, S. (1972) The relative aversiveness of signalled vs unsignalled escapable and inescapable shock. Journal of Experimental Analysis of Behavior 17:462–71. [JJF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Badia, P., Harsh, J., Coker, C. C. & Abbott, B. (1976) Choice and the dependability of stimuli that predict shock and safety. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 26:95–111. [EF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ballieux, B. E. & Heijnen, C. J. (1985) The seven veils of immune conditioning. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8:396–97. [WK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balsam, P. D. & Schwartz, A. L. (1981) Rapid contextual conditioning in autoshaping. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 7:392–93. [aJST]Google ScholarPubMed
Bandura, A. (1986) Social foundations of thought and action. PrenticeHall. [MDK]Google Scholar
Bekhterev, V. M. (1913) Objektive Psychologie oder Psychoreflexologie. Die Lehre von der Assoziationsreflexen. Teubner. [HDK]Google Scholar
Berger, B. (1972) Conditioning of food aversions by injections of psychoactive drugs. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 81:21–26. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berkenbosch, F., van, Oers J., del, Rey A., Tilders, F. & Besedovsky, H. (1987) Corticotropin-releasing factor-producing neurons in the rat activated by interleukin-1. Science 238: 524–26. [WK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bernstein, I. L. (1985) Learned food aversions in the progression of cancer and its treatment. Annals of the New York Academy of Sicences 443:365- 80. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bersh, P. J., Whitehouse, W. G., Blustein, J. E. & Alloy, L. B. (1966) Interaction of Pavlovian conditioning with a zero operant contingency: Chronic exposure to signaled inescapable shock maintains learned helplessness effects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 12:277–90. [PJB]Google Scholar
Besedovsky, H. O., del, Ray A. E. & Serkin, E. (1983) What do the immune system and the brain know about each other? Immunology Today 4:342- 48. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Besedovsky, H. O., del, Ray A. E., Sorkin, E. & Dinarelle, C. A. (1966) Immunoregulatory feedback between interleukin-1 and glucocorticoid hormones. Science 233:652–54, [WIC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Besedovsky, H. O., del, Ray A. E., Serkin, E., Lotz, W. & Schwulera, U. (1985) Lympheid celle produce an immunoregulatory glucocerticoid increasing fector (GIF) acting through the pituitary gland. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 59.622–28. [WK]Google Scholar
Bidder, F. & Schnait, C. (1852) Die Verdaiissngsse und der Stoffwechsel. Reyher. [WK]Google Scholar
Biederman, G. B. & Fswedy, J. J. (1974) Preferences for signaled shack in rats? Instrumental and methodological errors in the archival literature. Psychological Record 26:501–14, [JJF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biederman, G. B. (1982) The importance of being symmetrical: Changeover to reality. Australian Journal of Psychology 34: 407–9. [JJF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biedermaw, C. B., Fssredy, J. J. & Heighiugton, C. A. (1984) The double alternative double start experimental chamber: A new procedure for measuring preference. Journal of Experimental Analysis of Behavior 42:137–41. [JF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Billman, G. E. & Randall, D. C. (1981) Meclsaaissns mediating the coronary vascular response to behavioral stress in the dog. Circulation Research 48:214–23. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bindra, D. (1972) A unified account of classical conditioning and operant training. In: Classical conditioning II: Current research and theory, ed. Black, A. H. & Prokasy, W. F.. Applcton-Century-Crofls. [MDK]Google Scholar
Blair, M. D. & McIntire, R. W. (1989) Classical and operant aspects underlying positive and negative automaintenance in the White Cariseaux pigeon. Paper presented at the fourteenth annual meeting of the Association for Behavior Analysis, May. [rJST]Google Scholar
Blakey, R. & Baker, R. (1980) An exposure approach to alcohol abuse. Behavioral Research & Therapy 18:319–25. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blass, E. M. & Pedersen, P. E. (1980) Surgical manipulation of the uterine environment of rat fetuses. Physiology & Behavior 25:993–95. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bolles, R. C. (1972) Reinforcement, expectancy and learning. Psychological Review 79:394–409. [MDK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bolme, P. & Novotny, J. (1969) Conditional reflex activation of the sympathetic cholinergic vasodilator nerves in the dog. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 77:58–67. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Booth, D. A. (1985) Food-conditioned eating preferences and aversions with interoceptive elements: Conditioned appetites and satieties. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 443:22–41. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bouton, M. E. (1986) Slow reacquisition following the extinction of conditioned suppression. Learning and Motivation 17:1–15. [WJJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bouton, M. E. & Whiting, M. R. (1982) Simultaneous odor-taste and taste- taste compounds in poison-avoidance learning. Learning and Motivation 13:472–94. [rJST]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bower, G. H. & Hilgard, E. R. (1981) Theories of learning. Prentice-Hall. [rJST]Google Scholar
Bowers, K. S. (1971) The effects of UCS temporal uncertainty on heart rate and pain. Psychophysiology 8:382–89. [aJST, EF, KLH, MDK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brady, J. V., Bradford, L. D. & Hienz, R. D. (1979) Behavioral asscssment of risk-taking and psychophysical functions in the baboon. Neurobehavioral Toxicology 1:73–84. [rJST]Google ScholarPubMed
Braveman, N. (1985) Introduction. In: Experimental assessments and clinical applications of conditioned food aversions, ed. Braveman, N. & Bronstein, P.. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 443:ix. [aJST]Google Scholar
Brogden, W. J., Lipman, E. A. & Culler, E. (1938) The role of incentive in conditioning and learning. American Journal of Psychology 51:109–17. [HDK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brower, L. P. & Fink, L. S. (1985) A natural toxic defense system: Cardenolides in butterflies vs birds. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 443:171–88. [rJST, ALR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, P. L. & Jenkins, H. M. (1968) Auto-shaping of the pigeon's keypeck. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 11:1–8. [aJST, HDK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bubkin, B. P. (1949) Pavlov: A biography. University of Chicago Press. [BRD]Google Scholar
Buckingham, H. W. (1984) Early development of association theory in psychology as a forerunner to connection theory. Brain and Cognition 3:19–34. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burish, T. G., Redd, W. J. & Carey, M. P. (1965) Conditioned nausea and vomiting in cancer chemotherapy: Treatment approaches. In: Cancer, nutrition, and eating behavior. A biobehavioral perspective, ed. Burnish, T. C., Levy, S. M. & Meyerowitz, B. E.. Eribaum. [SE]Google Scholar
Byrne, J. H. (1985) Neural and molecular mechanisms underlying information storage in Aplysia: Implications for learning and memory. Trends in Neurosciences 8:478–82. [RWK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Byrne, J. H. (1987) Cellular analysis of associative learning. Physiological Reviews 67 (2):329–439. [DL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Calkins, M. (1894) Association. Psychological Review 1:476–83. [EJK]Google Scholar
Cannon, D. S. & Baker, T. B. (1981) Emetic and electric shock alcohol aversion therapy: Assessment of conditioning. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 49:20–33. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carew, T. J. (1964) An introduction to celfular approaches used in the analysis of habituation and sensitization in Aplysia. In: Habituation, sensitization, and behavior, ed. Peeke, H. V. S. & Petrinovich, L.. Academic Press. [rJST]Google Scholar
Carew, T. J., Hawkins, R. D., Abrams, T. W. & Kandel, E. R. (1964) A test of Hebb's postulate at identified synapses which mediate classical conditioning in Aplysia. Journal of Neuroecience 4:1217–24. [aJST, EJE]Google Scholar
Carew, T. J., Hawkins, R. D. & Kandel, E. R. (1963) Differential classical conditioning of a defensive withdrawal reflex in Aplysia californica. Science 219:397–400. [aJST, RWK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carew, T. J. & Sahley, C. L. (1966) Invertebrate learning and memory: From behavior to molecules. Annual Review of Neurosicence 9:435–87. [CF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caroom, D. & Bronson, F. H. (1971) Responsiveness of female mice to preputial attractant: Effects of sexual experience and ovarian sonnones. Physiology and Behavior 7:659–62. [MD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carr, W. I., Loeb, L. S. & Dissinger, M. F. (1965) Responses of rats to sex odors. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 59:376–77. [MD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Case, D. A., Fantino, E. & Wixted, J. (1985) Human observing: Maintained by negative informative stimuli only if correlated with improvement in response efficiency. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 43:289–300. [EF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Catania, A. C. (1973) The psychologies of structure, function, and development. American Psychologist 28:434–43. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Catania, A. C. (1984) Learning (2nd ed.). Prentice-Hall. [arJST]Google Scholar
Cautela, J. R. (1987) The problem of backward conditioning: Revisited. In: Crittcal issues in psychology, psychiatry and physiology, ed. McGuigan, F. J. & Ban, Thomas A.. Cordon and Breach. [rJST]Google Scholar
Chance, P. (1989) Learning and behavior. Wadsworth. [KLH]Google Scholar
Chance, W. (1986) The role of brain and spinal cord norepinephrine in autoanalgesia. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 467:309–30. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chomsky, N. (1959) Review of B. F. Skinner's Verbal Behavior. Language 35:26–58. [HL]Google Scholar
Chomsky, N. (1976) On the nature of language. In: Origins and evolution of language and speech, ed. Hamad, S. H., Steklis, H. D. & Lancaster, J.. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 280:46–57. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chomsky, N. (1986) Knowledge of language: Its nature, origin, and use. Praeger. [VJS]Google Scholar
Chomsky, N. (1989) Language and problems of knowledge: The Managua lectures. MIT Press. [VJS]Google Scholar
Cohen, D. (1979) J. B. Watson–the founder of behaviourism: A biography. Routledge & Kegan Paul. [rJST]Google Scholar
Cohen, D. H. (1982) ”Cardiovascular neurobiology”: The substrate for biobehavioral approaches to hypertension. In: Hypertension: Biobehavioral and epidemiological aspects. NIH Publication No. 82–2015. [aJST]Google Scholar
Cohen, D. H. & Randall, D. C. (1984) Classical conditioning of cardiovascular responses. Annual Review of Physiology 46:187–97. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coleman, S. R. (1975) Consequences of response-contingent change in unconditioned stimulus intensity upon the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuninulus) nictitating membrane response. Journal of Comparative & Physiological Psychology 88:591–95. [BRD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Collier, G. H. (1985) Introduction: Conditioned taste-aversion-function and mechanism. In: Experimental assessments and elinical applications of conditioned food aversions, ed. Braveman, N. & Bronstein, P.. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 443:152–57. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colwill, R. M. & Rescorla, R. A. (1986) Associative structures in initrumental learning. In: The psychology of learning and motivation, vol. 20, ed Bower, C.. Academic Press. [JBO]Google Scholar
Cook, E. W. III, Hodes, R. L. & Lang, P. J. (1966) Preparedness and phobia: Effects of stimulus content on human visceral conditioning. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 95:195–207.]aJST]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corbalan, R., Verrier, R & Lown, B. (1974) Psychological stress and ventricular arrhythmias during myocardial infarction in the cenecious deg. American Journal of Cardiology 34:692–96. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cotanch, P., Hockenberry, M. & Hertman, S. (1965) Self-hypnosis antiemetic therapy in children receiving chemotherapy. Oncology Nursing Forum 12:41–46. [SK]Google Scholar
Ceulter, X., Collier, A. C. & Campbell, B. A. (1976) Long-term retention of early Pavlovian fear conditioning m infant rats. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior 1:48–56. [aJST]Google Scholar
Couvillon, P. A. &Bitterman, M. E. (1990) Some phenomena of associative learning in honeybees. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 94:878–85. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cummins, R. (1903) The nature of psychological explanation. MIT Press/Bradford Books. [CF]Google Scholar
Dacanay, R. J. & Riley, A. L. (1982) The UCS preexposure erect in taste aversion learning: Tolerance and blocking are drug specific. Animal Learning & Behaviorr 10:91–16. [ALR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daly, H. B. & Daly, J. T. (1962) A mathematical model of reward and aversive nonreward: Its application in over 30 appetitive learning situations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 11:441–10. [WJJ]Google Scholar
Davey, C. C. L. (1967) An integration of human and animal models of Pavlovian conditioning: Associations, cognitions, and attributions. In: Cognitive processes and Pavlovian conditioning in humans, ed. Davey, C.. John Wiley. [rJST]Google Scholar
Davidson, T. L. (1987) Learning about deprivation intensity stimuli. Behavioral Neuroscience 101:198–206. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davies, N. B. & Houston, A. I. (1981) Owners and satellites: The economics of territory defence in the pied wagtail, Motocilla alba. journal of Animal Ecology 50:157–80. [KLH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de, Finetti B. (1937) Foresight: Its logical laws, its subjective sources. In: Studies in subjective probability. Wiley. [JCW]Google Scholar
De, Groot M. H. (1970) Optimal statistical decisions. McGraw-Hill. [JCW]Google Scholar
Dell, G. S. (1989) The retrieval of phonological hrms in production: Tests of predictions from a connectionist model. Journal of Memory and Language 27:124–42. [VJS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dengerink, J. A. & Taylor, S. P. (1971) Multiple responses with differential properties in delayed galvanic skin response conditioning: A review. Psychophysiology 8:348–60. [JJF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dennett, D. C. (1983) Intentional systems in cognitive ethology: The “Panglossian paradigm” defended. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 6:343–90. [rJST]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Desiderato, O. & Newman, A. (1971) Conditioned suppression produced in rats by tones paired with escapable and inescapable shock. journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 77:427–31. [PJB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deutsch, R. (1974) Conditioned hypoglycemia: A mechanism for saccharin- induced sensitivity to insulin in the rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 86:350–58. [BRD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Devito, P. L. (1980) The extinction of a conditioned fear inhibitor and conditioned fear excitor. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Pittsburgh. [SC]Google Scholar
Dickinson, A. (1980) Contemporary animal learning theory. Cambridge University Press. [RWK]Google Scholar
Dickinson, A. (in press) The expectancy theory of animal conditioning. In: Contemporary learning theories, ed. Klein, S. B. & Mower, R. R.. Erlbaum. [JBO]Google Scholar
Dickinson, A. & Mackintosh, N. J. (1978) Classical conditioning in animals. Annual Review of Psychology 29:587–612. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Diederich, J. (1987) Towards an open-systems a connectionism. Arbeitspapiere der GMD number 261. Gesellschaft fur Msthematik und Datverarbeitung MbH, Sangt Augustin, West Germany. [RWK]Google Scholar
Dinsmoore, J. A., Flint, G. A., Smith, R. F. & Viemeister, N. F. (1969) Differential reinforcing effects of stimuli associated with the presence or absence of a schedule of punishment. In: Conditioned reinforcement, ed. Hendry, D. P.. Dorsey Press. [EF]Google Scholar
Dizinno, G., Whitney, G. & Nyby, J. (1978) Ultrasonic vocalizations by male mice (Mus muaculus) to female sex pheromone: Experimental determinants. Behavioral Biology 22:104–13. [MD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Domjan, M. & Galef, B. C. Jr (1983) Biological constraints on instrumental and classical conditioning: Retrospect and proapect. Animal Learning & Behsaviorr 11:151–61. [ALR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Domjan, M., Greene, P. & North, N. C. (in press) Contextual conditioning and the control of copulatory behavior by species-specific sign stimuli in male Japanese quail. [MD]Google Scholar
Domjan, M., Lyons, R., North, N. C. & Bruell, J. (1986) Sexual Pavlovian conditioned approach behavior in male Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix jeponica). Journal of Comparative Psychology 100:413–21. [aJST, MD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Domjan, M., O'Vary, D. & Greene, P. (in press) Conditioning of appetitive and consummatery sexual behavior in male Japanese quail. journal of the Experin.anial Anabais of Behavior. [MD]Google Scholar
Denahoe, J. W., Crowley, M. A., Millard, W. J. & Stiekney, K. A. (1962) A unified principle of reinforcement: Some implioations far matching. In: Quentitativs analyees of behavior, vol. 2, ed. Commons, M. L, Herrnstein, R. J. & Rachlin, H.. Bellinger. [rJST]Google Scholar
Daty, R. L. & Dunber, I. (1974) Attraction of beagles to conspecific urine, vaginal and anal secretien eders. Physiskgy and Behaviorr 12:625- 33. [MD]Google Scholar
Dudai, Y. (1968) Neuregenetic dissection of learning und short-term memery in Drosophila. Annual Review of Neurosoience 11:537–63. [CF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ebbinghaus, H. (1986) Uber das Cedachonis. Duneker and Mumbeht. In: Memory, trans. Ruger, H. A. & Busseains, C. (1913). Columhia University Press. [EJK]Google Scholar
Ebel, H. C. & Prokasy, W. F. (1963) Classical eyelid conditioning as a function of sustataed and shifed interstimulus intervals. Journal of Experimental Payckology 65:52–58. [aJST, KLH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eceles, J. C. (1973) The understanding of the brain. McGraw-Hill. [JWM]Google Scholar
Elhelboom, R. & Stewart, J. (1982) Conditioning of drug-induced physiologioal responses. Psychologicel Review 89:597–28. [aJST, HD]Google Scholar
Ellison, G. D. & Zanehetti, A. (1971) Sympathetic cholinergic vasodilation in muscles: Specific appearance during conditioned movement. Nature 232:124–25. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elman, J. L. (1986) Finding structure in time. CLR Technical Report 8801. Center for Research in Language, University of California at Sass Diego, La Jolla, Calif. [FLWK]Google Scholar
Estes, W. K. & Skinner, B. F. (1941) Some quantitative properties of anxiety. Journal of Experimental Psychology 29:390–400. [HDK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, F. J. (1985) Expectancy, therapeutic instructions, and the placebo resporse. In: Placebo: Theory, research and mechanisms, ed White, L., Tursky, B. & Schwartz, G. E.. Guilford Press. [aJST]Google Scholar
Falk, J. L. (1961) Production of polydipsia in nomal rats by an intermittent food schedule. Science 133:195–96. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fanselow, M. S. (1979) Naloxone attenuates rat's preference for signaled shock. Physiological Psychology 7:70–74. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fantino, E. (1977) Conditioned reinfisrcement: Choice and information. In: Handbook of operant behavior, ed. Honig, W. K. & Staddon, J. E. R.. Prentice-Hall. [EF]Google Scholar
Fantino, E. & Case, D. A. (1983) Human observing: Maintained by stimuli correlated with reinforcement but not extinction. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 40:193–210. [EF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fantino, E., Case, D. A. & Altus, D. (1983) Observing reward-informative and -uninformative stimuli by normal children of different ages. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 36:437–52. [EF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fantino, E. & Logan, C. A. (1979) The experimental analysis of behavior: A biological perspective. W. H. Freeman. [aJST, EF]Google Scholar
Farley, J. & Alkon, D. L. (1982) Associative neural and behavioral change in Hermissenda: Consequences of nervous system orientation for light- and pairing specificity. Journal of Neurophysiology 48:785–807. [RRM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fordyce, W. E. (1976) Behavioral methods for chronic pain and illness. Mosby. [aJST]Google Scholar
Frey, P. W. & Sears, R. J. (1978) Model of conditioning incorporating the Rescorla-Wagner associative axiom, a dynamic attention process, and a catastrophe rule. Psychological Review 85:321–48. [EJK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Furedy, J. J. (1970) A test of the preparatory-adaptive-response interpretation of aversive classical autonomic conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology 84:301–7. [JJF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Furedy, J. J. (1975) An integrative progress report on informational control in humans: Some laboratory findings and methodological claims. Australian Journal of Psychology 27:61–83. [aJST. JJF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Furedy, J. J. (1979) Teaching self-regulation of cardiac function through imaginational Pavlovian and biofeedback conditioning: Remember the response. In: Biofeedback and self-regulation, ed. Bimbaumer, N. & Kimmel, H. D.. Lawrence Erlbaum. [JJF]Google Scholar
Furedy, J. J. & Biederman, G. B. (1986) Rationalist versus empirical approaches to observing and conditioned reinforcement: The (so-called) preference-for-signaled-shock. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9:367. [JJF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Furedy, J. J. & Poulos, C. X. (1976) Heart-rate decelerative Pavolovian conditioning with tilt as UCS: Towards behavioural control of cardiac dysfunction. Biological Psychology 4:93–106. [JJF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Furedy, J. J., Poulos, C. X. & Schiffmann, K. (1975) Contingency theory and classical autonomic excitatory and inhibitory conditioning: Some problems of assessment and interpretation. Psychophysiology 12:98–104. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Furedy, J. J. & Riley, D. (1987) Human Pavlovian autonomic conditioning and the cognitive paradigm. In: Cognitive processes and Pavlovian conditioning in humans, ed. Davy, C.. John Wiley. [rJST, JJF]Google Scholar
Galosy, R. A., Clarke, L. K., Vasko, M. R. & Crawford, I. L. (1981) Neurophysiology and neuropharmacology of cardiovascular regulation and stress. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 5:137–75. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Camzu, E., Vincent, G. L. & Boff, E. (1985) A pharmacological perspective of drugs used in establishing conditioned food aversions. In: Experimental assessments and clinical applications of conditioned food aversions, ed. Braveman, N. & Bronstein, P.. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 443:231–49. [aJST]Google Scholar
Gantt, W. H. (1960) Cardiovascular component of the conditional reflex to pain, food and other stimuli. Psychological Review 40:266–89. [aJST]Google Scholar
Garcia, J. & Ervin, F. R. (1968) Gustatory-visceral and telereceptor-cutaneous conditioning: Adaptation in internal and external milieus. Communications in Behavioral Biology 1:389–415. [ALR]Google Scholar
Garcia, J., Ervin, F. R. & Koelling, R. A. (1966) Learning with prolonged delay of reinlorcement. Psychonomic Science 7:121–22. [rJST, ALR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garcia, J., (1967) Bait-shyness: A test for toxicity with N=2. Psychonomic Science 7:245–46. [ALR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garcia, J. & Koelling, R. A. (1966) Relation of cue to consequence in avoidance learning. Psychonomic Science 4:123–24. [aJST, HDK, RRM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garcia, J., Lasiter, P. A., Bermudez-Rattoni, & Deems, D. A. (1985) A general theory of aversion learning. In: Experimental assessments and clinical applications of conditioned food aversions, ed. Braveman, N. & Bronstein, P.. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 443:8–21. [aJST, ALR]Google Scholar
Gelperin, A., Hopfield, J. J. & Tank, D. W. (1985) The logic of Limax learning. In: Model neural networks and behavior, ed. Selverston, A.. Plenum Press. [CF]Google Scholar
Ghanta, V. K., Hiramoto, R. N., Solvason, H. B. & Spector, N. H. (1985) Neural and environmental influences on neoplasia and conditioning of NK activity. Journal of Immunology 135:848–52. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ghiselin, M. T. (1983) Lloyd Morgan's canon in evolutionary context. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3:362–63. [rJST]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gliedman, L. H., Gantt, W. H. & Teitelbaum, H. A. (1957) Some implications of conditional reflex studies for placebo research. American Journal of Psychiatry 113:1103–7. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gluck, M. A. & Bower, G. H. (1986) Conditioning and categorization: Some common effects of informational variables in animal and human learning. Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, ed. Clifton, C.. Lawrence Erlbaum.]EJK, DL]Google Scholar
Gluck, M. A. & Thompson, R. F. (1987) Modeling the neural substrates of associative learning and memory: A computational approach. Psychological Review 94:176–91. [CF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goelet, P., Castellucci, V. F., Schacher, S. & Kandel, E. R. (1986) The long and short of long-term memory – a molecular framework. Nature 322:419–22. [CF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gollin, E. S. (1981) Development and plasticity. In: Developmental plasticity, ed. Gollin, E. W.. Academic Press. [WJJ]Google Scholar
Gollin, E. S., Stahl, G. & Morgan, E. (in press) On the uses of the concept of normality in developmental biology and psychology. In: Advances in child development and behavior, ed. Reese, H. W.. Academic Press. [WJJ]Google Scholar
Gorczynski, R. M., MacRae, S. &Kennedy, M. (1982) Conditioned immune response associated with allogeneic skin grafts in mice. Journal of Immunology 129:704–9. [rJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gorczynski, R. M., MacRae, S. & Kennedy, M. (1984) Factors involved in the classical conditioning of antibody responses in mice. In: Breakdown in human adaptation to stress: Towards a multidisciplinary approach. ed. Ballieuz, R., Fielding, J. & L'Abbatte, . Kluwer-Nijhoff. [CM]Google Scholar
Gordon, D., Guyton, J. R. & Karnovksy, M. J. (1981) Intimal alterations in rat aorta induced by stressful stimuli. Laboratory Investigation 45:14–27. [aJST]Google ScholarPubMed
Gormezano, I. (1965) Yoked comparisons of classical and instrumental conditioning of the eyelid response; and an addendum on“voluntary responders.”In: Classical conditioning: A symposium, ed. Prokasy, W. F.. Appleton-Century-Crofts. [BRD]Google Scholar
Gormezano, I. & Coleman, S. R. (1973) The law of effect and CR contingent modification of the UCS. Conditional Reflex 8:41–55. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gormezano, I. & Kehoe, E. J. (1975) Classical conditioning: Some methodological-conceptual issues. In: Handbook of learning and cognitive processes, vol. 2, ed Estes, W. K.. Lawrence Erlbaum. [rJST, EJK, JJF]Google Scholar
Gormezano, I. & Kehoe, E. J. (1981) Classical conditioning and the law of contiguity. In: Advances in analysis of behavior. Vol. 2: Predictability, correlation, and contiguity, ed. Harzem, P. & Zeiler, M. D.. Wiley. [EJK]Google Scholar
Gormezano, I., Kehoe, E. J. & Marshall, B. S. (1983) Twenty years of classical conditioning with the rabbit. Progress in Psychobiology and Physiological Psychology 10:198–264. [aJST, HDK]Google Scholar
Graham, J. M. & Desjardins, C. (1980) Classical conditioning: Induction of leutinizing hormone and testosterone secretion in anticipation of sexual activity. Science 210:1039–41. [MD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graul, E. H., Schaumloffel, E., Hundeshagen, H., Willmans, H. & Simon, G. (1967) Metabolism of radioactive cyclophosphamide animal tests and clinical studies. Cancer 20:896–99. [WK]3.0.CO;2-D>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gray, J. A. (1979) Ivan Pavlov. Viking Press. [rJST]Google Scholar
Greeley, J., Lê, D. A., Poulos, C. X. & Cappell, H. (1984) Alcohol is an effective cue in the conditional control of tolerance to alcohol. Psychopharmacology 83:159–62. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Green, L. (1985) Pavlovian conditioned responses: Some elusive results and an indeterminate explanation. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8:402–3. [WK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grevert, P. & Goldstein, A. (1985) Placebo analgesia, naloxone, and the role of endogenous opioids. In: Placebo: Theory, research and mechanisms, ed. White, L., Tursky, B. & Schwartz, G. E.. Guilford Press. [aJST]Google Scholar
Grigoryan, C. A. & Tchilingaryan, L. I. (1989) On the mechanisms of generalization of conditioned reflex elaborated its response to brain electrostimulation in dogs. Zhurnal Vyzshii Nervnii Deyatelnosti 38(1):51–59. [AA]Google Scholar
Crossberg, S. (1980) How does a brain build a cognitive code? Psychological Review 87:1–51. [SC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crossberg, S. (1984) Some psychophysiological and pharmacological correlates of a developmental, cognitive, and motivational theory. In: Brain and information: Event related potentials, ed. Karrer, R., Cohen, J. & Tueting, P.. New York Academy of Sciences: 58–151. [SC]Google Scholar
Crossberg, S. (1986) The adaptive self-organization of serial order in behavior: Speech, language, and motor control. In: Pattern recognition by humans and machines, vol. 1, ed. Schwab, E. C. & Nusbaum, H. C.. Academic Press. [SC]Google Scholar
Crossberg, S. (1987) Competitive learning: From interactive activation to adaptive resonance. Cognitive Science 11:23–63. [CF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grossberg, S. & Gutowski, W. (1987) Neural dynamics of decision making under risk: Affective balance and cognitive-emotional interactions. Psychological Review 94:300–318. [SG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grossberg, S. & Levine, D. S. (1987) Neural dynamics of attentionallymodulated Pavlovian conditioning: Blocking, inter-stimulus interval, and secondary reinforcement. Applied Optics 26:5015–30. [SG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crossberg, S. & Schmajuk, N. A. (1987) Neural dynamics of attentionallymodulated Pavlovian conditioning: Conditioned reinforcement, inhibition, and opponent processing. Psychobiology 15:195–240. [SG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guthrie, E. R. (1930) Conditioning as a principle of learning. Psychological Review 37:412–18. [EJK, RRM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hahn, R. A. (1985) A sociocultural model of illness and healing. In: Placebo: Theory, research and mechanisms, ed. White, L., Tursky, B. & Schwartz, G. E.. Guilford Press. [aJST]Google Scholar
Harris, A. H. & Brady, J. V. (1974) Animal learning – visceral and autonomic conditioning. Annual Review of Psychology 25:107–33. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hawkins, H. O. & Kandel, E. B. (1984) Is there a cell-biological alphabet for simple forms of learning? Psychological Review 91:375–91. [CF, EJK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayashi, S. & Kimura, T. (1974) Sex attractant emitted by female mice. Physiology and Behavior 13:563–67. [MD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hayes, S. C. (1984) But whose behaviorism is it? (review of B. Schwartz&H. Lacey 's Behaviorism, science, and human nature,). Contemporary Psychology 29:203–6. [rJST]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hearst, E. (1975) The classical-instrumental distinction: Reflexes, voluntary behavior, and categories of associative learning. In: Handbook of learning and cognitive processes, ed. Estes, W. K.. Erlbaum. [aJST]Google Scholar
Hearst, E. & Jenkins, H. M. (1974) Sign-tracking: The stimulus-reinforcer relation and directed action. Monograph of the Psychonomic Society, Austin, Tex. [aJST]Google Scholar
Hennessey, T. M., Rucker, W. B. & McDiarmid, C. C. (1979) Classical conditioning in paramecia. Animal Learning & Behavior 7:417–23. [aJST, RRM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henton, W. W. (1978) Response patterning in classical conditioning. In: Classical conditioning and operant conditioning: A response pattern analysis. ed. Henton, W. W. & Iversen, I. H.. Springer-Verlag. [rJST]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herrnstein, R. J. (1962) Placebo effect in the rat. Science 138:677–78. [aJST, 1W]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heth, C. O. (1976) Simultaneous and backwards fear conditioning as a function of number of CS-UCS pairings. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 2:117–29. [RBM]Google ScholarPubMed
Hill, F. A. & Wicken, D. D. (1962) The effect of stimulus compounding in paired-associate learning. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 1:144–51. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hinson, R. E., Poulos, C. X. & Cappell, H. (1982) Effects of pentobarbital and cocaine in rats expecting pentobarbital. Pharmacology Biochemistry & Behavior 16:661–66. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hinton, G. E. (1981) Implementing semantic networks in parallel hardware. In: Parallel models of associative memory, ed. Hinton, C. E. & Anderson, J. A.. Erlbaum. [aJST]Google Scholar
Hinton, G. E. (1986) Learning distributed representations of concepts. In: Program of the Eighth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Lawrence Erlbaum. [RWK]Google Scholar
Hintzman, D. L. (1978) The psychology of learning and memory. W. H. Freeman. [rJST]Google Scholar
Ho, D. D., Rote, T. R. & Schooley, R. T. (1985) Isolation of HTLV-III from cerebrospinal fluid and neural tissues of patients with neurologic syndromes related to the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. New England journal of Medicine 313:1493–97. [WK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holder, M. D. & Garcia, J. (1987) Role of temporal order and odor intensity in taste-potentiated odor aversions. Behavioral Neuroscience 101:158- 63. [rJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holland, P. C. (1980) Influence of visual conditioned stimulus characteristics on the form of Pavlovian appetitive conditioned responding in rats. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 6:81–97. [aJST]Google ScholarPubMed
Holland, P. C. (1983) Representation-mediated overshadowing and potentiation of conditioned aversions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 9:1–13. [aJST]Google Scholar
Holland, P. C. & Rescorla, R. A. (1975a) The effect of two ways of devaluing the unconditioned stimulus after first- and second-order appetitive conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 1:355–63. [JBO]Google Scholar
Holland, P. C. &Rescorla, R. A. (1975) Second-order conditioning with food unconditioned stimulus. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 88:459–67. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holland, P. C. & Straub, J. J. (1979) Differential effects of two ways of devaluing the unconditioned stimulus after Pavlovian appetitive conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 5:65–78. [RWKI]Google ScholarPubMed
Hollis, K. L. (1982) Pavlovian conditioning of signal-centered action patterns and autonomic behavior: A biological analysis of function. Advances in the Study of Behavior 12:1–51. [aJST, KLH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hollis, K. L. (1984) The biological function of Pavlovian conditioning: The best defense is a good offense. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 10:413–25.Google ScholarPubMed
Hollis, K. L., Cadieux, E. L. & Colbert, M. M. (in press) The biological function of Pavlovian conditioning: A mechanism for mating success in the blue gourami (Trichogaster trichopterus). Journal of Comparative Psychology. [MD, KLH]Google Scholar
Hollis, K. L., Martin, K. A., Cadieux, E. L. & Colbert, M. M. (1984) The biological function of Pavlovian conditioning: Learned inhibition of aggressive behavior in territorial fish. Learning and Motivation 15:459–78. [LKLH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holt, P. E. & Kehoe, E. J. (1985) Cross-modal transfer as a function of similarities between training tasks in classical conditioning of the rabbit. Animal Learning and Behavior 13:51–59. [EJK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopfield, J. J. (1982) Neural networks and physical systems with emergent collective computational abilities. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 79:2554–58. [RWK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hopfield, J. J. (1984) Neurons with graded response have collective computational properties like those of two-state neurons. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 81:3088–92. [HWK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Houston, J. P. (1986) Fundamentals of learning and memory (3rd ed). Academic Press. [arJST]Google Scholar
Huberman, B. A. & Hogg, T. (1989) The behavior of computational ecologies. In: The ecology of computation, ed. Huberman, B. A.. Elsevier North Holland. [RWK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iwata, J. & LeDoux, J. E. (1989) Dissociation of associative and nonassociative concomitants of classical fear conditioning in the freely behaving rat. Behavioral Neuroscience 102:66–76. [BRD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobs, W. J., Blackburn, J. B., Buttrrick, M., Harpur, T. J., Kennedy, D., Mana, M. J., MacDonald, M. A., Mcpherson, L. M., Paul, D. & Pfaus, J. C. (1989) Observations. Psychobiology 16:3–19. [WJJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobs, W. J. & Nadel, L. (1985) Stress induced recovery of fears and phobias. Psychological Review 92:512–31. [WJJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jacoby, L. L. & Witherspoon, D. (1982) Remembering without awareness. Canadian Journal of Psychology 36:300–324. [MDK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
James, W. (1890) The principles of psychology, excerpted in Herrnstein, H. J. & Boring, E. C. (1965) A source book in the history of psychology. Harvard University Press. [rJST]Google Scholar
Jenkins, H. M. & Moore, B. B. (1973) The form of the autoshaped response with food or water reinforcers. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 20:163–81. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jensen, T. S. & Smith, D. F. (1985) Selective association in conditioned stress-induced analgesia: Functional differences in interoceptive and exteroceptive sensory pathways. Behavioral and Neural Biology 43:218- 21. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnston, B. E., Zahorik, D. M., Immler, K. & Zakon, H. (1978) Alterations of male sexual behavior by learned aversions to hamster vaginal Secretion. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 92:85–93. [MD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnston, T. D. (1981) Contrasting approaches to a theory of learning. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4:125–73. [rJST]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kacelnik, A., Houston, A. I. & Krebs, J. H. (1981) Optimal foraging and territorial defence in the great tit, Parus major. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 8:35–40. [KLH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kadden, R. M., Schoenfeld, W. N., McCullough, M. B., Steele, W. A. & Tremont, P. J. (1980) Classical conditioning of heart rate and blood pressure in Macaca mulatta. Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System 2:131–42. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kahneman, D. & Tversky, A. (1980) Prospect theory. Econometrica 12(6). [JCW]Google Scholar
Kamin, L. J. (1968)“Attention-like” processes in classical conditioning. In: Miami symposium on the prediction of behavior: Aversive stimulation, ed. Jones, M. H.. University of Miami Press. [EJK, SK]Google Scholar
Kandel, E. B. (1983) From metapsychology to molecular biology: Explorations into the nature of anxiety. American Journal of Psychiatry 140:1277–91. [aJST]Google ScholarPubMed
Kandel, E. B., Abrams, T., Hernier, L., Carew, T. J., Hawkins, R. D. & Schwartz, J. H. (1983) Classical conditioning and sensitization share aspects of the same molecular cascade in Aplysia, Cold Spring Harbor Symposia in Quantitative Biology 48:821–30. [CF]Google ScholarPubMed
Kandel, E. B. & Schwartz, J. H. (1982) Molecular biology of learning: Modulation of transmitter release. Science 218:433–42. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kapp, B. S., Frysinger, R. C., Gallagher, M. & Haselton, J. B. (1979) Amygdala central nucleus lesions: Effect on heart rate conditioning in the rabbit. Physiology&Behavior 23:1109–17. [aJST]Google ScholarPubMed
Kehoe, E. J. (1986) Summation and configuration in conditioning of the rabbit's nictitating membrane response to compound stimuli. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 12:186–95. [EJK]Google Scholar
Kehoe, E. J. (1987)“Selective association&redquo; in compound stimulus conditioning with the rabbit. In: Classical conditioning (3rd ed), ed. Gormezano, I., Prokasy, W. F. & Thompson, B. F.. Lawrence Erlbaum. [EJK]Google Scholar
Kehoe, E. J. (1987)(in press) A layered network model of associative learning: Learning-to-learn and configuration. Psychological Review. [EJK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kehoe, E. J. & Gormezano, I. (1980) Configuration and combination laws in conditioning with compound stimuli. Psychological Bulletin 87:351–78. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kehoe, E. J., Marshall-Goodell, B. & Gormezano, I. (1987) Differential conditioning of the rabbit's nictitating membrane response to serial compound stimuli. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 113:17–30. [EJK]Google Scholar
Keith-Lucas, T. & Guttman, N. (1975) Robust-single-trial delayed backward conditioning. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 88:468–76. [BTG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keller, S. E., Weiss, J. M., Schleifer, S. J., Miller, N. E. & Stein, M. (1983) Stress-induced suppression of immunity in adrenalectomized rats. Science 221:1301–4. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kelly, K. W. & Dantzer, R. (1986) Is conditioned immunosuppression truly conditioned? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9:758–60. [rJST]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelso, S. R. & Brown, T. H. (1986) Differential conditioning of associative synaptic enhancement in hippocampal brain slices. Science 232:85–86. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kendler, H. H. (1952) “What is learned?” – a theoretical blind alley. Psychological Review 59:269–77. [JBO]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kentridge, R. W. (1987) Non-equilibrium neural networks. Presented at the Royal Signals Radar Establishment, Neural Networks Conference, RSRE Malvern, United Kingdom. [RWK]Google Scholar
Kimmel, H. D. & Burns, R. A. (1975) Adaptational aspects of conditioning. In: Handbook of learning and cognitive processes. vol. 2, ed. Estes, W. K.. John Wiley. [rJST]Google Scholar
Klopf, A. H. (1987) A neuronal model of classical conditioning. AF Wright Aeronautical Laboratories interim report # AFWAL-TR-87–1139. [aJST]Google Scholar
Klosterhalfen, S. & Klosterhalfen, W. (1985) Conditioned taste aversion and traditional learning. Psychological Research 47:71–94. [SK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klosterhalfen, W. & Klosterhalfen, S. (1983) Pavlovian conditioning of immunosuppression modifies adjuvant arthritis in rots. Behavioral Neuroscience 97:663–66. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kochen, M. (1962) Adaptive mechanisms in digital “concept’ processing. Proceedings of the Joint Automated Control Conference, New York. American lntitule of Electrical Engineers. [JCW]Google Scholar
Kochen, M. (1967) Adaptive mechanisms in digital “concept” processing. In: The growth of knowledge, ed. Kochen, M.. Wiley. [JCW]Google Scholar
Kochen, M., Lee, C. & Westland, J. C. (1967) The AMNIPS system revisited. In: Proceedings of the National ONLINE Meeting. Medford Learned Systems. [JCW]Google Scholar
Kelb, B., Jacobs, W. J. & Petrie, B. (1987) Searching for a technology of behavior. Behevioral and Brain Scienees 10:220–21. [WJJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Konorski, J. & Miller, S. (1937). On two types of conditioned reflex. Journal of General Psychology 16:264–72. [rJST]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kositsyn, N. S. & Dorochov, V. B. (1986) Dynamics of the conditioned reflex regulation of the functional state of local regions of the cerebral cortex tested by the biofeedback metlsod. Dokladi Akodewri Nauk SSSR (Report from the Academy of Sciences USSR) 291(3):741–45. [AA]Google Scholar
Kosslyn, S. M., Ball, T. M. & Reiser, B. J. ( 1978) Visual images preserve metric spatial infermation; Evidence from studies of image scanning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performancee 4:47–60. [aJST, VJS]Google ScholarPubMed
Krank, M. D. & MacQueen, G. (1986) Conditioning in the immune system: The effect of environmental and taste cues on the direction of the conditioned response. Canadian Psychology 26:328. [GM]Google Scholar
Krank, M. D. & MacQueen, G. (1986) (in press) Conditioned compensatory responses elicited by environmental signals for cyclophosphamide-induced suppression is the immune system. Psychobiology. [MDK, GM]Google Scholar
Kruse, J. M., Overmier, J. B., Konz, W. A. & Rokke, E. (1983) Pavlovian CSs effects upon instrumental choice behavior are reinforcer specific. Learning & Motivation 14:165–81. [JBO]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lacey, H. & Schwartz, B. (1987) The explanatory power of radical behaviorism. In: B. F. Skinner: Consensus and controversy, ed. S., & Modgil, C.. Falmer Press. [HL]Google Scholar
Lachman, J. L. & Lachman, B. (1981) Ceneral process theory, ecology, and animal-human continuity: A cognitive perspective. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4:149–50. [rJST]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landauer, M. R., Wiese, R. E. Jr, & Carr, W. J. (1977) Responses of sexually experienced and naive male rats to caes from receptive vs. nonreceptive females. Animal Learning and Behavior 3:205–12. [MD]Google Scholar
Lang, W. J., Brown, M. L., Gershon, S. & Korol, B. (1966) Classical and physiologic adaptive conditioned responses to anticholinergic drugs in conscious dogs. International Journal of Neuropharmacology 5:311–15. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lashley, K. S. (1916) The human salivary reflex and its use in psychology. Psychological Review 23:446–64. [EJK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lashley, R. L. & Rosellini, R. A. (1980) Modulation of scheduled-induced polydipsis by Pavlovian conditioned states. Physiology & Behavior 24:411–14. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lê, A. D., Khanna, J. M. & Kalant, H. (1987) Role of Pavlovian conditioning in the development of tolerance and cross-tolerance to the hypothermic effect of ethanol and hydralazine. Psychopharmacology 92:210–14. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lederhendler, I., Gart, S. & Alkon, D. L. (1986) Classical conditioning of hermissenda: Origin of a new response. Journal of Neuroscience 6:1325- 31. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
LeDoux, J. E., Thompson, M. E., Iadecola, C., Tucker, L. W. & Reis, D. J. (1983) Local cerebral blood flow increases during auditory and emotional processing in the conscious rat. Science 221:576–78. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lainer, H. C., Leiner, A. C. & Dow, R. S. (1986) Does the cerebellum contribute to mental skills? Behavioral Neuroscience 100:443–54. [JWM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lainer, H. C., Leiner, A. C. & Dow, R. S. (1987) Cerebrocerebellar learning loops in apes and humans. Italian Journal of Neurological Science 8:425–36. [JWM]Google Scholar
Le, Magnen J. (1981) The metabolic basis of dual periodicity of feeding in rats. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4:561–608. [aJST]Google Scholar
Lenneberg, E. H. (1972) On explaining language. In: Biological boundaries of learning, ed. MacCorquodale, K., Lindzey, G. & Clark, K. E.. Appleton-Century-Crofts. [aJST]Google Scholar
Levine, J. D., Feldmesser, M., Tecott, L., Lane, S. & Gordon, N. C. (1984) The role of stimulus intensity and stress in opioid-mediated analgesia. Brain Research. 304:265–69. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewontin, R. C. (1983) Elementary errors about evolution. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3:367–68. [rJST]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Linden, W. A., Kuenkel, H. A. & Lierse, W. (1972) Der Einfluss von Cyclophosphamid auf das neurosekretorische Zwischenhirn-Hypophysensystem der infentilen und geschlechtsreifen Ratte. Strahlentherapie 143:711–19. [WK]Google Scholar
Linsker, R. (1989) Salf-organization in a perceptual network. Computer 21:105–17. [VJS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lisberger, S. G., Marris, E. J. & Tychsen, L. (1987) Visual motor processing and sensory-metor integration for smooth pursuit movements. Annual Review of Neuroscience 10:97–129. [JWM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lloyd, D. (1986) The limits of cognitive hiberalism. Behaviorism 14(1):1–14. [rJST, DL]Google Scholar
Lloyd, D. (1986) (in press) Simple minds. MIT Press/Brodford Books. [DL]Google Scholar
Locurto, C., Terrace, H. S. & Gibbon, J. (1981) Autoshaping and conditioning theory. Acadmic Press. [BTC]Google Scholar
Logue, A. W. (1985) Conditioned food aversion learning in humans. Annuals of the New York Academy of Science. 442:316–29. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LoLordo, V. M., Jacobs, W. J. & Force, D. D. (1982) Failure to block control by a ralevant stimulus. Annual Learning and Behevior 10:183–83. [WJJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lydell, K. & Dety, R. L. (1972) Male sit order preferences for female urine as a function of sexual experience, urine age, and urine soruce. Hormones and Behevior, 3:335–12. [MD]Google Scholar
Lysle, D. T. & Famler, H. (1985) Inhibition as a “slave” process: Deaetivation of conditioned inhibition through img of conditioned exodition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Annual Behavior Processes 11:71–94. [SG]Google Scholar
Mackenzine, J. (1986) The production of the so-callede “rose cold” by means of an artifical rose. American Journal of Medical Science 91:45–57. [aJST]Google Scholar
Mackintosh, N. J. (1974) The psychology of animal learning. Academic Press. [aJST, RWK, HUK]Google Scholar
Mackintosh, N. J. (1975) A theory of attention: Variations in the associability of stimuli with reinforcement. Psychological Review 82:276–98. [WJJ, EJK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mackintosh, N. J. (1983) Conditioning and associative learning. Oxford University Press. [aJST, WJJ, EJK]Google Scholar
Mackintosh, N. J. & Cotton, M. M. (1985) Conditioned inhibition from reinforcement reduction. In.: Information processing in animals: Conditioned inhibition, ed. Miller, R. B. & Spear, N.. Erlboum. [aJST]Google Scholar
MacQueen, C. & Siegel, S. (in press) Conditional immunomodulation following training with cyclophosphamide. Behavioral Neuroscience. [CM]Google Scholar
Maggio, J. C., Maggio, J. H. & Whitney, G. (1983) Experience-based vocalization of male mice to female abemorignals. Physiology and Behavior 31:289–72. [MD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malone, J. C. Jr, (1981) A fourth approach to the study of learning: Are “processes] really necessary? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4:151–52. [rJST]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mansfield, J. C. & Cunningham, C. C. (1980) Conditioning and extinction of tolerance to the hypothermic effect of ethanol in rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 94:962–69. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marcus, E. A., Nolen, T. G., Rankin, C. H. & Carew, T. J. (1989) Behavioral dissociation of dishabituation, sensitization, and inhibition in Aplysia. Science 241:210–12. [rJST]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marin, O. S. M. (1982) Brain and language: The rules of the game. In: Neural models of language processes ed. Arbib, M. A., Caplan, D. & Marshall, J. C.. Academic Press. [aJST]Google Scholar
Markiewicz, B., Kucharski, D. & Spear, N. E. (1986) Ontogenetic comparison of memory for Pavlovian conditioned aversions to temperature, vibration, odor or brightness. Developmental Psychobiology 19:139–54. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marr, D. A. (1969) A theory of cerebellar cortex. Journal of Physiology (London) 202:437–70. [JWM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marx, M. H. & Hillix, W. A. (1973) Systems and theories in psychology (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill. [VJS]Google Scholar
Massaro, D. W. (1989) Some criticisms of connectionist models of human performance. Journal of Memory and Language 27:213–34. [VJS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matzel, L. D., Held, F. P. & Miller, R. R. (in press) Information and expression of simultaneous and backward associations: Implications for contiguity theory. Learning and Motivation. [RRM]Google Scholar
Mazur, J. E. (1986) Learning and behavior. Prentice-Hall. [aJST]Google Scholar
McCann, S. M., Ono, N., Khorram, O., Kentroti, S. & Aguila, C. (1987) The role of brain peptides in neuroimmunomodulation. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 496:173–81. [CF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McClelland, J. L. (1989) Connectionist models and psychological evidence. Journal of Memory and Language 27:107–23. [rJST, VJS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McClelland, J. L. & Rumelhart, D. E. (1981) An interactive activation model of context effects in letter perception, Part I: An account of basic findings. Psychological Review 88:375–407. [SG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McClelland, J. L., Rumelhart, D. E. & the PDP Research Group (1986) Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the microstructure of cognition. Vol. 2: Psychological and biological models. MIT Press/Bradford Books. [MDK, DL]Google Scholar
McCoy, D. F., Roszmasi, T. L., Miller, J. S., Kelly, K. S. & Titus, M. J. (1986) Some parameters of conditioned immunosuppression: Species difference and CS-US delay. Physiology & Behavior 36:731–36. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKim, W. A. (1986) Drugs and behavior. Prentice-Hall. [aJST]Google Scholar
Mendelson, J. H., McGuire, M. & Mello, N. K. (1984) A new device for administering placebo alcohol. Alcohol 1:417–19. [rJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Metal'nikov, S. & Chorine, V. (1926) Role des reflexes conditionnels dans l'immunite. Annales de l'lnstitut Pasteur 40:893–900. [WK]Google Scholar
Mikulka, P. J., Pitts, E. & Philput, C. (1982) Overshadowing not potentiation in taste aversion learning. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 20:101–4. [rJST]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, R. R., Greco, C., Vigorito, M. & Marlin, N. A. (1963) Signaled tailshock ia perceived as similar to a stronger unsignaled tailshock: Implicatins for a functional analysis of classical conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 9:106–29. [aJST, EF, KLH. MDK]Google Scholar
Miller, R. R. & Schachtman, T. R. (1985) Conditioning context as an associative baseline: Implications for response generation and the nature of conditioned inhibition. In: Information processing in animals: Conditioned inhibition, ed. Miller, R. R. & Spear, N. E.. Erlbaum. [aJST, SG]Google Scholar
Miller, V. & Domjan, M. (1961) Specificity of cue to consequence in aversion learning in the rat: Control for US-induced differentied orientations. Animal Learning & Behavior 9:330–45. [aJST]Google Scholar
Mineka, S. (1975) Some new perspertives on conditioned hunger. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 104:134–48. [aJST]Google Scholar
Mineka, S., Cook, M. & Miller, S. (1964) Fear conditioned with escapable and inescapeble shock: Effects of a feedback stimulus. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 19:397–23. [PJB]Google Scholar
Mitchell, D. (1978) The psychological vs. the ethological rat: Two views of the poisen avoidance behavior of the rat compared. Animal Learning & Behavior 6:121–24. [ALR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mjelsness, E., Sharp, D. H. & Alpert, B. K. (1989) Scaling, machine learning, and genetic neural nets. Los Alamos National Laboratory Technical Report LA-UR-86–141. Los Alamos National Laoratory, Los Alamos, N. Mex. [RWK]Google Scholar
Monjan, A. A. (1981) Stress and immunologic competence: Studies in animals. In: Psychoneuroimmunology, ed. Ader, R.. Academic Press. [aJST]Google Scholar
Moore, J. W., Desmond, J. E., Berthier, N. E., Blazis, D. K. J., Sutton, R. S. & Barto, A. G. (1986) Simulations of the classically-conditioned nictitatiug membranee respons. by a neuron-like adaptive element: Respessse topography, neuronal firing, and interstimulus intervals. Behavioural Brain Research 12:143–54. [JWM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morin, P. P., Verrette, J. L., Dodsen, J. J. & Dor, F. Y. (1987) Computer-automated method to study cardiac conditioning to a chemical cue in young salmon. Physiology & Behavior 39:657–64. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mowrer, O. H. (1947) On the dual nature of learning: A reinterpretation of “conditioning” and “problem-solving.” Harvard Educational Review 17:102–48. [HDK]Google Scholar
Mulvaney, D. E., Dinsmoor, J. A., Jwaideh, A. R. & Hughes, L. H. (1974) Punishment of observing by the negative discriminative stimulus. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 21:37–44. [EF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Natelson, B. H. (1989) Stress and digitalis toxicity. In: Neurocardiology, ed. Kulbertus, H. E. & Franck, G.. Futura. [BRD]Google Scholar
Natelson, B. H. & Cagin, N. A. (1981) The role of shock predictability during aversive conditioning in producing psychosomatic digitalis toxicity. Psychosomatic Medicine 43:191–97. [aJST, BRD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Natelson, B. H., Cagin, N. A., Donner, K. & Hamilton, B. E. (1978) Psychosomatic digitalis-toxic arrhythmias in guinea pigs. Life Sciences 22:2245–50. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nathan, P. E. (1985) Aversion therapy in the treatment of alcoholism: Success and failure. In: Experimental assessments and clinical applications of conditioned food aversions, ed. Braveman, N. & Bronstein, P.. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 443:357–64. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neely, J. H. (1977) Semantic priming and retrieval from lexical memory: Roles of inhibitionless spreading activation and limited-capacity attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 106:226–54. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelson, J. L. (1978) Queens as jezebels: The careers of Brunhild and Balthild in Merovingian history. In: Medieval women, ed. Baker, D.. Press, T. J.. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelson, T. O., Greene, G., Ronk, B., Hatchett, C. & Igl, V. (1978) Effect of multiple images on associative learning. Menmory & Cognition 6:337–41. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newlin, D. B. (1986) Conditioned compensatory response to alcohol placebo in humans. Psychopharmacology 88:247–51. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nixon, S. J. & Kanak, N. J. (1985) A theoretical account of the effects of environmental context upon cognitive processes. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 23:139–42. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nodine, C. F. (1969) Temporal variables in paired-associate learning: The law of contiguity revisited. Psychological Review. 76:351–62. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nyby, J., Bigelow, J., Kerchner, M. & Barbehenn, F. (1983) Male mouse (Mus musculus) ultrasonic vocalizations to female urine: Why is heterosexual experience necessary? Behavioral and Neural Biology 38:32–46. [MD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nyby, J., Whitney, C., Schmitz, S. & Dizinno, C. (1978) Postpubertal experience establishes signal value of mammalian sex oder. Behavioral Biology 22:545–52. [MD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Brien, C. P. (1976) Experimental analyais of conditioning factors in human narcotic addiction. Pharmacological Reviews 27:533–43. [aJST]Google Scholar
Onifer, S. M. & Durkovic, R. G. (1989) Evidence that the neuronal pathways involved in backward conditioning are different from those involved in forward conditioning. Journal of Neuroscience 8(2): 502–7. [AA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Overmier, J. B., Bull, J. A. & img(1971) Discriminative cue properties of different fears and their role in response selection in dogs. Journal of Comparative & Physiological Psychology 76:478–82. [JBO]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Overmier, J. B. & Lawry, J. A. (1979) Pavlovian condiaoning and the mediation of avoidance behavior. In: The psychology of learning and motivation, vol. 3, ed. Bower, G.. Academic Press. [JSO]Google Scholar
Overeton, D. A. (1962) Comparison of the degree of discriminability of various drugs using the T-maze drug discrimination paradigm. Psychopharmaoology 76:385–95. [rJST]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Owren, M. J. & Kaplan, P. S. (1961) On the failure to extinguish Pavlovian conditioned inhibition: A test of a reinstatement hypothesis. Paper presented at the meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, Detroit. [SG]Google Scholar
Palmerino, C. C., Rusiniak, K. W. & Garcia, J. (1980) Flavor-illness aversions: The peculiar roles of odor and taste in memory for poison. Science 208:753–55. [ALR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pavlov, I. P. (1994) Sur la secretion psyehique des glandes salivaires. Archives Internationoles de Physiologle 1:119–35. [WK]Google Scholar
Pavlov, I. P. (1906) The scientific investigation of the psychical faculties or processes in the higher animals. Lancet 4336:911–15 [WK]Google Scholar
Pavlov, I. P. (1923) New researches on conditioned reflexes. Science 58:359–61. [WK]Google Scholar
Pavlov, I. P. (1927) Conditioned reflexes: An investigation of the physiological activity of the cerebral cortex, trans. Anrep, G. V.. Oxford University Press. [EJK, RRM]Google Scholar
Pavlov, I. P. (1927/1960) Conditioned reflexes, ed. and trans., Anrep, G.. Dover. [aJST, HDK]Google Scholar
Pavlov, I. P. (1928) Lectures on conditioned reflexes, Gantt, W. H., ed. and trans. International Publishers. [rJST]Google Scholar
Pavlov, I. P. (1932) The reply of a physiologist to psychologists. Psychological Review 39:91–127. [rJST, RRM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pavlov, I. P. (1949) Pavlovian Wednesdays (Orbeli) Moskow: Soviet Academy of Science. [HDK]Google Scholar
Pavlov, J. P. & Schumova-Simanowskaja, E. O. (1895) Die Innervation der Magendrusen beim Hunde. Archiv fur Physiologie, Jahrgang 1895:53–69. [WK]Google Scholar
Pavlov, J. P. & Schumova-Simanowskaja, E. O. (1889) Innervation der Magendrusen beim Hunde. Centralblatt fur Physiologie 3:113–14. [WK]Google Scholar
Payan, D. G., McGillis, J. P., Renold, F. K., Mitsuhashi, M. & Goetzel, E. J. (1987) Neuropeptide modulatimi of leukocyte function. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 496:182–91. [CF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pear, J. J. & Eldridge, G. D. (1984) The operant-respondent distinction: Future directions. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 42:453–67. [rJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pearce, J. M. & Dickinson, A. (1975) Pavlovian counterconditioning: Changing the suppressive properties of shock by association with food. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 104:170–77. [aJST]Google Scholar
Pearce, J. M. & Hall, G. (1980) A model for Pavlovian conditioning: Variations in the effectiveness of conditioned but not of unconditioned stimuli. Psychological Review 87:532–52. [EJK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peden, B. F., Browne, M. P. & Hearst, E. (1977) Persistent approaches to a signal for food despite food omission for approaching. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 3:377–99. [aJST]Google Scholar
Peeke, H. V. S. & Petrinovich, L. (1984) Approaches, constructs, and terminology for the study of response change in the intact organism. In: Habituation, sensitization, and behavior, ed. Peeke, H. V. S. & Petrinovich, L.. Academic Press. [rJST]Google Scholar
Perkins, C. C. Jr (1968) An analysis of the concept of reinforcement. Psychological Review 75:155–72. [KLH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perkins, C. C. Jr, Seymann, R. C., Lewis, D. J. & Spencer, H. B. Jr. (1966) Factors affecting preference for signal-shock over shock-signal. Journal of Experimental Psychology 72:190–96. [aJST, KLH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perone, M. & Baron, A. (1980) Reinforcement of human observing behavior by a stimulus correlated with extinction or increased effort. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 34:239–61. [EF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peterson, G. B. & Trapold, M. A. (1980) Effects of altering outcome expectancies on pigeon's delayed conditional discrimination performance. Learning & Motivation 11:267–88. [JBO]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petrinovich, L. (1984) A two-factor dual-process theory of habituation and sensitization. In: Habituation, sensitization, and behavior, ed. Peeke, H. V. S. & Petrinovich, L.. Academic Press. [rJST]Google Scholar
Pfaus, J. G., Blackburn, J. R., Harpur, T. J., MacDonald, M. A., Mana, M. J. & Jacobs, W. J. (in press) Has psychology ever been a science of behavior? A comment to Skinner. American Psychologist. [WJJ]Google Scholar
Pickens, B. & Crowder, W. F. (1970) Effects of CS-US interval on conditioning of drug response conditioning. In: Readings in behavioral pharmacology, ed. Thompson, T., Pickens, B. & Meisch, R. A.. Appleton-Century-Crofts. [aJST]Google Scholar
Pineda, F. J. (in press) Dynamics and architecture in neural computation. In: Journal of Complexity. [RWK]Google Scholar
Platt, J. R. (1964) Strong inference. Science 146:347–52. [CL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pogge, R. (1963) The toxic placebo. Medical Times 91:773–78. [aJST]Google ScholarPubMed
Pompi, K. F. & Lachman, R. (1967) Surrogate processes in the short-term retention of connected discourse. Journal of Experimental Psychology 752:143–50. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poulos, C. X., Wilkinson, D. A. & Cappell, H. (1981) Homeostatic regulation and Pavlovian conditioning in tolerance to amphetamine-induced anorexia. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 95:735–46. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Powell, R. P. & Stoll, A. W. (1979) Behaviorism and the psychology of language: An historical reassessment. Behaviorism 7:71–89. [aJST]Google Scholar
Premack, D. (1976) Mechanisms of intelligence: Preconditions for language. In: Origins and evolution of language and speech, ed. Hamad, S. B., Steklis, H. D. & Lancaster, J.. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 280:544–61. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prokasy, W. F. (1965) Classical eyelid conditioning: Experimenter operations, task demands, and response shaping. In: Classical conditioning: A symposium, ed. Prokasy, W. F.. Appleton-Century-Crofts. [KLH, HDK]Google Scholar
Rachlin, H. (1976) Behavior and learning. Freeman, W. H.. [rJST]Google Scholar
Ramachandran, R. & Pearce, J. M. (1987) Pavlovian analysis of interactions between hunger and thirst. Journal of Experimental Psychology Animal Behavior 13(2): 182–92. [AA]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Randall, D. C., Cottrill, C. M., Todd, E. P., Price, M. A. & Wachtel, C. C. (1982) Cardiac output and blood flow distribution during rest and classical aversive conditioning in monkey. Psychophysiology 490–97. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Randall, D. C. & Hasson, D. M. (1977) A note on ECG changes observed during Pavlovian conditioning in a rhesus monkey following coronary arterial occlusion. Pavlovian Journal of Biological Science 12:229–31. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Randall, D. C. & Hasson, D. M. (1981) Cardiac arrhythmiss during classically conditioned fear and excitement. Pavlovian Journal of Biological Science 17:97–107. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Randall, D. C., Kaye, M. P., Randall, W. C., Brady, J. V. & Martin, K. H. (1976) Response of primate heart to emotional stress before and after cardiac denervation. American Journal of Physiology 226:1051–59. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Randall, D. C. & Smith, O. A. (1974) Ventricular contractility during controlled exercise and emotion in the primate. American Journal of Physiology 226:1051–59 [aJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rashotte, M. E. (1981) Second-order autoshaping: Contributions to the research and theory of Pavlovian reinforcement by conditioned stimuli. In: Autoshaping and conditioning theory, ed. Locurto, C. M., Terrace, H. S. & Gibbon, J.. Academic Press. [aJST]Google Scholar
Rashotte, M. E., O'Connell, J. M. & Beidler, D. L. (1982) Associative influence on the foraging behavior of pigeons (Columba livia). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 8:142–53. [aJST]Google ScholarPubMed
Ratcliff, R. & McKoon, G. (1981) Does activation really spread? Psychological Review 88:454–62. [SG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Razran, G. (1956) Avoidant vs. unavoidant conditioning and partial reinforcement in Russian laboratories. American Journal of Psychology 69:127–29. [rJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Razran, G. (1971) Mind in evolution: An east/west synthesis of learned behavior and cognition. Houghton Muffin. [aJST]Google Scholar
Redd, W. H., Burish, T. G. & Andrykowksy, M. A. (1985) Aversive conditioning and cancer chemotherapy. In: Cancer, nutrition, and eating behavior. A biobehavioral perspective, ed. Burish, T. C., Levy, S. M. & Meyerowitz, B. E.. Erlbaum. [SK]Google Scholar
Redd, W. H., Jacobsen, P. B., Die-Trill, M., Dermatis, H., McEvoy, M. & Holland, J. C. (1987) Cognitive/attentional distraction in the control of conditioned nausea in pediatric cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Journal of Clinical and Consulting Psychology 55:391–95. [SK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rescorla, R. A. (1967) Pavlovian conditioning and its proper control procedures. Psychological Review 74:71–80. [JJF, PJB, BTG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rescorla, R. A. (1979) Aspects of the reinforcer learned in second-order Pavlovian conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 5:79–95. [aJST, JBO]Google ScholarPubMed
Rescorla, R. A. (1980a) Simultaneous and successive associations in sensory preconditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 6:207- 16. [RRM]Google ScholarPubMed
Rescorla, R. A. (1980) Pavlovian second-order conditioning. Erlbaum. [aJST, JBO]Google Scholar
Rescorla, R. A. (1989a) Pavlovian conditioning: It's not what you think it is. American Psychologist 43(3): 151–60. [rJST, SK, WJJ, RRM, ALR, IW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rescorla, R. A. (1989b) Behavioral studies of Pavlovian conditioning. Annual Review of Neuroscience 11:329–52. [AA, CF, JWM, WJJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rescorla, R. A. & Cunningham, C. L. (1979) Spatial contiguity facilitates Pavlovian second-order conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 5:152–61. [aJST]Google ScholarPubMed
Rescorla, R. A. & Durlach, P. (1981) Within-event leaming in Pavlovian conditioning. In: Information processing in animals: Memory mechanisms, ed. Spear, N. E. & Miller, R. R.. Erlbaum. [JBO]Google Scholar
Rescorla, R. A. & Furrow, D. R. (1977) Stimulus similarity as a determinant of Pavlovian conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 3:203–15. [aJST]Google ScholarPubMed
Rescorla, R. A. & Solomon, R. L. (1967) Two-process learning theory: Relationships between Pavlovian conditioning and instrumental learning. Psychological Review 74:151–82. [PJB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rescorla, R. A. & Wagner, A. R. (1972) A theory of Pavlovian conditioning: Variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and non-reinforcement. In: Classical conditioning II: Current theory and research, ed. Black, A. H. & Prokasy, W. F.. Appleton-Century-Crofts. [aJST, PJB, SK, WJJ, EJK, HDK, DL, GM]Google Scholar
Revusky, S. (1985) Questions about conditioned immunosuppression and biological adaptation. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8:407. [rJST]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Revusky, S. & Garcia, J. (1970) Learned associations over long delays. In: Psychology of learning and motivation, ed. Bower, G. & Spence, J.. Academic Press. [ALR]Google Scholar
Richards, W., Farley, J. & Alkon, D. L. (1984) Extinction of associative teaming in Hermissenda: Behavior and neural correlates. Behavioral Brain Research 14:161–70. [RRM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riley, A. L. (1978) In response to and defense of Mitchell and Revusky: An analysis of nonassociative effects. Animal Learning & Behavior 6:472–73. [ALR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riley, A. L. (1985) The meaning of learning. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8:407–8. [rJST, ALR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riley, A. L. & Tuck, D. L. (1985a) Conditioned taste aversions: A behavioral index of toxicity. In: Experimental assessments and clinical applications of conditioned food aversions, ed. Braveman, N. & Bronstein, P.. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 443:272–92. [aJST, ALR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riley, A. L. & Tuck, D. L. (1985b) Conditioned taste aversions: A bibliography. In: Experimental assessments and clinical applications of conditioned food aversions, ed. Braveman, N. & Bronstein, P.. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 443:381–437. [aJST, ALR]Google ScholarPubMed
Rilcy, V. (1981) Psychoneuroendocrine influences on immunocompetence and neoplasia. Science 212:1100–1109. [aJST]Google Scholar
Rizley, R. C. & Rescorla, R. A. (1972) Associations in second-order conditioning and sensory preconditioning. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 81:1–11. [aJST, JBO]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rogers, M. P., Dubey, D. & Reich, P. (1979) The influence of the psyche and the brain on immunity and disease susceptibility: A critical review. Psychosomatic Medicine 41:147–61. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ross, R. (1986) Pavlovian second-order conditioned analgesia. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 12:32–39. [aJST]Google ScholarPubMed
Rozeboom, W. W. (1958) “What is learned?”– an empirical enigma. Psychological Review 65:22–23. [JBO]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rozin, P. & Kalat, J. W. (1971) Specific hungers and poison avoidance as adaptive specializations of learning. Psychological Review 78:459–86. [ALR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rozin, P. & Zellner, D. (1985) The role of Pavlovian conditioning in the acquisition of food likes and dislikes. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 443:189–202. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rudy, J. W. (1974) Stimulus selection in animal conditioning and paired-associate learning: Variation in associative processing. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior 13:282–96. [EJK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rudy, J. W. & Wagner, A. R (1975) Stimulus selection in associative learning. In: Handbook of learning and cognitive processes. Vol. 2: Conditioning and behavior theory, ed. Estes, W. K.. Lawrence Erlbaum. [EJK]Google Scholar
Rumelhart, D. E., Hinton, G. E. & McClelland, J. L. (1986) A general framework for parallel distributed processing. In: Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the microstructure of cognition. Vol. 1: Foundations, ed. Rumelhart, D. E., McClelland, J. L. & the PDP Research Group. MIT Press/Bradfbrd Books. [CF. EJK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rumelhart, D. E., Hinton, G. E. & Williams, R. J. (1986) Learning internal representations by error propagation. In: Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the microstructure of cognition. Vol. 1: Foundations, ed. Rumelhart, D. E., McClelland, J. L. & the PDP Research Group. MIT Press/Bradford Books. [RWK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rumelhart, D. E. & McClelland, J. L. (1982) An interactive activation model of context effect in letter perception. Part 2: The contextural enhancement effect and some tests and extensions of the model. Psychological Review 89:60–94. [SG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rumelhart, D. E., McClelland, J. L. & the PDP Research Group (1986) Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the microstructure of cognition. Vol. 1: Foundations. MIT Press/Bradford Books. [DL, MDK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rusiniak, K. W., Palmerino, C. C., Rice, A. G., Forthman, D. L. & Garcia, J. (1982) Flavor-illness aversions: Potentiation of odor by taste with toxin but not shock in rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 96:527–39. [rJST]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, M., Dark, K., Cummins, R., Ellman, G., Callaway, E. & Peeke, H. V. S. (1984) Learned histamine release. Science 225:733–34. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sahley, C., Rudy, J. W. & Gelperin, A. (1981) An analysis of associative learning in a terrestrial mollusc. journal of Comparative Physiology (A) 144:1–8. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Samar, V. J. & Berent, G. P. (1986) The syntactic priming effect: Evoked response evidence for a prelexical locus. Brain and Language 28:250–72. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sato, K., Flood, J. F. & Makinodan, T. (1984) Influence of conditioned psychological stress on immunological recovery in mice exposed to low-dose X irradiation. Radiation Research 98:381–88. [rJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schneiderman, N. (1972) Response system divergencies in aversive classical conditioning. In: Classical conditioning: Current theory and research, ed. Black, A. H. & Prokasy, W. F.. Appleton-Century. [aJST, EJK]Google Scholar
Schoenfeld, W. N. (1966) Some old work for modern conditioning theory. Conditional Reflex 1:219–23. [rJST]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schull, J. (1979) A conditioned opponent theory of Pavlovian conditioning and habituation. In: The psychology of learning and motication, vol. 13, ed. Bower, G. H.. Academic Press. [BRD]Google Scholar
Schwartz, B. (1984) Psychology of learning and behavior (2nd ed.). Norton, W. W.. [rJST]Google Scholar
Seligman, M. E. P. & Hager, J. L., eds. (1972) Biological boundaries of learning. Appleton-Century-Crofts. [aJST]Google Scholar
Shapiro, A. K. & Morris, L. A. (1978) The placebo effect in medical and psychological therapies. In: Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (2nd ed.), ed. Garfield, S. L. & Bergin, A. E.. John Wiley. [aJST]Google Scholar
Sheffield, F. D. (1965) Relation between classical conditioning and instrumental learning. In: Classical conditioning: A symposium, ed. Prokasy, W. F.. Appleton-Century-Crofts. [aJST]Google Scholar
Shriver, B. D. (1989) Artificial neural systems. Computer 21:8–9. [VJS]Google Scholar
Shurtleff, D. & Ayres, J. J. B. (1981) One-trial backward excitatory fear conditioning in rats: Acquisition, retention, extinction, and spontaneous recovery. Animal Learning and Behavior 9:65–74. [RRM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shurtleff, D., Delamater, A. R. & Riley, A. L. (1983) A reevaluation of the CS- hypothesis for schedule-induced polydipsia under intermittent schedules of pellet delivery. Animal Learning & Behavior 11:247–54. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sidman, M. & Fletcher, F. G. (1968) A demonstration of auto-shaping with monkeys. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 11:307–9. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Siegel, R. W. & Hall, J. C. (1979) Conditioned responses in courtship behavior of normal and mutant Drosophila. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 76:3430–34. [MD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Siegel, S. (1972) Conditioning of insulin-induced glycemia. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 78:233–41. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Siegel, S. (1975) Conditioning insulin effects. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 89:189–99. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Siegel, S. (1977) Morphine tolerance acquisition as an associative process. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 3:1–13. [aJST]Google ScholarPubMed
Siegel, S. (1979) The role of conditioning in drug tolerance and addiction. In: Psychopathology in animals, ed. Keehn, J. D.. Academic Press. [aJST]Google Scholar
Siegel, S. (1983) Classical conditioning, drug tolerance, and drug dependence. In: Research advances in alcohol and drug problems, vol. 7, ed. Israel, Y., Glaser, F. B., Kalant, H., Popham, R. E., Schmidt, W. & Smart, B. C.. Plenum. [aJST, BRD, GM]Google Scholar
Siegel, S. (1985) Drug-anticipatory responses in animals. In: Placebo: Theory, research and mechanisms, ed. White, L., Tursky, B. & Schwartz, G. E.. Guilford Press. [aJST]Google Scholar
Siegel, S. & Allan, L. (1985) Overshadowing and blocking of the orientation-contingent color aftereffect: Evidence for a conditioning mechanism. Learning and Motivation 16:125–38. [MDK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siegel, S., Hinson, R. E., Krank, M. D. & McCully, J. (1982) Heroin “overdose” death: The contribution of drug-associated environmental cues. Science 216:436–37. [MDK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Siegel, S., Krank, M. D. & Hinson, R. E. (1987) Anticipation of pharmacological and nonpharmacological events: Classical conditioning and addictive behavior. Journal of Drug issues 17:83–110. [MDK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skarda, C. A. & Freeman, W. J. (1987) How brains make chaos in order to make sense of the world. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 10:161–95. [RWK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1935) Two types of conditioned reflex and a pseudo type. Journal of General Psychology 12:66–77. [rJST]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1953) Science and human behavior. Macmillan. [rJST]Google Scholar
Smith, C. R & McDaniels, S. M. (1983) Psychologically mediated effect on the delayed hypersensitivity reaction to tuberculin in humans. Psychosomatic Medicine 45:65–69. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, O. A., Astley, C. A., DeVito, J. L., Stein, J. M. & Walsh, K. E. (1980) Federation Proceedings 39:2487–94. [BRD]Google Scholar
Smith, O. A., DeVito, J. L. & Astley, C. A. (1982) Cardiovascular control centers in the brain: One more look. In: Circulation, neurobiology and behavior, ed. Smith, O. A., Galosy, R. A. & Weiss, S. M.. Elsevier Biomedical. [aJST]Google Scholar
Smith, O. A., Hohimer, A. R., Astley, C. A. & Taylor, D. J. (1979) Renal and hind-limb vascular control during acute emotion in the baboon. American Journal of Physiology 236:R198–R205. [aJST]Google ScholarPubMed
Smith, O. A. & Stebbins, W. C. (1965) Conditioned blood flow and heart rate in monkeys. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 59:432–36. [aJST, BRD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, S. M., Glenberg, A. & Bjork, R. A. (1978) Environmental context and human memory. Memory & Cognition 6:342–53. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smotherman, W. P. (1982) Odor aversion learning by the rat fetus. Physiology & Behavior 29:769–71. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smotherman, W. P., Richards, L. S. & Robinson, S. R. (1984) Techniques for observing fetal behavior in utero: A comparison of chemomyelotomy and spinal transection. Developmental Psychobiology 17:661–74. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smotherman, W. P. & Robinson, S. H. (1985) The rat fetus in its environment: Behavioral adjustments to novel, familiar, aversive, and conditioned stimuli presented in utero. Behavioral Neuroscience 59:521–30. [aJST, ALR, WPS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smotherman, W. P. & Robinson, S. H. (1987) Prenatal expression of species-typical action patterns in the rat fetus (Rattus norvegicus). Journal of Comparative Psychology 101:190–96. [WPS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smotherman, W. P. & Robinson, S. H. (in press) Cryptopsychobiology: The appearance, disappearance and reappearance of a species-typical action pattern during early development. Behavioral Neuroscience. [WPS]Google Scholar
Snapper, A. G., Pomerleau, O. F. & Schoenfeld, W. N. (1969) Similarity of cardiac CR forms in the rhesus monkey during several experimental procedures. Conditional Reflex 4:212–20. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Solomon, R. L. (1980) The opponent-process theory of acquired motivation. American Psychologist 35:691–712. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spence, K. W. (1956) Behavior theory and conditioning. Yale University Press. [HDK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spetch, M. L., Wilkie, D. M. & Pinel, J. P. J. (1981) Backward conditioning: A reevaluation of the empirical evidence. Psychological Bulletin 89:163–75. [aJST, BTG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Staats, A. W., Staats, C. K. & Heard, W. G. (1961) Denotative meaning established by classical conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology 61:300–303. [rJSt]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Staddon, J. E. R. (1977) Schedule-induced behavior. In: Handbook of operant behavior, ed. Honig, W. K. & Staddon, J. E. H.. Prentice-Hall. [aJST]Google Scholar
Stern, J. J. (1970) Responses of male rats to sex odors. Physiology and Behavior 5:519–24. [MD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stewart, J., de Wit, H. & Eikelboom, R. (1984) Role of unconditioned and conditioned drug effects in the self-administration of opiates and stimulants. Psychological Review 91:251–68. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stickrod, G., Kimble, O. P. & Smotherman, W. P (1982) In utero taste/odor aversion conditioning in the rat. Physiology & Behavior 28:5–7.‘aJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Storzhuk, V. M. (1986) Characteristics of conditioned reflex excitation and inhibition in the neurocortes. Fiziologischeskü Zhurnal 32(6):691–98. [AA]Google Scholar
Sutton, R. S. & Barto, A. G. (1981) Toward a modern theory of adaptive networks: Expectation and prediction. Psychological Review 88:135–70. [aJST, EJK, DL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Terrace, H. S. (1981) Introduction: Autoshaping and two-factor learning theory. In: Autoshaping and conditioning theory, ed. Locurto, C. M., Terrace, H. S. & Gibbon, J.. Academic Press. lsqb;aJST]Google Scholar
Terry, W. S. & Wagner, A. R. (1975) Short-term memory for “surprising” versus “expected” unconditioned stimuli in Pavlovian conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 104:122–33. [aJST]Google Scholar
Tesauro, G. (1986) Simple neursl models of classical conditioning. Biological Cybernetics 55:187–200. [CF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thompson, R. F. (1986) The neurobiology of learning and memory. Science 233:941–46. [aJST, JWM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thompson, R. F., Berger, T. W., Cegavske, C., Patterson, M. M., Roemer, R. A., Teyler, T. J. & Young, R. A. (1976) The search for the engram. American Psychologist 31:200–27. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thompson, R. F., McCormick, D. A., Lavond, D. C., Clark, G. A., Kettner, B. E. & Mauk, M. D. (1983) The engram found? Initial localization of the memory trace for a basic form of associative learning. Progress in Psychobiology and Phyciobigical Psychology 10:167–96. [aJST]Google Scholar
Thompson, T. & Lubinski, D. (1986) Units of analysis and kinetic structure of behavioral repertoires. Journal of the Expeimental Analysis of Behavior 46:219–42. [rJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Therndike, E. L. (1898) Animal intelligence. An experimental study of the associative processes m animals. Psychological Monagraphs 2:1–100. [EJK]Google Scholar
Timberlake, W. & Crank, D. L (1975) Auto-shaping in rats to the presentation of another rat predicting food. Science 190:690–92. [aJST, BTG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Telman, E. C. (1932) Purpesive behavior in animals and men. Century. [MDK]Google Scholar
Tompkins, L. & Hall, J. C. (1981) The different effects on courtship volatile compounds from mated and virigin Drosephila females. Journal of Insect Physiology 27:17–21. [MD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tompkins, L., Siegel, R. W., Gailey, D. A. & Hall, J. C. (1983) Conditioned courtship in Drosophils and its mediation by association of chemical cues. Behavior Genetics 13:565–78. [MD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trapold, M. A. & Overmier, J. B. (1972) The second learning process in instrumenkal learning. in: Classical conditioning II: Current research and theory, ed. Black, A. H. & Prokasy, W. F.. Appleton-Century-Crofts. [PJB, JBO]Google Scholar
Treisman, M. (1984) A theory of the mechanism of habltuation. In: Habituation, sensitization, and behavior, ed. Peeke, H. V. S. & Petrinovich, L.. Academic Press. [rJST]Google Scholar
Tulving, E. (1989) Retrograde amnesia in free recall. Science 164:88–90. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tulving, E. (1863) Elements of episodic memory. Oxford Unviersity Press. [MDK]Google Scholar
Tulving, E., Mandler, G. & Boumal, B. (1964) Interaction of two sources of information in tachistoscepic word recognition. Canadian Journal of Psychology 18:62–71. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Turkkan, J. S. (1979) Varying temporal location of a conditioned stimulus in heart rate conditioning of Macaca mulatia. Pavlovian Journal of Biological Science 14:31–43. [arJST]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turkkan, J. S. (1983) The operant-respondent distinction – is it still viable? Pavlovian Journal of Biological Science 18:12. [rJST]Google Scholar
Turkkan, J. S. (1987) Review of Behavioral counseling in medicine: Strategies for modifying at-risk behavior. New England Journal of Medicine 316:556. [rJST]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turkkan, J. S. & Brady, J. V. (1984) Stress and coping. In: Personality and the behavioral disorders, ed. Endler, N. & Hunt, J.. John Wiley. [aJST]Google Scholar
Turkkan, J. S. & Brady, J. V. (1985) Mediational theory of the placebo effect: Discussion. In: Placebo: Theory, research and mechanisms, ed. White, L., Tursky, B. & Schwartz, C. E.. Guilford Press. [aJST]Google Scholar
Turkkan, J. S., Brady, J. V., Harris, A. H. (1982) Animal studies of stressful interactions: A behavioral-physiological overview. In: Handbook of stress: Theoretical and clinical aspects, ed. Goldberger, L. & Breznitz, S.. Free Press. [aJST]Google Scholar
Turkkan, J. S. & Kadden, B. M. (1979) Classically conditioned heart rate responses in Macaca mulatta after beta-adrenergic, vagal and ganglionic blockade. Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System 1:211–27. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Turkkan, J. S. & Schoenfeld, W. N. (1979) Classical conditioning of blood pressure in Macaca mulatta with cardiac rate controlled. Pavlovian Journal of Biological Science 14:10–19. [aJST, BRD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tursky, B. (1985) Discussion: The 55% analgesic effect: Real or artifact? In: Placebo: Theory, research and mechanisms, ed. White, L., Tursky, B. & Schwartz, C. E.. Guilford Press. [aJST]Google Scholar
Tweney, R. D. (1979) Reflections on the history of behavioral theories of language. Behaviorism 7: 91–103. [aJST]Google Scholar
Uryvaev, Yu. V., Masetkina, Z. A. & Drosdov, D. V. (1989) Sequence of hunger and thirst domination at different reinforcement regimes in rats. Zhurnal Vizshii Nervnii Deyatelnosti 38 (1):167–68. [AA]Google Scholar
Valenstein, E. S. & Weber, M. L. (1965) Potentiation of insulin coma by saccharin. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 60:443–46. [BRD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vartanyan, G. A. & Pirogov, A. A. (1986) Neuronal organization of conditioned inhibition. Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal 32 (6):699–707. [AA]Google Scholar
Volpicelli, J. R., Ulm, B. B. & Altenor, A. (1984) Feedback during exposure to inescapable shocks and subsequent shock-escape performance. Learning and Motivation 15:279–86. [PJB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wagner, A. R. (1981) SOP: A model of automatic memory processing in animal behavior. In: Information processing in animals: Memory mechanisms, ed. Spear, N. E. & Miller, R. R.. Erlbaum. [aJST, MDK]Google Scholar
Wagner, A. R. & Rescorla, R. A. (1972) Inhibition in Pavlovian conditioning: Application of a theory. In: Inhibition arid learning, ed. Boakes, H. A. & Halliday, M. S.. Academic Press. [WJJ, GM]Google Scholar
Warren, R. M. & Warren, R. P. (1970) Auditory illusions and confusions. Scientific American 223:30–36. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wasserman, E. A., Franklin, S. A. & Hearst, E. (1974) Pavlovian appetitive contingencies nad approach versus withdrawal to conditioned stimuli in pigeons. Journal of Comparative and Phyciological Psychology 4: 616–27. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watkins, L. R. & Mayer, D. J. (1986) Multiple endogenous opiate and nonopiate analgesia systems: Evidence of their existence and clinical implications. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 467: 273–98. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watson, J. B. (1925) Behaviorism. Norton. [EJK, REM]Google Scholar
Watson, J. K. & Rayner, R. (1920) Conditioned ernotional reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology 3:1–14. [rJST]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weingarten, H. P. (1983) Conditioned cues elicit feeding in sated rats: A role for learning in meal initiation. Science 220 431–32. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weingarten, H. P. (1984a) Meal initiation controlled by learned cues: Basic behavioral properties. Appetite 5: 147–58. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weingarten, H. P. (1984b) Meal initiation controlled by learned cues: Effect of peripheral cholisiergic blockade and cholecystokinim. Physiology & Behavior 32: 403–8. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weingarten, H. P. (1985) Stimulus control of eating: Implications for a two-factor theory of hunger. Appetite 6: 387–401. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weiss, J. M., Glazer, H. I. & Pohørecky, L. A. (1976) Coping behavior and neurochemical changes: An alternative explanation for the original “learned helplessness” experiments. In: Animal models in human psychobiology, ed. Serban, C. & Kling, A.. Plenum Press. [PJB]Google Scholar
Wetherington, C. L. (1982) Is adjuactive behavior a third class of behavior? Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 6: 329–50. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
White, L., Tursky, B. & Schwartz, G. E. (1985) Placebo: Theory, research arid mechanisms. Cuilford Press. [PJB]Google Scholar
Whitehouse, W. G., Bersh, P. J., Blustein, J. K. & Troisi, J. R., II (1989) Signals for shock-free periods during chronic exposure to delayed-escapable and inescapable shocks: Effects on later escape acquisition. Learning and Motivation 19: 142–61. [PJB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitlow, J. W. & Wagner, A. R. (1984) Memory and habituation. In: Habituation, sensitization, and behavior, ed. Peeke, H. V. S. & Petrinovich, L.. Academic Press. [rJST]Google Scholar
Wickens, C., Tuber, D. S. & Wickens, D. D. (1983) Memory for the conditioned response: The proactive effect of pre-exposure to potential conditioning stimuli and context change. journal of Experimental Psychology: General 112: 41–57. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wickens, D. D., Nield, A. F., Tuber, D. S. & Wickens, C. (1970) Classically conditioned compound-element discrimination as a function of length of training, amount of testing, and CS-UCS interval. Learning and Motivation 1: 95–109. [EJK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wickramasekera, I. (1977a) The placebo effect and biofeedback for headache pain. In: Proceedings of the San Diego Biomedical Symposium. Academic Press. [IW]Google Scholar
Wickramasekera, I. (1977b) The placebo effect and medical instruments in biofeedback. journal of Clinical Engineering 2: 227–30. [IW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wickramasekera, I. (1980) A conditioned response model of the placebo effect: Predictions from the model. Biofeedback and Self-Regulation 5: 5–18. [IW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wickramasekera, I. (1985) A conditioned response model of the placebo effect: Predictions from the model. In: Placebo: Theory, research and mechanisms, ed White, L., Tursky, B. & Schwartz, C. E.. Guilford Press. [aJST, IW]Google Scholar
Wikler, A. (1973) Dynamics of drug dependence: Implications of a conditioning theory for research and treatment. Archives of General Psychiatry 28: 611–16. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wiklund, C. & Järvi, T. (1982) Survival of distasteful insects after being attacked by naive birds: A reappraisal of the theory of aposematic coloration evolving through Individual selection. Evolution 36: 998–1002. [rJST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, D. R. (1981) Bioconditional behavior: Conditioning without constraint. In: Autoshaping and conditioning theory, ed. Locurto, C. M., Terrace, H. S. & Gibbon, J.. Academic Press. [aJST]Google Scholar
Williams, D. R. & Williams, H. (1969) Auto-maintenance in the pigeon: Sustained pecking despite contingent nonreinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 12: 511–20. [aJST, BTG, HDK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, G. C. (1966) Adaptation and natural selection. Princeton University Press. [KLH]Google Scholar
Winograd, E. (1971) Some issues relating animal memory to human memory. In: Animal memory, ed. Honig, W. K. & James, P. J. R.. Academic Press. [aJST]Google Scholar
Witcher, E. S. (1978) Extinction of Pavlovian conditioned inhibition. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. [SG]Google Scholar
Wolford, C. (1971) Function of distinct associations for paired-associate performance. Psychological Review 78: 303–13. [aJST, VJS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wollen, K. A., Weber, A. & Lowry, D. H. (1972) Bizarreness versus interaction of mental images as determinants of learning. Cognitive Psychology 3: 518–23. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woody, C. L. (1986) Understanding the cellular basis of memory and learning. Annual Review of Psychology 37: 433–93. [CF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zamble, E. (1973) Augmentation of eating following a signal for feeding in rats. Learning and Motivation 4: 138–47. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zamble, E., Baxter, D. J. & Baxter, L. (1980) Influences of conditioned incentive stimuli on water intake. Canadian Journal of Psychology 34: 82–85. [aJST]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zamble, E., Hadad, G. M., Mitchell, J. B. & Cutmores, T. R. H. (1985) Pavlovian conditioning of sexual arousal: First- and second-order effects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 11: 598–610. [MD]Google ScholarPubMed
Zamble, E., Mitchell, J. B. & Findlay, H. (1986) Pavlovian conditioning of sexual arousal: Parametric and background manipulations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 12: 403–11. [MD]Google ScholarPubMed
Zeiler, M. D. (1972) Superstilious behavior in children: An experimental analysis. Advances in Child Development and Behavior 7: 1–29. [aJST]Google ScholarPubMed
Zimmer-Hart, C. L. & Rescorla, R. A. (1974) Extinction of Pavlovian conditioned inhibition. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 86: 837–45. [SG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed