Hostname: page-component-857557d7f7-ksgrx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-11-28T08:25:52.017Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Assessing Self-Determined Work Motivation in People with Severe Mental Illness: A Factor-Analytic Approach

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 November 2015

Sandra Fitzgerald ,
Fong Chan ,
Jon Deiches ,
Emre Umucu ,
Su-Ting Hsu ,
Hui-Ling Lee ,
Jill Bezyak  and
Kanako Iwanaga
Sandra Fitzgerald*
Affiliation:
Department of Counseling, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, USA
Fong Chan
Affiliation:
Department of Rehabilitation Psychology and Special Education, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
Jon Deiches
Affiliation:
Department of Rehabilitation Psychology and Special Education, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
Emre Umucu
Affiliation:
Department of Rehabilitation Psychology and Special Education, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
Su-Ting Hsu
Affiliation:
Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital and National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Hui-Ling Lee
Affiliation:
Department of Occupational Therapy, Tsaotun Psychiatric Center, Nantou County, Taiwan
Jill Bezyak
Affiliation:
Department of Human Rehabilitative Services, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO, USA
Kanako Iwanaga
Affiliation:
Department of Rehabilitation Psychology and Special Education, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
*
Correspondence author: Sandra D. Fitzgerald, Ph.D., Department of Counseling, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, USA. Email: sfitz@sfsu.edu
Get access

Abstract

Background: Self-determination theory (SDT) has increasingly been used as a theoretical framework for evaluating key elements of the recovery paradigm in rehabilitation and mental health services research and policy-making for people living with severe mental illnesses. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to validate the Behavioral Regulation in Work Questionnaire (BRWQ), an adaptation of the Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2, as a measure of self-determined work motivation for use in psychiatric rehabilitation settings. Methods: One hundred and twenty-four individuals with severe mental illness were recruited from eight Clubhouse programmes in Hawaii. Factorial validity of the BRWQ was evaluated using exploratory factor analysis. Findings: Principal components analysis of the BRWQ yielded four factors (amotivation, external regulation, introjection and autonomous motivation). The autonomous motivation factor was found to be significantly related to other SDT constructs, including competency, relatedness, outcome expectancy and vocational rehabilitation engagement. Conclusions: The BRWQ is a psychometrically sound SDT measure for assessing self-determined work motivation and could contribute to the use of self-determination as a paradigm for improving recovery and employment outcomes of people with severe mental illness in rehabilitation settings.

Keywords

self-determinationautonomywork motivationsevere mental illness

Information

Type
Articles
Information
The Australian Journal of Rehabilitation Counselling , Volume 21 , Issue 2 , December 2015 , pp. 123 - 136
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Atkinson, M., Zibin, S., & Chuang, H. (1997). Characterizing quality of life among patients with chronic mental illness: A critical examination of the self-report methodology. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154 (1), 99–105.Google ScholarPubMed
Baard, P.P., Deci, E.L., & Ryan, R.M. (2004). Intrinsic need satisfaction: A motivational basis of performance and well-being in two work settings. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34, 2045–2068.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bond, G.R. (2004). Supported employment: Evidence for an evidence-based practice. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 27 (4), 345–359.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Braitman, A., Counts, P., Davenport, R., Zurlinden, B.et al. (1995). Comparison of barriers to employment for unemployed and employed clients in a case management program: An exploratory study. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 19 (1), 3–8.Google Scholar
Chan, F., Rubin, S.E., Lee, G., & Pruett, S. (2003). Empirically derived life skill factors for program evaluation in rehabilitation. Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling, 34 (4), 15–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Choi, K.-H., Fiszdon, J.M., & Bell, M. (2013). Beyond cognition: A longitudinal investigation of the role of motivation during a vocational rehabilitation program. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 201, 173–178, doi:10.1097/NMD.0b013e3182848bd4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cook, J.A., Blyler, C.R., Leff, H.S., McFarlane, W.R., Goldberg, R.W., Gold, P.B., . . . Razzano, L.A. (2008). The Employment Intervention Demonstration Program: Major findings and policy implications. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 31 (4), 291–295.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cook, J.A., Leff, H., Blyler, C.R., Gold, P.B., Goldberg, R.W., Mueser, K.T., . . . Burke-Miller, J. (2005). Results of a multisite randomized trial of supported employment interventions for individuals with severe mental illness. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62 (5), 505–512. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.5.505.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corrigan, P.W., Angell, B., Davidson, L., Marcus, S.C., Salzer, M.S., Kottsieper, P., . . . Stanhope, V. (2012). From adherence to self-determination: Evolution of a treatment paradigm for people with serious mental illnesses. Psychiatric Services, 63, 169–173.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corrigan, P.W., Muser, K.T., Bond, G.R., Drake, R.E., & Soloman, P. (2008). Principles and practice of psychiatric rehabilitation: An empirical approach. New York, NY: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Deci, E.L., & Ryan, R.M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227–268. doi:10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deci, E.L., & Ryan, R.M. (2008). Facilitating optimal motivation and psychological well-being across life's domains. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 49 (1), 14–23. doi:10.1037/0708-5591.49.1.14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drapalski, A.L., Medoff, D., Unick, G.J., Velligan, D.I., Dixon, L.B., & Bellack, A.S. (2012). Assessing recovery of people with serious mental illness: Development of a new scale. Psychiatric Services, 63, 48–53. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201100109.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fitzgerald, S. (2013). Validating a work motivation model for people with psychiatric disabilities based on the self-determination theory. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI.Google Scholar
Fitzgerald, S., Deiches, J., Umucu, E., Brooks, J., Muller, V., Wu, J.R., & Chan, F. (in press). Psychometric properties of the Vocational Rehabilitation Engagement Scale when used with people with mental illness in clubhouse settings. Rehabilitation Research, Policy, and Education.Google Scholar
Fortier, M.S., Sweet, S.N., O’Sullivan, T.L., & Williams, G.C. (2007). A self-determination process model of physical activity adoption in the context of a randomized controlled trial. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 8, 741–757. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2006.10.006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gagne, C., White, W., & Anthony, W.A. (2007). Recovery: A common vision for the fields of mental health and addictions. Psychatric Rehabilitation Journal, 31, 32–37. doi:10.2975/31.1.2007.32.37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kasser, T., Davey, J., & Ryan, R.M. (1992). Motivation and employee-supervisor discrepancies in a psychiatric vocational rehabilitation setting. Rehabilitation Psychology, 37, 175.Google Scholar
Kreyenbuhl, J., Nossel, I.R., & Dixon, L.B. (2009). Disengagement from mental health treatment among individuals with schizophrenia and strategies for facilitating connections to care: A review of the literature. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 35, 696–703. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbp046.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larson, A.B. (2008). The development of work self-efficacy in people with disabilities, PhD dissertation, The University of Arizona, Arizona. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/193646907.Google Scholar
Lynch, M.F., Plant, R.W., & Ryan, R.M. (2005). Psychological needs and threat to safety: Implications for staff and patients in a psychiatric hospital for youth. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 36, 415–425. doi:10.1036/0735-7028.36.4.415.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacCallum, R.C., Widaman, K.F., Zhang, S., & Hong, S. (1999). Sample size in factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 4, 84–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mancini, A.D. (2008). Self-determination theory: A framework for the recovery paradigm. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 14, 358–365. doi:10.1192/apt.bp.107.004036.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manthey, T., Jackson, C., & Evans-Brown, P. (2011). Motivational Interviewing and vocational rehabilitation: A review with recommendations for administrators and counselors. Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling, 42, 3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Markland, D.A., & Tobin, V. (2004). A modification to the behavioural regulation in exercise questionnaire to include an assessment of amotivation. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 26, 191–196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moran, G.S., Russinova, Z., Yim, J.Y., & Sprague, C. (2014). Motivations of persons with psychiatric disabilities to work in mental health peer services: A qualitative study using self-determination theory. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 24 (1), 32–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nunnally, J.C., & Bernstein, I.H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Rouse, P.C., Ntoumanis, N., Duda, J.L., Jolly, K., & Williams, G.C. (2011). In the beginning: Role of autonomy support on the motivation, mental health and intentions of participants entering an exercise referral scheme. Psychology & Health, 26, 729–749. doi:10.1080/08870446.2010.492454.Google ScholarPubMed
Ryan, R.M., & Deci, E.L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55, 68–78. doi:10.1037/0003-006X.55.1.68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ryan, R.M., & Deci, E.L. (2008). A self-determination theory approach to psychotherapy: The motivational basis for effective change. Canadian Psychology, 49, 186–193. doi:10.1037/a0012753.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryan, R.M., Huta, V., & Deci, E.L. (2006). Living well: A self-determination theory perspective on eudaimonia. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9 (1), 139–170. doi:10.1007/s10902-006-9023-4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryan, R.M., Patrick, H., Deci, E.L., & Williams, G.C. (2008). Facilitating health behaviour change and its maintenance: Interventions based on self-determination theory. European Health Psychologist, 10 (1), 2–5.Google Scholar
Ryff, C.D., & Singer, B.H. (2008). Know thyself and become what you are: A eudaimonic approach to psychological well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9, 13–39. doi:10.1007/s10902-006-9019-0.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SAMHSA. (2012). SAMSHSA's working definition of recovery. Report No. PEP12-RECDEF. Rockville, MD: SAMHSA.Google Scholar
Saperstein, A.M., Fiszdon, J.M., & Bell, M.D. (2011). Intrinsic motivation as a predictor of work outcome after vocational rehabilitation in schizophrenia. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 199, 672–677. doi:10.1097/NMD.0b013e318229d0eb.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sowers, W.E. (2012). Recovery and person-centered care: Empowerment, collaboration, and integration. In McQuistion, H.L., Sowers, W.E., Ranz, J.M., & Feldman, J.M. (eds.), Handbook of Community Psychiatry. (pp. 79–89). New York, NY: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3149-7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vancampfort, D., De Hert, M., Vansteenkiste, M., De Herdt, A., Scheewe, T.W., Soundy, A., . . .Probst, M. (2013). The importance of self-determined motivation towards physical activity in patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 210 (3), 812–818.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van den Broeck, A., Vansteenkiste, M., De Witte, H., Soenens, B., & Lens, W. (2010). Capturing autonomy, competence and relatedness at work: Construction and initial validation of the work-related basic need satisfaction scale. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83 (4), 981–1002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wagner, C.C., & McMahon, B.T. (2004). Motivational interviewing and rehabilitation counseling practice. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 47, 152–161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, G.C., McGregor, H.A., Sharp, D., Levesque, C., Kouides, R.W., Ryan, R.M., & Deci, E.L. (2006). Testing a self-determination theory intervention for motivating tobacco cessation: Supporting autonomy and competence in a clinical trial. Health Psychology, 25, 91–101. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.25.1.91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, G.C., McGregor, H.A., Zeldman, A., Freedman, Z.R., & Deci, E.L. (2004). Testing a self-determination theory process model for promoting glycemic control through diabetes self-management. Health Psychology, 23, 58–66. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.23.1.58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zuroff, D.C., Koestner, R., Moskowitz, D.S., McBride, C., Marshall, M., & Bagby, M. (2007). Autonomous motivation for therapy: A new common factor in brief treatments for depression. Psychotherapy Research, 17, 137–147. doi:10.1080/10503300600919380.CrossRefGoogle Scholar