Hostname: page-component-6bb9c88b65-x9fsb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-07-24T15:57:06.193Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The invention of hunter-gatherers in seventeenth-century Europe

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 January 2009

Mark Pluciennik
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Why do we still speak of foragers and farmers? The division of societies into categories including ‘savage’ hunter-gatherers and ‘civilised’ farmers has its roots in seventeenth-century northwestern Europe, but has implications for archaeologists and anthropologists today. Such concepts still provide the frameworks for much intellectual labour including university courses, academic conferences and publications, as well as providing the basis for moral and political evaluations of contemporary societies and practices for a wide range of people, from governments to development agencies, ‘alternative’ archaeologies and parts of the Green movement. This paper examines some of the currents which contributed towards their establishment, and argues that writing ‘across’ such deep-seated categories may be the only way to challenge their hegemony and develop new questions. As an example recent trends in data and interpretation of the ‘mesolithic-neolithic transition’ in western Europe are discussed.

Keywords

historiographyseventeenth centurysocial evolutionmesolithic-neolithic transition

Information

Type
Discussion Article
Information
Archaeological Dialogues , Volume 9 , Issue 2 , December 2002 , pp. 98 - 118
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2002

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Ammerman, A., and Cavalli-Sforza, L.-L, 1984: The neolithic transition and the genetics of populations in Europe, Princeton N.J.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amselle, J.-L., 1990: Logiques métisses. Anthropologie de l'identité en Afrique et ailleurs, Paris.Google Scholar
Ankersmit, F., 1983: Narrative logic: a semantic analysis of the historian's language, The Hague.Google Scholar
Appleby, J., 1978: Economic thought and ideology in seventeenth-century England, Princeton.Google Scholar
Arias, P., 1999: The origins of the Neolithic along the Atlantic coast of continental Europe: survey, Journal of world prehistory 13, 403–464.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnard, A., 1983: Contemporary hunter-gatherers: current theoretical issues in ecology and social organisation, Annual review of anthropology 12, 193–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnard, A., 1995a: Orang Outang and the definition of man: the legacy of Lord Monboddo, in Vermeulen, H.F. and Roldan, A. Alvarez (eds), Fieldwork and footnotes: studies in the history of European anthropology, London, 95–112.Google Scholar
Barnard, A., 1995b: Monboddo's Orang Outang and the definition of man, in Corbey, R. and Theunissen, B. (eds), Ape, man, apeman: changing views since 1600, Leiden, 71–85.Google Scholar
Barnard, A., 1999: Images of hunters and gatherers in European social thought, in Lee, R. and Daly, R. (eds), The Cambridge encyclopedia of hunters and gatherers, Cambridge, 375–383.Google Scholar
Barnard, A., 2002a: Hunting and gathering society: an eighteenth-century Scottish invention, paper presented at the Ninth international conference on hunting and gathering societies, Edinburgh (9th to 13th September 2002).Google Scholar
Barnard, A., 2002b: The foraging mode of thought, in Stewart, H., Barnard, A., and Omura, K. (eds), Self- and other-images of hunter-gatherers, Osaka (Senri Ethnological Studies 60), 5–24.Google Scholar
Bender, B., 1978: Gather-hunter to farmer: a social perspective, World archaeology 10, 204–222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barrell, J., 1980: The dark side of landscape. The rural poor in English painting 1730–1840, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Barrett, J., 1991: Bronze age pottery and the problem of classification, in Barrett, J., Bradley, R. and Hall, M. (eds), Papers on the prehistoric archaeology of Cranborne Chase, Oxford (Oxbow monograph 11), 201–230.Google Scholar
Bender, B and Morris, B., 1988: The dynamics of non-hierarchical societies, in Upham, S. (ed.), The evolution of political systems, Cambridge, 247–264.Google Scholar
Berkhofer, R., 1978: The white man's Indian. Images of the American Indian from Columbus to the present, New York.Google Scholar
Bermingham, A., 1986: Landscape and ideology. The English rustic tradition 1740–1860, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Bird-David, N., 1994: Sociality and immediacy: or, past and present conversations on bands, Man 29, 583–603.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bischoff, D., 2002: Symbolic worlds of central and southeast Anatolia in the Neolithic, in Gérard, F. and Thissen, L. (eds), The Neolithic of central Anatolia, internal developments and external relations during the 9th – 6th millennia cal BC, Proceedings of the international CANeW table ronde, Istanbul 23–24 november 2001, central Anatolian neolithic e-workshop, Istanbul, 237–251.Google Scholar
Bogucki, P., 1988: Forest farmers and stockherders, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Bogucki, P., in press: A neolithic tribal society in northern Poland, in Parkinson, W. and Fowles, S. (eds), The archaeology of tribal societies, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Bonar, J., 1966 (1932): A catalogue of the library of Adam Smith, New York (second edition).Google Scholar
Bourdieu, P., 1982: Leçon sur la leçon, Paris.Google Scholar
Brody, H., 2000: The other side of Eden, London.Google Scholar
Broodbank, C., and Strasser, T., 1991: Migrant farmers and the neolithic colonization of Crete, Antiquity 65, 233–245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Budil, I.T., 2001; Za obzor Zapadu, Czech Republic.Google Scholar
Buege, D., 1996: The ecologically noble savage revisited, Environmental ethics 18, 71–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burke, P., 1997: Fables of the bees. A case -study in views of nature and society, in Teich, M., Porter, R. and Gustafsson, B. (eds), Nature and society in historical context, Cambridge, 112–123.Google Scholar
Burns, J. (ed.), 1991: The Cambridge history of political thought 1450–1700, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burrow, J., 1966: Evolution and society. A study in Victorian social theory, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Carey, D., 1998: Reconsidering Rousseau: sociability, moral sense and the American Indian from Hutcheson to Bartram, British journal for eighteenth-century studies 21, 25–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, R., 1982: The Enlightenment and the economy, in Campbell, R. and Skinner, A. (eds), The origins and nature of the Scottish Enlightenment, Edinburgh, 8–25.Google Scholar
Cantillon, R., 1932 (1755): Essai sur la nature du commerce en général, London (Higgs, H., ed.).Google Scholar
Cauvin, J., 1994: Naissance des divinités, naissance de l'agriculture, Paris.Google Scholar
Cavalli-Sforza, L.-L., 1996: The spread of agriculture and nomadic pastoralism. Insights from genetics, linguistics and archaeology, in Harris, D. (ed.), The origins and spread of agriculture and pastoralism in Eurasia, London, 51–69.Google Scholar
Chapman, J., and Müller, J., 1990: Early farmers in the Mediterranean basin. The Dalmatian evidence, Antiquity 64, 127–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clottes, J., 2000: Le musée des roches, l'art rupestre dans le monde, Paris.Google Scholar
Clottes, J. and Lewis-Williams, D., 2001: Les chamanes de la préhistoire, transe et magie dans les grottes ornées, Paris (revised edition).Google Scholar
Cosgrove, D., 1993: Landscapes and myths, gods and humans, in Bender, B. (ed.), Landscape. Politics and perspectives, Oxford, 281–305.Google Scholar
Cronon, W., 1983: Changes in the land. Indians, colonists, and the ecology of New England, New York.Google Scholar
Cziesla, E., 1992: Betrachtungen zur Kulturgeschichte des 6. vorchristlichen Jahrtausends in Südwestdeutschland, Bulletin de la Société Préhistorique Luxembourgeoise 13 (1991), 15–35.Google Scholar
Dalrymple, Sir John 1758 (1757): Essay towards a general history of feudal property in Great Britain, London (second edition).Google Scholar
Digard, J.-P, 1990: L'homme et les animaux domestiques. Anthropologie d'une passion, Paris.Google Scholar
Digard, J.-P., 1999: Premières domestications proches-orientales: le regard d'un ethnologue, in Vigne, J.-D. and Mashkour, M. (eds), Les débuts de la domestication animale au Proche et au Moyen Orient, Paléorient 25, 81–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dumont, L., 1977: From Mandeville to Marx. The genesis and triumph of economic ideology, Chicago.Google Scholar
Ellingson, T., 2001: The myth of the noble savage, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Elliott, J., 1970: The old world and the new 1492–1650, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Fabian, J., 1983: Time and the other. How anthropology makes its object, New York.Google Scholar
Fagan, B., 1998: Clash of cultures, Walnut Creek (second edition).Google Scholar
Feingold, R., 1978: Nature and society. Later eighteenth-century uses of the pastoral and Georgic, Hassocks.Google Scholar
Ferguson, A., 1966 (1767): An essay on the history of civil society, Edinburgh (Forbes, D., ed.).Google Scholar
Ferguson, A., 1993: Utter antiquity. Perceptions of prehistory in renaissance England, Durham.Google Scholar
Fox-Genovese, E., 1976: The origins of physiocracy. Economic revolution and social order in eighteenth-century France, Ithaca.Google Scholar
Gamble, C., 1992: Uttermost ends of the earth, Antiquity 66, 710–720.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gebauer, A.-B., and Price, T. (eds), 1992a: Transitions to agriculture in prehistory, Madison, WI.Google Scholar
Gebauer, A.-B., and Price, T., 1992b: Foragers to farmers: an introduction, in Gebauer, A.-B. and Price, T. (eds), Transitions to agriculture in prehistory, Madison, WI., 1–10.Google Scholar
Gérard, F., 2002: Transformations and societies in the Neolithic of central Anatolia, in Gérard, F. and Thissen, L. (eds), The Neolithic of central Anatolia, internal developments and external relations during the 9th – 6th millennia cal BC,Istanbul (Proceedings of the international CANeW table ronde, Istanbul 23–24 november 2001, central Anatolian neolithic e-workshop), 105–117.Google Scholar
Gérard, F., and Thissen, L. (eds), 2002: The Neolithic of central Anatolia. Internal developments and external relations during the 9th – 6th millennia cal BC,Istanbul (Proceedings of the International CANeW Table Ronde, Istanbul 23–24 November 2001, Central Anatolian Neolithic e-Workshop.Google Scholar
Gide, C., and Rist, C., 1948: A history of economic doctrines from the time of the physiocrats to the present day, London (second English edition).Google Scholar
Goguet, A.-Y., 1761: The origin of laws, art, sciences, and their progress among the most ancient nations, Edinburgh (three volumes).Google Scholar
Gronenborn, D., 1990: Mesolithic-neolithic interactions. The lithic industry of the earliest Bandkeramik site at Friedberg-Bruchenbrücken (west Germany), in Vermeersch, P.M. and van Peer, P. (eds), Contributions to the Mesolithic in Europe, Leuven, 173–182.Google Scholar
Gronenborn, D., 1999: A variation on a basic theme: the transition to farming in southern central Europe, Journal of world prehistory 13, 123–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grotius, H., 1949 (1625): The law of war and peace, New York (Loomis, L.R., ed.).Google Scholar
Gudeman, S., 1986: Economics as culture, London.Google Scholar
Guilaine, J., Courtin, J., RoudilJ,-L. J,-L. and Vernet, J.-L. (eds), 1987: Premières communautés paysannes en Méditerranée occidentale – actes du colloque international du CNRS (Montpellier 26–29 04 1983), Paris.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gruzinski, S., 1988: La colonisation de l'imaginaire. Sociétés indigènes et occidentalisation dans le Mexique espagnol, XVIe–XVIIIe siècle, Paris.Google Scholar
Gruzinski, S., 1990: La guerre des images de Christophe Colomb à Blade Runner, 1492–2019, Paris.Google Scholar
Gruzinski, S., 1999: La pensée métisse, Paris.Google Scholar
Halstead, P., 1996: The development of agriculture and pastoralism in Greece: when, how, who and what? in Harris, D. (ed.), The origins and spread of agriculture and pastoralism in Eurasia, London, 296–309.Google Scholar
Hammel, E.A., 1996: Demographic constraints in population growth of early humans, Human nature 7, 217–255.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harris, D. (ed.), 1996: The origins and spread of agriculture and pastoralism in Eurasia, London.Google Scholar
Harris, D., and Hillman, G. (eds), 1989: Foraging and farming. The evolution of plant exploitation, London.Google Scholar
Hauptmann, H., 1999: The Urfa region, in Özdogˇan, M. (ed.), Neolithic in Turkey. The cradle of civilisation, new discoveries, Istanbul (Ancient Anatolian civilizations series 3), 65–86.Google Scholar
Hayden, B., 1990: Nimrods, piscators, pluckers and planters. The emergence of food production, Journal of anthropological archaeology 9, 31–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayden, B., 1998: Practical and prestige technologies: the evolution of material systems, Journal of archaeological method and theory 5, 1–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayden, B., 2001: The dynamics of wealth and poverty in the transegalitarian societies of southeast Asia, Antiquity 75, 571–581.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayden, B., and Schulting, R., 1997: The plateau interaction sphere and late prehistoric cultural complexity, American antiquity 62, 51–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herlitz, L., 1997: Art and nature in pre-classical economics of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, in Teich, M., Porter, R. and Gustafsson, B. (eds), Nature and society in historical context, Cambridge, 163–175.Google Scholar
Herrmann, L., 1973: British landscape painting of the eighteenth century, London.Google Scholar
Hesiod, 1728: The works of Hesiod, London (Cooke, T., tr.).Google Scholar
Hill, C., 1961: The century of revolution, 1603–1714, London.Google Scholar
Hill, C., 1974: Protestantism and the rise of capitalism, Change and continuity in seventeenth-century England, London, 81–102.Google Scholar
Hill, C., 1993: The English Bible and the seventeenth-century revolution, London.Google Scholar
Hill, C., 1996: Liberty against the law, London.Google Scholar
Hobbes, Th., 1973 (1651): Leviathan, London.Google Scholar
Hodder, I., 1990: The domestication of Europe, Oxford.Google Scholar
Hodder, I. (ed.), 1996: On the surface. Çatalhöyük 1993–1995, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Hodgen, M., 1964: Early anthropology in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Philadelphia.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hulme, P., 1990: The spontaneous hand of nature, in Hulme, P. and Jordanova, L. (eds), The Enlightenment and its shadows. London, 18–34.Google Scholar
Ingold, T., 1988: Notes on the foraging mode of production, in Ingold, T., Riches, D. and Woodburn, J. (eds), Hunters and gatherers 1. History, evolution and social change, Oxford, 269–285.Google Scholar
Ingold, T., Riches, D., and Woodburn, J. (eds), 1988: Hunters and gatherers. History, evolution and social change, Oxford.Google Scholar
Jahoda, G., 1999: Images of savages. Ancient roots of modern prejudice in western culture, London.Google Scholar
Janik, L., 1998: The appearance of food procuring societies in the southeastern Baltic Sea region, in Zvelebil, M., Dennell, R. and Domanska, L. (eds), Harvesting the sea, farming the forest, Sheffield, 237–244.Google Scholar
Janko, J., 1997: Two concepts of the world in Greek and Roman thought: cyclicity and degeneration, in Teich, M., Porter, R. and Gustaffson, B. (eds), Nature and society in historical context, Cambridge, 18–36.Google Scholar
Jayatilleke, V.D., 2002: Enforced assimilation, discrimination and stigmatisation of the huntergatherers of Sri Lanka (Veddas) and their reaction to such treatment, paper presented at the Ninth international conference on hunting and gathering societies, Edinburgh (9th to 13th September 2002).Google Scholar
Jennings, F., 1976: The invasion of America. Indians, colonialism, and the cant of conquest, New York.Google Scholar
Jones, E., 1967: Editor's introduction, in Jones, E. (ed.), Agriculture and economic growth in England 1650–1815, London, 1–48.Google Scholar
Kames, H. Home, Lord, , 1758: Historical law tracts, Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Kames, Lord, 1774: Sketches of the history of man, Edinburgh and London (two volumes).Google Scholar
Kames, Lord, 1788: The Gentleman farmer. Being an attempt to improve agriculture, by subjecting it to the test of rational principles, Edinburgh and London (third edition).Google Scholar
Keeley, L., 1992: The introduction of agriculture to the western north European plain, in Gebauer, A. and Price, T. (eds), Transitions to agriculture in prehistory, Madison, WI, 81–95.Google Scholar
Kent, S., 1992: The current forager controversy: real versus ideal views of hunter-gatherers, Man 27, 45–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kertész, R., 1996: The Mesolithic in the Great Hungarian Plain: a survey of the evidence, in Kertész, R. and Makkay, J., At the fringes of three worlds – hunter–gatherers and farmers in the middle Tisza valley, Szolnok.Google Scholar
Kind, C.-J., 1998: Komplexe Wildbeuter und frühe Ackerbauern – Bemerkungen zur Ausbreitung der Linearbandkeramik im südlichen Mitteleuropa, Germania 76, 1–23.Google Scholar
Kozlowski, J.K., 1990: Le complexe Impresso-Cardial et les civilisations Balkano-Danubiennes au Sud des Alpes, in Cahen, D. and Otte, M. (eds), Rubané et Cardial, Liège (Etudes et recherches archéologiques de l'Université de Liège) 39, 65–72.Google Scholar
Kuper, A., 1988: The invention of primitive society – transformations of an illusion. London and New York.Google Scholar
Layton, R., 2000: Review feature, shamanism, totemism and rock art: les chamanes de la préhistoire in the context of rock art research, Cambridge archaeological journal 10, 169–186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leacock, E., and Lee, R., 1982: Politics and history in band societies, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Lee, R.B., 1992: Art, science or politics? The crisis in hunter-gatherer studies, American anthropology 94, 31–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, R., and Daly, R., 1999: Introduction: foragers and others, In Lee, R. and Daly, R. (eds), The Cambridge encyclopedia of hunters and gatherers, Cambridge, 1–19.Google Scholar
Lehmann, W., 1971: Henry Home, Lord Kames, and the Scottish Enlightenment, The Hague.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis-Williams, D., 1998: Quanto? The issue of ‘many meanings’ in southern African San rock art research, South African archaeological bulletin 53, 86–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis-Williams, D. and Dowson, T., 1988: The signs of all times: entoptic phenomena in Upper Palaeolithic rock art, Current anthropology 29, 201–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewthwaite, J., 1986: The transition to food production: a Mediterranean perspective, in Zvelebil, M. (ed.), Hunters in transition, Cambridge, 53–66.Google Scholar
Locke, J., 1960 (1690): Two treatises of government, Cambridge (Laslett, P., ed.).Google Scholar
Lovejoy, A. and Boas, G., 1965: Primitivism and related ideas in antiquity, New York.Google Scholar
Low, A., 1985: The Georgic revolution, Princeton, NJ.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lüning, J., 1991: Frühe Bauern in Mitteleuropa im 6. und 5. Jahrtausend v. Chr, in Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz 35 (1988), 27–93.Google Scholar
McGrane, B., 1989: Beyond anthropology. Society and the other, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meek, R., 1971: Smith, Turgot, and the ‘four stages’ theory, History of political economy 3, 9–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meek, R. (ed.), 1973: Precursors of Adam Smith, London.Google Scholar
Meek, R., 1976: Social science and the ignoble savage, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Millar, J., 1806 (1771): The origin of the distinction of ranks, Edinburgh (fourth edition).Google Scholar
Monboddo, J. Burnet, Lord, , 1774 (1773): Of the origin and progress of language, Edinburgh (volume 1, second edition).Google Scholar
Müller, J., 1993: Modelle zur Neolithisierung aus mediterraner Sicht, Archäologische Informationen 16, 32–38.Google Scholar
Nash, G., 1972: The image of the Indian in the southern colonial mind, in Dudley, E. and Novak, M. (eds), The wild man within. An image in western thought from the Renaissance to Romanticism, Pittsburgh, 55–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nisbet, R., 1980: History of the idea of progress, London.Google Scholar
Ottley, W., and Sutherland, G., 1818: Engravings of the most noble the Marquis of Stafford's collection of pictures, in London, arranged according to schools, and in chronological order, with remarks on each picture, London.Google Scholar
Pagden, A., 1986: The fall of natural man. The American Indian and the origins of comparative ethnology, Cambridge (revised edition).Google Scholar
Pagden, A., 1993: European encounters with the New World, New Haven.Google Scholar
Pearce, R., 1952: The ‘ruines of mankind’: the Indian and the puritan mind, Journal of the history of ideas, 13, 200–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearce, R., 1965: Savagism and civilization. A study of the Indian and the American mind (revised edition), Baltimore.Google Scholar
Perlès, C., 2001: The early Neolithic of Greece, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perrot, J., 2000: Réflexions sur l'état des recherches concernant la préhistoire récente du Proche et du Moyen-Orient, Paléorient 26, 5–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perrot, J., 2002: On terminology in Near Eastern prehistory, in Gérard, F. and Thissen, L. (eds), The Neolithic of central Anatolia, internal developments and external relations during the 9th – 6th millennia cal BC, Istanbul (Proceedings of the international CANeW table ronde, 23–24 november 2001, central Anatolian Neolithic e-workshop, Istanbul), 7–10.Google Scholar
Pluciennik, M., 1997: Radiocarbon determinations and the mesolithic-neolithic transition in southern Italy, Journal of mediterranean archaeology 10, 115–150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pluciennik, M., 1998: Deconstructing ‘the Neolithic’ in the mesolithic-neolithic transition, in Edmonds, M. and Richards, C. (eds), Understanding the Neolithic of north western Europe, Glasgow, 61–83.Google Scholar
Pluciennik, M., 2001: Anthropology, archaeology and subsistence, Journal of the royal anthropological institute 7, 741–757.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pluciennik, M., 2002: Hunter-gatherers and subsistence in cross-cultural perspective, paper presented at the Ninth international conference on hunting and gathering societies,Edinburgh(9th to 13th September 2002).Google Scholar
Pluciennik, M., forthcoming: Idealism, materialism, evolution and archaeology in later nineteenth-century Britain, in Pearson, R. (ed.), The Victorians and the ancient world. The classical and the archaeological in nineteenth-century culture, Aldershot.Google Scholar
Porter, R., 1979: Creation and credence: the career of theories of the earth in Britain, 1660–1820, in Barnes, B. and Shapin, S. (eds), Natural order. Historical studies of scientific culture, Beverly Hills, 97–123.Google Scholar
Price, T. (ed.), 2000a: Europe's first farmers, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Price, T., 2000b: Europe's first farmers: an introduction, in Price, T. (ed.), Europe's first farmers, Cambridge, 1–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Price, T., 2000c: The introduction of farming in northern Europe, in Price, T. (ed.), Europe's first farmers, Cambridge, 260–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Price, T., and Gebauer, A.-B. (eds), 1995: Last hunters - first farmers. New perspectives on the prehistoric transition to agriculture, Santa Fe, NM.Google Scholar
Price, U., 1796: An essay on the picturesque: as compared with the sublime and the beautiful. On the use of studying pictures, for the purpose of improving real landscape, London (new edition).Google Scholar
Prince, H., 1988: Art and agrarian change, 1710–1815, in Cosgrove, D. and Daniels, S. (eds), The iconography of landscape, Cambridge, 98–118.Google Scholar
von Pufendorf, S., 1991 (1673): On the duty of man and citizen according to natural law, Cambridge (Tully, J., ed.).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Purchas, S., 1906 (1625): Hakluytus Posthumus, or, Purchas his pilgrimes, contayning a history of the world in sea voyages and lande travells by Englishmen and others, Glasgow (20 volumes).Google Scholar
Quesnay, F., and de Mirabeau, Marquis, 1962: ‘Extract from “rural philosophy”’, in Meek, R. (ed.), The economics of physiocracy. Essays and translations, London, 57–64.Google Scholar
Raemaekers, D.C.M., 2001: The articulation of a ‘New Neolithic’, Leiden (Archaeological studies Leiden university 3).Google Scholar
Ray, J., 1704 (1692): The wisdom of God manifested in the works of the Creation, London, (fourth edition).Google Scholar
Renfrew, C., 1987: Archaeology and language. The puzzle of Indo-European origins, London.Google Scholar
Renfrew, C., 1996: Language families and the spread of farming, in Harris, D. (ed.), The origins and spread of agriculture and pastoralism in Eurasia, London, 70–92.Google Scholar
Rival, L., 1999: Introduction: south America, in Lee, R. and Daly, R. (eds), The Cambridge encyclopedia of hunters and gatherers, Cambridge, 77–85.Google Scholar
Robertson, W., 1783 (1777): The history of America, London (three volumes; fourth edition).Google Scholar
Roscoe, P., 2002: The hunters and gatherers of New Guinea, Current anthropology 43, 153–162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosch, E., 1978: Principles of categorisation, in Rosch, E. and Lloyd, B.B. (eds), Cognition and categorisation, New Jersey, 27–48.Google Scholar
Rousseau, J.-J., 1973 (1755): A discourse on the origin of inequality, The social contract and discourses, London (Cole, G., tr.), 31–126.Google Scholar
Rousseau, J.-J., 1998: Essay on the origin of languages in which melody and musical imitation are treated, in Scott, J. (ed.), Essay on the origin of languages and writing related to music. Collected writings of Rousseau 7, Hanover and London, 289–332.Google Scholar
Rowley-Conwy, P., 1996: Why didn't Westropp's ‘Mesolithic’ catch on in 1872? Antiquity 70, 940–944.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rudebeck, E., 2000: Tilling nature, harvesting culture. Exploring images of the human being in the transition to agriculture, Stockholm (Acta archaeologica Lundensia 32, series 8).Google Scholar
Russell, B., 1947: History of western philosophy, London.Google Scholar
Sabine, G., 1963: A history of political theory, London (third edition).Google Scholar
Saisselin, R., 1992: The Enlightenment against the Baroque. Economics and aesthetics in the eighteenth century, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Sampson, R., 1956: Progress in the age of reason, London.Google Scholar
Selolwane, O., 2002: Indigenes, citizens and rights in Botswana. Negotiating nationality under competing group claims, paper presented at the Ninth international conference on hunting and gathering societies,Edinburgh(9th to 13th September 2002).Google Scholar
Schaffer, S., 1997: The earth's fertility as a social fact in early modern Britain, in Teich, M., Porter, R. and Gustafsson, B. (eds), Nature and society in historical context, Cambridge, 124–147.Google Scholar
Scheffel, D., 2000: The post-anthropological Indian. Canada's new images of aboriginality in the age of repossession, Anthropologica 42, 175–187.Google Scholar
Schumpeter, J., 1954: History of economic analysis, London.Google Scholar
Sherratt, A., 1999: Cash-crops before cash: organic consumables and trade, in Gosden, C. and Hather, J. (eds), The prehistory of food, London, 13–34.Google Scholar
Skeates, R., 1994: Towards an absolute chronology for the Neolithic in central Italy, in Skeates, R. and Whitehouse, R. (eds), Radiocarbon dating and Italian prehistory, London, 62–72.Google Scholar
Skeates, R., 1999: Unveiling inequality. Social life and social change in the Mesolithic and early Neolithic of east-central Italy, in Tykot, R., Morter, J. and Robb, J. (eds), Social dynamics of the prehistoric central Mediterranean London (Accordia specialist studies on the Mediterranean 3), 15–45.Google Scholar
Slotkin, J. (ed.), 1965: Readings in early anthropology, London.Google Scholar
Smith, A. 1978: Lectures on jurisprudence, Oxford (Meek, R.L., Raphael, D.D. and Stein, P.G., eds; The Glasgow edition of the works and correspondence of Adam Smith 5).Google Scholar
Smith, B., 1995: The emergence of agriculture, Washington.Google Scholar
Smout, T., 1970: The landowner and the planned village in Scotland, 1730–1830, in Phillipson, N. and Mitchison, R. (eds), Scotland in the age of improvement, Edinburgh, 73–106.Google Scholar
Staeck, J., 1996: Ranking, marriage, and power: reflections of Ho-Chunk (Winnebago) oral traditions on effigy mound transegalitarian strategies for developing power and prestige, paper presented at the 1996 Midwest Archaeological Conference,Beloit, Wisconsin (http://www.cod.edu/people/faculty/staeck/mac96.htm, last viewed July 2002).Google Scholar
Stannard, D., 1992: American holocaust: the conquest of the New World, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stoczkowski, W, 2002 (1994): Explaining human origins: myth, imagination and conjecture, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Solway, J.S. and Lee, R.B., 1990: Foragers, genuine or spurious? Current anthropology 31, 109–145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tacitus, , 1970: Germania, Harmondsworth (Mattingley, H., ed.).Google Scholar
Testart, A., 1982: The significance of food storage among hunter-gatherers, Current anthropology 23, 523–537.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, J., 1988: Neolithic explanations revisited. The mesolithic-neolithic transition in Britain and southern Scandinavia, Proceedings of the prehistoric society 54, 59–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, J., 1991: Rethinking the Neolithic, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Thomas, J., 1990: Monuments from the inside: the case of the Irish megalithic tombs, World archaeology 22, 168–177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, J., 1996: The cultural context of the first use of domesticates in continental central and northwest Europe, in Harris, D.R. (ed.), The origins and spread of agriculture and pastoralism in Eurasia. London, 310–322.Google Scholar
Thomas, J., 1999: Understanding the Neolithic. London and New York (second revised edition).Google Scholar
Thomas, K., 1983: Man and the natural world: changing attitudes in England 1500–1800, London.Google Scholar
Thomson, J., 1981 (1726–30): The seasons, Oxford (Sambrook, J., ed.).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tillmann, A., 1993: Kontinuität oder Diskontinuität? Zur Frage einer bandkeramischen Landnahme im südlichen Mitteleuropa, Archäologische Informationen 16, 157–187.Google Scholar
Tribe, K., 1978: Land, labour and economic discourse, London.Google Scholar
Trigger, B.G., 1989: A history of archaeological thought, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Trigger, B., 1998: Sociocultural evolution, Oxford.Google Scholar
Tringham, R., 2000: Southeastern Europe in the transition to agriculture in Europe: bridge, buffer, or mosaic, in Price, T. (ed.), Europe's first farmers, Cambridge, 19–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turgot, A.-R., 1973: On universal history, in Meek, R. (ed.), Turgot on progress, sociology and economics, Cambridge, 61–118.Google Scholar
Tusser, T., 1812 (1557): Five hundred points of good husbandry: as well for the champion or open country, as for the woodland or several; together with a book of huswifery, London.Google Scholar
Vašiček, Z. and Malina, J., 1990: Archaeology yesterday and today. The development of archaeology in the sciences and humanties, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Vencl, S., 1982: K Otázce zániku sběračsko – loveckých kultur, Archeologické rozhledy 34, 648–694.Google Scholar
Vencl, S., 1988: The problem of disappearance of hunter-gatherer societies in prehistory. Archaeological evidence and testimonies of classical authors, Listy filologicke 111, 129–143.Google Scholar
Venkatesan, D., 2002: Assimilation process among hunter-gatherers of Andaman Islands, paper presented at the Ninth international conference on hunting and gathering societies,Edinburgh(9th to 13th September 2002).Google Scholar
Vicent García, J.-M., 1997: The island filter model revisited, in Balmuth, M.S., Gilman, A. and Prado-Torreira, L. (eds), Encounters and transformations – the archaeology of Iberia in transition, Sheffield, 1–13.Google Scholar
Virgil, , 1900: The works of Virgil, London (Dryden, J., ed.).Google Scholar
Whitley, D.S. (ed.), 1998: Reader in archaeological theory – post-processual and cognitive approaches, London and New York.Google Scholar
Whitley, D., 1994: By the hunter, for the gatherer: art, social relations and subsistence change in the prehistoric Great Basin, World archaeology 25, 356–373.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitley, D., 1998: Finding rain in the desert: landscape, gender and far western North American rock-art, in Chippendale, C. and Tacon, P. (eds), The archaeology of rock art, Cambridge, 11–29.Google Scholar
Whittle, A., 1988: Problems in neolithic archaeology, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Whittle, A., 1996: Europe in the Neolithic. The construction of new worlds, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Williams, R., 1973: The country and the city, New York.Google Scholar
Wilmot, S., 1990: ‘The business of improvement’. Agriculture and scientific culture in Britain, c. 1770 - c. 1870, Bristol (Historical geography research series 24).Google Scholar
Wilmsen, E.N., and Denbow, J.R., 1990: Paradigmatic history of San-speaking peoples and current attempts at revision, Current anthropology 31, 489–524.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolf, E.R., 1982: Europe and the people without history, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Woodburn, J., 1982: Egalitarian societies, Man 17, 431–451.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Worlidge, J., 1669: Systema agriculturae, London.Google Scholar
Worlidge, J., 1681: Systema agriculturae, London (third edition).Google Scholar
Zilhão, J., 1993: The spread of agro-pastoral economies across Mediterranean Europe. A view from the far West, Journal of mediterranean archaeology 6, 5–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zvelebil, M., 1986a: Mesolithic prelude and neolithic revolution, in Zvelebil, M. (ed.), Hunters in transition, Cambridge, 5–15.Google Scholar
Zvelebil, M., 1986b: Mesolithic societies and the transition to farming: problems of time, scale and organisation, in Zvelebil, M. (ed.), Hunters in transition, Cambridge, 167–188.Google Scholar
Zvelebil, M. (ed.), 1986c: Hunters in transition. Mesolithic societies of temperate Eurasia and their transition to farming, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Zvelebil, M., 1989: On the transition to farming in Europe, or what was spreading with the Neolithic: a reply to Ammerman (1989), Antiquity 63, 379–383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zvelebil, M., 1993: Hunters or farmers? The Neolithic and bronze age societies of north-east Europe, in Chapman, J., and Dolukhanov, P., (eds), Cultural transformation and interactions in Eastern Europe, Avebury, 146–162.Google Scholar
Zvelebil, M., 1994: Plant use in the Mesolithic and its role in the transition to farming, Proceedings of the prehistoric society 60, 35–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zvelebil, M., 1995: Hunting, gathering or husbandry? Management of food resources by the late mesolithic communities of temperate Europe, in Campana, D. (ed.), Before farming: hunter-gatherer society and subsistence, Philadelphia (MASCA Research papers in science and archaeology 12).Google Scholar
Zvelebil, M., 1996: The agricultural frontier and the transition to farming in the circum-Baltic region, in Harris, D. (ed.), The origins and spread of agriculture and pastoralism in Eurasia, London, 323–345.Google Scholar
Zvelebil, M., 1998a: Agricultural frontiers, Neolithic origins, and the transition to farming in the Baltic Basin, in Zvelebil, M., Dennell, R., and Domanska, L. (eds), Harvesting the sea, farming the forest, Sheffield, 9–28.Google Scholar
Zvelebil, M., 1998b: What's in a name: the Mesolithic, the Neolithic and social change at the mesolithic-neolithic transition, in Edmonds, M., and Richards, C. (eds), Understanding the Neolithic of north western Europe, Glasgow, 1–36.Google Scholar
Zvelebil, M., and Fewster, K., 2001: Ethnoarchaeology and hunter-gatherers: pictures at an exhibition, in Fewster, K. and Zvelebil, M. (eds), Ethnoarchaeology and hunter-gatherers: pictures at an exhibition, Oxford (BAR international series 955), 143–157.Google Scholar