Hostname: page-component-669899f699-rg895 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-04-25T16:03:15.819Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

BOOKS KEPT AT THE SHRINE OF EDWARD THE CONFESSOR AT WESTMINSTER ABBEY IN THE LATE MIDDLE AGES

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 October 2024

Matthew Payne*
Affiliation:
Matthew Payne, The Chapter Office, 20 Dean’s Yard, London SW1P 3PA, UK.

Abstract

Three late medieval inventories of the chapel surrounding the shrine of St Edward the Confessor at Westminster Abbey, London, record the presence of a number of books and pamphlets among the relics and liturgical paraphernalia. This article discusses these books, their significance and the reason for their maintenance at the shrine, and offers possible identifications with several surviving manuscripts.

Type
Research paper
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Society of Antiquaries of London

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Primary sources

Bibliothèque Municipal, Bordeaux, ms 286 concordance of Jacobus de VoragineGoogle Scholar
BL, Add Ch 15895, notification of abbey privilegesGoogle Scholar
BL, Add ms 8167, Abbot Crokesley, monastic rules, after 1246Google Scholar
BL, Add ms 10106, compendium of material associated with Abbot EstneyGoogle Scholar
BL, Add ms 34114, Ordene de chevalerie copy owned by Biship Henry DespenserGoogle Scholar
BL, Add ms 34801, early copy of ‘L’Ordonnance et maniere de creer et faire nouveaulx chevaliers du Baing’Google Scholar
BL, Add mss 40751–2, catalogue of John Somers’ libraryGoogle Scholar
BL, Add ms 59616, customary of the shrine of St Thomas Becket at Canterbury Cathedral, 1428Google Scholar
BL, ms Egerton 3775, St Augustine, De consensu evangelistarum copy, twelfth-centuryGoogle Scholar
BL, Cotton ms Cleopatra A.xvi, fols 69–195, chronicle by John de Reading, 1360sGoogle Scholar
BL, Cotton ms Claudius A.viii, Fr John Felix, a short life of Abbot EstneyGoogle Scholar
BL, Cotton ms Domitian A.xviii, fols 243r–247r, ‘L’Ordonnance et maniere de creer et faire nouveaulx chevaliers du Baing’, late sixteenth centuryGoogle Scholar
BL, Cotton ms Julius F.ix, royal pedigree by Fr Thomas Gardyner, early sixteenth centuryGoogle Scholar
BL, Cotton ms Nero C.ix, fols 169v–170v, ‘L’Ordonnance et maniere de creer et faire nouveaulx chevaliers du Baing’, in EnglishGoogle Scholar
BL, Cotton ms Otho C.ii, Flores Historiarum Google Scholar
BL, Cotton ms Otho D.ii, miscellanea relating to crusades and the Holy LandGoogle Scholar
BL, Harley ms 4333, versions of Ordene de chevalerie Google Scholar
BL, Harley ms 4431, Christine de Pizan’s worksGoogle Scholar
BL, Lansdowne ms 285, John Paston, chivalric manuscriptsGoogle Scholar
BL, Royal ms 2 A.xxii, Westminster PsalterGoogle Scholar
BL, Royal ms 5 B.vii, St Jerome, De viris illustribus, twelfth-centuryGoogle Scholar
BL, Royal ms 9 F.iv, index to the works of St Thomas AquinasGoogle Scholar
BL, Royal ms 19 A. xxii, Jean de Meun, Sept articles de la foy, 1440sGoogle Scholar
BL, Royal ms 14 C.xiii,. Polychronicon, with Marco Polo, De Conditionibus et consuetudinibus orientalium regionum Google Scholar
Bodleian, ms Ashmole 764, fols 90r–97v, ‘L’Ordonnance et maniere de creer et faire nouveaulx chevaliers du Baing’Google Scholar
Bodleian, ms Douce 271, fols r35–47v, ‘L’Ordonnance et maniere de creer et faire nouveaulx chevaliers du Baing’Google Scholar
Bodleian, ms e Mus. 249, copy of the letters of Gilbert Foliot and other works, 12th-centuryGoogle Scholar
Bodleian, ms Bodley 46, Distinctiones fratriis Mauricii Google Scholar
Bodleian, ms Bodley 264, Romance of Alexander, fourteenth-centuryGoogle Scholar
Bodleian, ms Bodley 341, Polychronicon, to 1327Google Scholar
Bodleian, ms Bodley 456, Richard Rolle, Emendatio vitae, and Hugo Ripelinus, Compendium veritaties theologicae Google Scholar
Bodleian, ms Digby 196, Miscellanea multa, praesertim historica, fifteenth centuryGoogle Scholar
Bodleian, ms Fairfax 20, ‘Cronica Westmonaster’Google Scholar
Bodleian, ms Rawl.C.425, PontificalGoogle Scholar
Bodleian, ms Rawlinson liturg. g.10, collection of prayers and hymnsGoogle Scholar
Calendar of Charter Rolls: 1257–1300, ii, 411Google Scholar
Calendar of Charter Rolls: 1341–1417, v, 340–2 Google Scholar
Calendar of Papal Registers, v, 197, papal indult for William SudburyGoogle Scholar
Calendar of Papal Registers, xii, 581, petition from Abbot EstneyGoogle Scholar
Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, ms 197A, chroniclesGoogle Scholar
Cambridge, Gonville and Caius College, ms 424/448, Ordene de chevalerie Google Scholar
Cambridge, Pembroke College, ms 307, Gower, Confessio Amantis Google Scholar
Cambridge, Trinity College, ms O.7.37, medical textsGoogle Scholar
Cambridge, Trinity College, ms 0.8.30, Thomas Aquinas, De Veritate Google Scholar
Cambridge University Library, ms Dd.I.17, collection of historical works, fourteenth centuryGoogle Scholar
Cambridge University Library, ms Dd.VIII.7, Polychronicon, with Marco Polo, De Conditionibus et consuetudinibus orientalium regionum, fourteenth centuryGoogle Scholar
Cambridge University Library, ms Ff.1.28, Richard de Cirencester, Speculum Historiale de Gestis Regum Anglie Google Scholar
Cambridge University Library, ms Gg.6.28, copy of Ordene de chevalerie with other similar poems, early fifteenth-centuryGoogle Scholar
Canterbury Cathedral, ms Y.ax, Westminster Abbey vestry inventory, 1388Google Scholar
CCR 1341–1417Google Scholar
CCR 1385–9Google Scholar
CCR 1399–1402Google Scholar
Chetham Library, Manchester, ms 6712, Flores Historiarum, to 1327Google Scholar
College of Arms, London, ms l.5, fols 28r–30v, ‘L’Ordonnance et maniere de creer et faire nouveaulx chevaliers du Baing’, 16th centuryGoogle Scholar
CPR 1391–6Google Scholar
CPR 1396–9Google Scholar
Edinburgh University Library, ms Laing ii.515, fragment of Gratiani decretum, thirteenth-centuryGoogle Scholar
Harvard University Library, Cambridge, ms Typ 130H, Ordene de chevalerie Google Scholar
Hereford Cathedral Library, ms O.VI.7, miscellaneaGoogle Scholar
Hereford Cathedral Library, ms O.4.VI, Epistolae Apostoli Pauli glossate copy, 13th-centuryGoogle Scholar
ISTC, ia00386000Google Scholar
ISTC, ij00264000Google Scholar
ISTC, im00719200Google Scholar
John Rylands Library, Manchester, ms Lat. 165Google Scholar
Lambeth Palace Library, London, ms Arc.L.40.2/E.25, Gospel of NicodemusGoogle Scholar
Longleat House, ms 38, fols 256v–308, William Sudbury, Tractatus de sanguine christi precioso Google Scholar
Oxford, Balliol College, ms 142, Ovid’s Metamorphoses copy, fifteenth centuryGoogle Scholar
Oxford, Balliol College, ms 264, David of Augsburg, Forma Religiosorum Google Scholar
Oxford, St John’s College, ms 190, miscellany of theological works, mid thirteenth-centuryGoogle Scholar
Pierpont Morgan Library, New York, ms M.126, Gower, Confessio Amantis Google Scholar
SAL, ms 136C, miscellanyGoogle Scholar
SAL, Minutes, xxv, 544Google Scholar
Stanford University Library, Codex 0877, Prayerbook of Elizabeth of YorkGoogle Scholar
TNA, PRO, CP40/826, Court of Common Pleas, 1468Google Scholar
TNA, PRO, LR/2/111, fols 8–27, Dissolution inventoryGoogle Scholar
TNA, PRO, PROB 11/9/138, Will of John Veysey, 1492Google Scholar
TNA, PRO, PROB 11/583/346,, Will of Nathan Wright, 1721Google Scholar
WAM 1585, confirmation from Richard ii to Westminster Abbey of privileges, 1393Google Scholar
WAM 5456, notarial instrument for the removal of Abbot Norwich, 1467Google Scholar
WAM 6234, confirmation from Richard ii to Westminster Abbey of privileges, 1393Google Scholar
WAM 6603, inventory of the goods of Richard Exeter, prior of Westminster, c 1397Google Scholar
WAM 9477, inventory of Fr Thomas Arundel, shrine keeper, 1467Google Scholar
WAM 9478, inventory of Fr Richard Tedyngton, shrine keeper, 1479Google Scholar
WAM 9479, inventory of Fr Thomas Clifford, warden of the Lady Chapel, 1483Google Scholar
WAM 9485, inventory of Fr William Grene, shrine keeper, 1520Google Scholar
WAM 13193, royal ordinance for Westminster Abbey to take possession of St Martin le Grand, 1503Google Scholar
WAM 19346, infirmarer’s account, 1368–9Google Scholar
WAM 19618–19809, sacrists’ rolls, 1317–1535Google Scholar
WAM 19867, treasurer’s accountsGoogle Scholar
WAM 19879, treasurer’s account rollGoogle Scholar
WAM 23193, account of the warden of the Lady Chapel, 1393–4Google Scholar
WAM 23263, account of the warden of the Lady Chapel, 1491–2Google Scholar
WAM 23298, account of the warden of the Lady Chapel, 1521–2Google Scholar
WAM 23304, account of the warden of the Lady Chapel, 1527–8Google Scholar
WAM 23533*, account of the warden of the new work, 1468–9Google Scholar
WAM 24265*, abbot’s account, 1383–4Google Scholar
WAM 33291, abbot’s account, 1496–7Google Scholar
WAM 33288, Memoranda of Prior Mane, 1501–3Google Scholar
WAM 33293 sub-sacrist account book, 1505–9Google Scholar
WAM 33327, kitchener’s accounts, 1516–17Google Scholar
WAM 33328, kitchener’s accounts, 1517–18Google Scholar
WAM 33329, kitchener’s accounts, 1520–1Google Scholar
WAM 51113, inventory of regalia, 1359Google Scholar
WAM 51191, extract from the Liber Regalis, c 1762Google Scholar
WAM Muniment Book i (Liber Niger)Google Scholar
WAM Muniment Book 3, cartulary of documents concerning appropriation of churches, 1528–40Google Scholar
Westminster Abbey, ms 24, Flores Historiarum, fourteenth centuryGoogle Scholar
Westminster Abbey, ms 34/2, De Scismate, with fragments of an inventoryGoogle Scholar
Westminster Abbey, ms 37, Litlyngton MissalGoogle Scholar
Westminster Abbey, ms 38, Liber Regalis Google Scholar
Westminster Abbey Library, ms 45, manuscript version of Henry Keepe’s Monumenta Westmonasteriensia, c 1682Google Scholar
Westminster Abbey Library, CN.7.I.32, drawing of fifteenth-century screen in St Andrew’s chapel, Westminster Abbey, c 1723Google Scholar

Secondary sources

Anstis, J 1725. Observations Introductory to an Historical Essay Upon the Knighthood of the Bath, James Woodman, LondonGoogle Scholar
Biggs, E 2016. ‘The College and Canons of St Stephen’s, Westminster, 1348–1548’, PhD thesis, University of YorkGoogle Scholar
Binski, P 1995. Westminster Abbey and the Plantagenets: kingship and representation of power, 1200–1400, Yale University Press, New Haven and LondonGoogle Scholar
Binski, P 1997. ‘The Liber Regalis: its date and European context’, in D Gordon, L Monnas and C Elam (eds), The Regal Image of Richard II and the Wilton Diptych, 233–43, Harvey Miller, LondonGoogle Scholar
Binski, P and Guerry, E 2015. ‘Seats, relics and the rationale of images in Westminster Abbey, Henry III to Edward II’, in W Rodwell and T Tatton-Brown (eds), Westminster 1: the art architecture and archaeology of the royal abbey, 180–204, Brit Archaeol Ass Conference Trans 39 (1), British Archaeological Association, LeedsCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Busby, K 1983. Le Roman des Eles and L’Ordene de Chevalerie: two old French didactic poems, John Benjamins Publishing Company, Amsterdam Google Scholar
Busby, K 1984. ‘Three Anglo-Norman redactions of L’Ordene de Chevalerie’, Medieval Stud, 46 (1), 31–77CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carpenter, D 2012. ‘The Pershore Flores Historiarum: an unrecognised chronicle from the period of reform and rebellion in England, 1258–65’, Eng Hist Rev, 127 (529), 1343–66CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christianson, C 1990. A Directory of London Stationers and Book Artisans, 1300–1500, Bibliographical Society of America, New York Google Scholar
Collard, J 2008. ‘ Flores Historiarum manuscripts: the illumination of a late thirteenth-century chronicle series’, Zeitschrift fur Kunstgeschichte, 71, 441–66Google Scholar
Collinson, P, Ramsay, N and Sparks, M 1995. A History of Canterbury Cathedral, Oxford University Press, Oxford Google Scholar
Condon, M 2003. ‘God Save the King! Piety, propaganda and the perpetual memorial’, in T Tatton-Brown and R Mortimer (eds), Westminster Abbey: the Lady Chapel of Henry VII, 59–97, Boydell, WoodbridgeGoogle Scholar
Cox, J 1886. ‘Sacrist’s roll of Lichfield Cathedral church, AD 1345’, Collections for a History of Staffordshire, 6 (2), 199221 Google Scholar
Crotch, W 1928. The Prologues and Epilogues of William Caxton, Oxford University Press, London Google Scholar
Ditmas, E 1964. ‘The cult of Arthurian relics’, Folklore, 75 (1), 1933 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doyle, A I 1957. ‘The work of a late fifteenth century English scribe, William Ebesham’, Bull of the John Rylands Lib, 39 (2), 298325 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Driver, M 2009. ‘Women readers and Pierpont Morgan MS M. 126’, in M Urban (ed), John Gower: manuscripts, readers, contexts, 71–107, Brepols, Turnhout, BelgiumCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duffy, M 2003. Royal Tombs of Medieval England, Tempus, Stroud Google Scholar
Emden, A 1958. A Biographical Dictionary of the University of Oxford to AD 1500, 3 vols, Clarendon Press, Oxford Google Scholar
Emden, A 1974. A Biographical Register of the University of Oxford, AD 1501 to AD 1540, Clarendon Press, Oxford Google Scholar
Fowler, J 1898–1901. Extracts from the Account Rolls of the Abbey of Durham, Surtees Society, Durham Google Scholar
Freeman, J 2013. ‘The manuscript dissemination and readership of the Polychronicon of Ranulph Higden, c 1330–c 1500’, PhD thesis, University of CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Hanna, R 2017. ‘Cambridge University Library, MS DD.1.17: some historical notes’, Trans Cambridge Bib Soc, 16 (2), 141–60Google Scholar
Harvey, B 1977. Westminster Abbey and Its Estates in the Middle Ages, Clarendon Press, Oxford Google Scholar
Harvey, B 2002. The Obedientiaries of Westminster Abbey and their Financial Records, c 1275–1540, Boydell, WoodbridgeGoogle Scholar
Hector, L and Harvey, B (eds) 1982. The Westminster Chronicle, 1381–1394, Clarendon Press, Oxford Google Scholar
Hiatt, A, 2004. The Making of Medieval Forgeries: false documents in fifteenth century England, British Library and University of Toronto Press, London Google Scholar
Hollaender, A 1944. ‘The pictorial work in the Flores Historiarum of the so-called Matthew of Westminster (MS Chetham 6712)’, Bull John Ryland Lib, 28, 361–81CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horn, J 1963. Fasti Ecclesie Angicanae, St Paul’s, 1300–1531, Athlone Press, London Google Scholar
Keene, D, Burns, A and Saint, A 2004. St Paul’s: the cathedral church of London, 604–2004, Yale University Press, New Haven and London Google Scholar
Ker, N, 1969. Medieval Manuscripts in British Libraries, Clarendon Press, Oxford Google Scholar
Lefferts, P 2012. Sources of Thirteenth-Century English Polyphony: catalogue with descriptions, Faculty Publications: School of Music, University of Nebraska, Lincoln Google Scholar
Legg, J W 1890. ‘On an inventory of the vestry in Westminster Abbey in 1388’, Archaeologia, 52, 195286 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Legg, J W 1891–6. Missale ad usum Ecclesie Westmonasteriensis, Henry Bradshaw Society, London Google Scholar
Leland, J 1582. A learned and true assertion of the original, life, actes, and death of the most noble, valiant, and renoumed Prince Arthure, King of great Brittaine … Newly translated into English by Richard Robinson, private, LondonGoogle Scholar
Loomis, R S 1953. ‘Edward I, Arthurian enthusiast’, Speculum, 28 (1), 114–27CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luard, H 1890. Flores Historiarum, 3 vols, HMSO, London Google Scholar
Luxford, J 2019. ‘Recording and curating relics at Westminster Abbey in the late Middle Ages’, J Medieval Hist, 45 (2), 204–30CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mortimer, R, 2015. ‘History and chronicle at Westminster Abbey, 1250–1450’, in W Rodwell and T Tatton-Brown (eds), Westminster 1: the art architecture and archaeology of the royal abbey, 291–300, Brit Archaeol Ass Conf Trans 39 (1), British Archaeological Association, LeedsCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mynors, R 1963. Catalogue of the Manuscripts of Balliol College Oxford, Clarendon Press, Oxford Google Scholar
Mynors, R and Thomson, R 1993. Catalogue of the Manuscripts of Hereford Cathedral Library, Boydell, WoodbridgeGoogle Scholar
Nilson, B 1998. Cathedral Shrine of Medieval England, Boydell, WoodbridgeGoogle Scholar
Nixon, H 1976. ‘Caxton, his contemporaries and successors in the book trade from Westminster documents’, Library, 5th ser, 31 (4), 305–26CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pascual, L 2011. ‘Jacquetta of Luxembourg: Duchess of Bedford and Lady Rivers (c 1416–1472)’, Ricardian, 21, 6791 Google Scholar
Payne, M 2016. ‘Caxton the businessman: a new glimpse’, Library, 7th ser, 17 (2), 103–11CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Payne, M 2020. ‘The first chantry chapel of Lady Margaret Beaufort at Westminster Abbey’, in J Boffey (ed), Performance, Ceremony and Display in Late Medieval England, 273–83, Harlaxton Medieval Studies XXX, Shaun Tyas, DoningtonGoogle Scholar
Payne, M 2022. ‘Westminster’s anchorite identified’, Westminster Abbey Rev, 12, 50–3Google Scholar
Payne, M and Boffey, J 2017. ‘The Gardyner’s Passetaunce, the Flowers of England , and Thomas Gardyner, monk of Westminster’, Library, 7th ser, 18(2), 175–90CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Payne, M and Foster, R 2020. ‘The medieval sacristy of Westminster Abbey’, Antiq J, 100, 240–73CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Payne, M and Rodwell, W 2018. ‘Edward the Confessor’s shrine at Westminster Abbey: its date of construction reconsidered’, Antiq J, 97, 187204 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearce, E 1916. The Monks of Westminster, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Google Scholar
Perkins, J 1920. The Most Honourable Order of the Bath: a descriptive and historical account, The Faith Press, London Google Scholar
Perroy, E 1951. ‘Gras Profits et Rançons pendant la Guerre de Cent And : L’affaire du Comte de Denia’, in Mélanges d’histoire du Moyen Age : dédiés à la mémoire de Louis Halphen, 573–80, Presses universitaires de France, ParisGoogle Scholar
Pfaff, R 1970. New Liturgical Feats in Later Medieval England, Clarendon Press, Oxford Google Scholar
Pfaff, R 2009. The Liturgy in Medieval England, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rastell, J 1530. The pastyme of people, private, LondonGoogle Scholar
Robinson, J 1907. ‘An unrecognised Westminster chronicler, 1381–1394’, Proc Brit Academy, 3, 132 Google Scholar
Robinson, J A (ed), 1909. The History of Westminster Abbey by John Flete, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Google Scholar
Robinson, J A and James, M 1909. The Manuscripts of Westminster Abbey, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Google Scholar
Rodwell, W and Neal, D 2019. The Cosmatesque Mosaics of Westminster Abbey, Oxbow, Oxford CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rogers, A 1962–3. ‘Hoton versus Shakell: a ransom case in the court of chivalry, 1390–5’, Nottingham Medieval Stud, 6, 74108 and 7, 53–78CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ross, C 1974. Edward IV, Methuen, London CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sandler, L 1986. Gothic Manuscripts, 1285–1385, Harvey Miller, London Google Scholar
Saul, N 1996. ‘Richard II and Westminster Abbey’, in J Blair and B Golding (eds), The Cloister and the World: essays in honour of Barbara Harvey, 196–218, Clarendon Press, OxfordCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharpe, R, Carley, J, Thomson, R and Watson, A 1996. Corpus of British Medieval Library Catalogues: English Benedictine libraries, The British Library, London Google Scholar
Smith, D 2008. The Heads of Religious Houses: England and Wales, III: 1377–1540, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stratford, J 2010. ‘Clerks, forfeiture and books’, in J Luxford and M Michaels (eds), Tributes to Nigel J Morgan: contexts of medieval art, objects and ideas, 163–71, Brepols, TurnhoutGoogle Scholar
Stratford, J 2012. Richard II and the English Royal Treasure, Boydell, WoodbridgeGoogle Scholar
Stubbs, W 1882. Chronicles of the Reign of Edward I and Edward II, HMSO, London Google Scholar
Sutton, A 1978. ‘Thomas Cook and “his troubles”: an investigation’, Guildhall Stud in London Hist, 3, 85108 Google Scholar
Tait, J 1914. Chronica Johannis de Reading et Anonymi Cantuarensis, 1346–1367, Manchester University Press, Manchester Google Scholar
Taylor, J 1966. The Universal Chronicle of Ranulph Higden, Clarendon Press, Oxford Google Scholar
Thompson, E 1904. Customary of the Benedictine Monasteries of St Augustine, Canterbury and St Peter, Westminster, Henry Bradshaw Society, London Google Scholar
Tout, T 1916. ‘The Westminster chronicle attributed to Robert of Reading’, Eng Hist Rev, 31 (123), 450–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tudor-Craig, P 1998. ‘The “Large Letters” of the Litlyngton Missal and Westminster Abbey in 1383–4’, in M Brown and S McKendrick (eds), Illuminating the Book: makers and interpreters, 102–19, British Library and University of Toronto Press, LondonGoogle Scholar
Vincent, N 2001. The Holy Blood: King Henry III and the Westminster Blood Relic, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Google Scholar
Wackett, J 2014. ‘The Litlyngton Missal: its patron, iconography and messages’, unpublished PhD thesis, University of KentGoogle Scholar
Walcott, M 1873. ‘The inventories of Westminster Abbey at the Dissolution’, Trans London and Middlesex Archaeol Soc, 4 (3), 313–64Google Scholar
Way, A 1848. ‘Illustrations of medieval manners, chivalry and costume, from original documents’, Archaeol J, 5, 258–72CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Westlake, H 1923. Westminster Abbey: the church, convent, cathedral and college of St Peter, Westminster, Philip Allan and Company, LondonGoogle Scholar