Hostname: page-component-7dd5485656-2pp2p Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-10-31T01:20:37.333Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Physiological Mechanisms Causing Sickness Behaviour and Suffering in Diseased Animals

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 January 2023

N G Gregory
N G Gregory*
Affiliation:
Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Disease is one of the most important causes of animal suffering. When diseases are treated the aim is to achieve rapid and permanent recovery and this helps to reduce the duration of suffering. It does not, however, alleviate suffering during the fulminant and recovery phases. Greater attention needs to be given to alleviating suffering and the signs of sickness during disease states. In this paper, the role of the cytokines in mediating sickness behaviour and suffering during disease is reviewed. The importance of sickness behaviour in improving the chances of recovery are considered, along with the potential use of anti-cytokine strategies in alleviating suffering in disease states.

Keywords

animal welfarecytokinesdiseaseinterleukinssickness behavioursuffering

Information

Type
Research Article
Information
Animal Welfare , Volume 7 , Issue 3 , August 1998 , pp. 293 - 305
Copyright
© 1998 Universities Federation for Animal Welfare

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Arend, W P 1993 Interleukin-1 -Receptor Antagonist. Advances in Immunology 54: 167–227CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aubert, A, Goodall, G, and Dantzer, R 1995 Compared effects of cold ambient temperature and cytokines on macronutrient intake in rats. Physiology and Behavior 57: 869–873CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blatteis, C M 1992 The pyrogenic action of cytokines. In: Rothwell, N and Dantzer, R (eds) Interleukin-1 in the Brain pp 93–114. Pergamon Press: Oxford, UKCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blatteis, C M, Xin, L and Quan, N 1991 Attenuation of fever by distress. FASEB (Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology) Journal 5: A1402 (5984)Google Scholar
Bonica, J J, Yash, J C, Pechnick, R N and Depulis, A 1990 In: Bonica J J (ed) The Management of Pain, 2nd edition pp 96–97. Lea and Febiger: Philadephia, USAGoogle Scholar
Bull, D F, Exton, M S and Husband, A J 1994 Acute-phase immune response: Iipopolysaccharide-induced fever and sleep alterations are not simultaneously conditionable in the rat during the inactive (light) phase. Physiology and Behavior 56: 143–149CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coelho, M M, Luhesi, G, Hopkins, S J, Pelá, I R and Rothwell, N J 1995 Multiple mechanisms mediate antipyretic action of glucocorticoids. American Journal of Physiology 269: R527–R535Google Scholar
Dantzer, R, Bluth, R M, Kent, S and Kelley, KW 1992 Behavioural effects of cytokines. In: Rothwell N and Dantzer R (eds) Interleukin-1 in the Brain pp 135-150. Pergamon Press; Oxford, UKCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dinarello, CA 1984 Induction of acute phase reactants by Interleukin-1. Advances in Inflammation Research 8: 203–225Google Scholar
Dinarello, C A, Gelfand, J A and Wolff, S M 1993 Anticytokine strategies in the treatment of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Journal of the American Medical Association 269 1829–1835CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dray, A 1995 Inflammatory mediators of pain. British Journal of Anaesthesia 75: 125–131CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Exton, M S, Bull, D F and King, M G 1995 Behavioral conditioning of lipopolysaccharide-induced anorexia. Physiology and Behavior 57: 401–405CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fleshner, M, Goehler, L E, Hermann, J, Relton, J K, Maier, S F and Watkins, L R 1995 Interleukin-1 induced corticosterone elevation and hypothalamic NE depletion is vagally mediated. Brain Research Bulletin 37: 605–610CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibertini, M, Newton, C, Klein, T W and Friedman, H 1995 Legionella pneumophila-induced visual learning impairment reversed by anti-interleukin-lß. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 210: 7–1Google Scholar
Gottschall, P E, Komaki, G and Arimura, A 1992 Interleukin-1 β activation of the central nervous system. In: Rothwell, N and Dantzer, R (eds) Interleukin-1 in the Brain pp 27–49. Pergamon Press: Oxford, UKCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Husseini, R H, Sweet, C, Collie, M H and Smith, H 1982 Elevation of nasal viral levels by suppression of fever in ferrets infected with influenza viruses of differing virulence. Journal of Infectious Diseases 145: 520524CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Irwin, M, Mascovich, A, Gillin, J C, Willoughby, R, Pike, J and Smith, T L 1994 Partial sleep deprivation reduces natural killer cell activity in humans. Psychosomatic Medicine 5(5:493-498CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kluger, M J 1991 Fever: role of pyrogens and cryogens. Physiological Reviews 71: 93–127CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kushner, I 1988 The acute phase response: An overview. Methods in Enzymology 163: 373–383CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Opp, M and Krueger, J M 1991 Interleukin-1 receptor antogonist blocks interleukin-1-induced sleep and fever. American Journal of Physiology 260: R453–R457Google Scholar
Perkins, M N, Campbell, E and Dray, A 1993 Anti-nociceptive activity of β, and β2 receptor antagonists in two models of persistent hyperalgesia in the rat. Pain 53: 191–197CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perkins, M N, Kelly, D and Davis, A J 1994 Bradykinin Bl and B2 receptor mechanisms and cytokine-induced hyperalgesia in the rat. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 73: 832–836CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plata-Salamán, C R 1994 Meal patterns in response to the icv administration of interleukin-1 in rats. Physiology and Behavior 55: 727–733Google Scholar
Plata-Salamán, C R and Ffrench-Mullen, J M H 1992 Intracerebroventricular administration of a specific IL-1 Receptor Antagonist blocks food and water intake suppression induced by interleukin-1. Physiology and Behavior 51: 1277–1279CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roth, J, Conn, C A, Kluger, M J and Zeisberger, E 1993 Kinetics of systemic and intrahypothalamic IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor during endotoxin fever in guinea pigs. American Journal of Physiology 265: R653–R658Google ScholarPubMed
Simone, D A, Alrejo, M and La Motte, R H 1991 Psychophysical studies of the itch sensation and itchy skin produced by intracutaneous injection of histamine. Somatosensory and Motor Research 8: 271–279CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sipe, J D 1985 Interleukin-1 target cells and induced metabolic changes. In: Gordon, A H and Kroj, A (eds) The Acute Phase Response to Injury and Infection pp 51–68. Elsevier: Amsterdam, The NetherlandsGoogle Scholar
Toth, L A and Krueger, J M 1988 Alteration of sleep in rabbits by Staphyloccus aureus infection. Infection and Immunity 56: 1783–1791CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Deuren, M, Dofferhoff, ASM and van der Meer, J W M 1992 Cytokines and the response to infection. Journal of Pathology 168: 349–356CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wing, E J and Young, J B 1980 Acute starvation protects mice against Listeria monocytogenes. Infection and Immunity 28: 771–776CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed