Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-b95js Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-12T04:28:55.379Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The effect of the kennel environment on canine welfare: a critical review of experimental studies

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 January 2023

KD Taylor  and
DS Mills
KD Taylor
Affiliation:
Animal Behaviour, Cognition and Welfare Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lincoln, Riseholme Park, Lincoln, LN2 2LG, UK
DS Mills*
Affiliation:
Animal Behaviour, Cognition and Welfare Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lincoln, Riseholme Park, Lincoln, LN2 2LG, UK
*
* Contact for correspondence and requests for reprints: dmills@lincoln.ac.uk
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Dogs can be held temporarily or permanently in kennels for a number of reasons, not necessarily for their own benefit. Although restrictive environments have been associated with poor welfare, priorities for research and change cannot be understood unless the various aspects of the kennel environment are appreciated separately. This review critically evaluates the experimental research regarding the physical, social, sensory, occupational, nutritional and psychological aspects of the kennel environment and their effects on canine welfare, with a view to providing a consolidated report on our current state of knowledge on this subject. However, the lack of within-dog, single manipulations and a focus on quantitative measures affects the ability to make valid conclusions about the welfare benefits of several aspects, including social housing, kennel size and location. Despite these criticisms, the evidence for the positive benefits of group housing is strong. There is also considerable evidence for the benefits of positive human contact particularly on sociability and stress responses in other situations. Surprisingly few studies have looked at other forms of enrichment and even less have considered the potential for the kennel to be over-stimulating in an auditory, olfactory and visual sense. Such topics are suggested as priorities for further research, in addition to ways of minimising aggression in group housing and the effect of establishment of predictability on adjustment to kennelling.

Keywords

animal welfareassessmentdogkennelquality of lifeshelter
Type
Articles
Information
Animal Welfare , Volume 16 , Issue 4 , November 2007 , pp. 435 - 447
Copyright
© 2007 Universities Federation for Animal Welfare

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adams, GJ and Johnson, KG 1994 Behavioural responses to barking and other auditory stimuli during night-time sleeping and waking in the domestic dog, Canis familiaris. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 39: 151–162CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, G and Marinier, S 1997 The effect of food and restricted exercise on behaviour problems in dogs. In: Mills DS, Heath SE and Harrington LJ (eds) Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Veterinary Behavioural Medicine pp 183186. Universities Federation for Animal Welfare: Wheathampstead, Hertfordshire, UKGoogle Scholar
Anon 2004 Refining dog husbandry and care: Eight report of the BVAAWF/FRAME/RSPCA/UFAW Joint Working Group on Refinement. Laboratory Animals 38 (1)Google Scholar
Barnett, JL and Hemsworth, PH 1990 The validity of physiological and behavioural measures of animal welfare. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 25: 177–187CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bebak, J and Beck, AM 1993 The effect of cage size on play and aggression between dogs in purpose-bred beagles. Laboratory Animal Science 43: 457–459Google ScholarPubMed
Beerda, B, Schilder, MBH, van Hooff, JARAM and De Vries, HW 1997 Manifestations of chronic and acute stress in dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 52: 307–319CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beerda, B, Schilder, MBH, Van Hooff, JA, De Vries, HW and Mol, JA 1998 Behavioural, saliva cortisol and heart rate responses to different types of stimuli in dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 58: 365–381CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beerda, B, Schilder, MBH, Van Hooff, JARAM, De Vries, HW and Mol, JA 1999 Chronic stress in dogs subjected to social and spatial restriction I: Behavioural responses. Physiology and Behaviour 66: 233–242CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boitani, L, Francisci, F, Ciucci, P and Andreoli, G 1995 Population biology and ecology of feral dogs in central Italy. In: Serpell, J (ed) The Domestic Dog: its Evolution, Behaviour and Interactions with People pp 217–244. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UKGoogle Scholar
Boxall, J, Heath, S, Bate, S and Brautigam, J 2004 Modern concepts of socialisation for dogs: implications for their behaviour, welfare and use in scientific procedures. Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 32(2): 81 -93CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Broom, DM 1991 Animal welfare: concepts and measurement. Journal of Animal Science 69: 4167–4175CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bruno, RL 2004 Overcrowding and its behavioural consequences. In: Heath S and Osella C (eds) Proceedings of the 10th European Congress on Companion Animal Behavioural Medicine pp 99-101. 22-23 October 2004, Cremona, ItalyGoogle Scholar
Campbell, SA, Hughes, HC, Griffin, HE, Landi, MS and Mallon, FM 1988 Some effects of limited exercise on purpose-bred beagles. American Journal of Veterinary Research 49: 1298–1301Google ScholarPubMed
Carlstead, K, Brown, JL and Strawn, W 1993 Behavioural and physiological correlates of stress in laboratory cats. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 38: 143–158CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chamove, AS 1989 Environmental enrichment: a review. Animal Technology 40: 155–178Google Scholar
Clark, JD, Culpin, J and Armstrong, RB 1991 Influence of type of enclosure on exercise fitness of dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research 52: 1024–1028Google ScholarPubMed
Clark, JD, Rager, DR, Crowell-Davis, S and Evans, DL 1997a Housing and exercise of dogs: effects on behaviour, immune function and cortisol concentration. Laboratory Animal Science 47: 500–510Google ScholarPubMed
Clark, JD, Rager, DR and Calpin, JP 1997b Animal wellbeing IV: specific assessment criteria. Laboratory Animal Science 47: 586–597Google ScholarPubMed
Cooper, JJ, McCall, N, Johnson, S and Davidson, HPB 2005 The short term effects of increasing meal frequency on stereo-typic behaviour of stabled horses. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 90: 351–364Google Scholar
Crespo, S 2001 The occurrence and effects of stress in kennelled dogs- a review paper. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Society for Anthrozoology Annual Conference. 2-4 August 2001, University of California, Davis, USAGoogle Scholar
De Luca, AM and Kranda, KC 1992 Environmental enrichment in a large animal facility. Laboratory Animal 21: 38–44Google Scholar
De Monte, M and Le Pape, G 1997 Behavioural effects of cage enrichment in single-caged adult cats. Animal Welfare 6: 53–66CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeNapoli, JS, Dodman, NH, Shuster, L, Rand, WM and Gross, KL 2000 Effects of dietary protein content and tryptophan supplementation on dominance aggression, territorial aggression and hyperactivity in dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 217: 504–508CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dess-Beech, N, Linwich, D, Patterson, J and Overmier, J 1983 Immediate and proactive effects of controllability and predictability on plasma cortisol response to shocks in dogs. Behavioural Neuroscience 97: 1005–1013CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dodman, NH, Reisner, I, Shuster, L, Rand, W, Luescher, UA, Robinson, I and Houpt, KA 1996 Effect of dietary protein content on behaviour in dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 208: 376–379Google ScholarPubMed
Eisele, PH 2001 A practical dog bed for environmental enrichment for geriatric beagles with applications for puppies and other small dogs. Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science 40: 36–38Google ScholarPubMed
Engeland, WC, Miller, P and Gann, DS 1990 Pituitary-adrenal adrenomedullary responses to noise in awake dogs. American Journal of Physiology 258: 672–677Google ScholarPubMed
Feddersen-Petersen, DU 2001 ‘Normal aggressive behaviour’ in domestic dogs. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Society for Anthrozoology Annual Conference. 2-4 August 2001, University of California, Davis, USAGoogle Scholar
Feldhaus, RA 1980 A resting platform for dog pens. Laboratory Animal Science 30: 714–715Google ScholarPubMed
Fox, MW 1978 The Dog: its domestication and behaviour. Garland STPM Press: London, UKGoogle Scholar
Fraser, D 1995 Science, values and animal welfare: exploring the inextricable connection. Animal Welfare 4: 103–117CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fuller, JL and Clark, LD 1966 Effects of rearing with specific stimuli upon post-isolation behaviour in dogs. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 61: 258–263CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garnier, F, Benoit, E, Virat, M, Ochoa, R and Delatour, P 1990 Adrenal cortisol response in clinically normal dogs before and after adaptation to a housing environment. Laboratory Animal 24: 40–43CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gaultier, E, Bonnafous, L, Bougrat, L, Lafont, C and Pageat, P 2005 Comparison of the efficacy of a synthetic dog-appeasing pheromone with clomipramine for the treatment of separation-related disorders in dogs. The Veterinary Record 156: 533–538CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goodwin, D, Bradshaw, JWS and Wickens, SM 1996 Paedomorphosis affects agonistic visual signals of domestic dogs. Animal Behaviour 53: 297–304CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graham, L, Wells, DL and Hepper, PG 2005a The influence of olfactory stimulation on the behaviour of dogs housed in a rescue shelter. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 91: 143–153CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graham, L, Wells, DL and Hepper, PG 2005b The influence of visual stimulation on the behaviour of dogs housed in a rescue shelter. Animal Welfare 14: 143–148CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hafen, MR 2005 Animal housing and exercise areas. In: Proceedings of the 2005 North American Veterinary Congress pp 418-419. 8-12 January 2005. Orlando, Florida, USAGoogle Scholar
Hanson, JD, Larson, ME and Snowdon, CT 1976 The effects of control over high intensity noise on plasma cortisol levels in rhesus monkeys. Behavioural Biology 16: 333–340CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
HennessyJ, and Levine, S 1979 Stress, arousal and the pituitary-adrenal system: a psychoendocrine model. In: Sprague, J and Epstein, A (eds) Progress in Psychobiology and Physiological Psychology. Academic Press: New York, USAGoogle Scholar
Hennessy, MB, Davis, HN, Williams, MT, Mellott, C and Douglas, CW 1997 Plasma cortisol levels of dogs at a county animal shelter. Physiology and Behaviour 62: 485–490CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hennessy, MB, Williams, MT, Miller, DD, Douglas, CW and Voith, VL 1998 Influence of male and female petters on plasma cortisol and behaviour: can human interaction reduce the stress of dogs in a public animal shelter? Applied Animal Behaviour Science 61: 63–77CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hennessy, MB, Voith, VL, Young, TL, Hawke, JL, Centrone, J, McDowell, A, Linden, F and Davenport, G 2002a Exploring human interaction and diet effects on the behaviour of dogs in a public animal shelter. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 5: 253–273CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hennessy, MB, Voith, VL, Hawke, JL, Young, TL, Centrone, J, McDowell, AL, Linden, F and Davenport, G 2002b Effects of a program of human interaction and alterations in diet composition on activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in dogs housed in a public animal shelter. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 221: 65–71CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hetts, S 1991 Psychologic well-being: Conceptual issues, behavioural measures and implications for dogs. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 21: 369–387CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hetts, S, Clark, JD, Calpin, JP, Arnold, CE and Mateo, JM 1992 Influence of housing conditions on beagle behaviour. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 34: 137–155CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hetts, S, Heinke, ML and Estep, DQ 2004 Behaviour wellness concepts for general veterinary practice. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 225: 506–513CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hewson, CJ 2003 What is animal welfare? Common definitions and their practical consequences. Canadian Veterinary Journal 44: 496–499Google ScholarPubMed
Hiby, EF, Bradshaw, JWS and Rooney, NJ 2003 Behavioural and physiological indicators of diminished welfare in the dog. In: Proceedings of the 48th Annual Congress of the British Small Animal Veterinary Association p 613. 7-10 April 2003, Birmingham, UKGoogle Scholar
Hite, M, Hanson, HM, Bohidar, NR, Conti, PA and Maltis, PA 1977 Effect of cage size on patterns of activity and health of beagle dogs. Laboratory Animal Science 27: 60–64Google ScholarPubMed
HMSO 1989 Codes of practice for the housing and care of animals used in scientific procedures. HMSO: London, UKGoogle Scholar
Hubrecht, RC 1993 A comparison of social and environmental enrichment methods for laboratory housed dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 37: 345–361CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hubrecht, RC 1995a The welfare of dogs in human care. In: Serpell, J (ed) The Domestic Dog: its Evolution, Behaviour and Interactions with People pp 180–198. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UKGoogle Scholar
Hubrecht, RC 1995b Enrichment in puppyhood and its effects on later behaviour of dogs. Laboratory Animal Science 45: 70–75Google ScholarPubMed
Hubrecht, RC 2002 Comfortable quarters for dogs in research institutions. In: Reinhardt, V and Reinhardt, A (eds) Comfortable Quarters for Laboratory Animals, 2nd edition pp 56–64. Animal Welfare Institute: Washington DC, USAGoogle Scholar
Hubrecht, RC, Serpell, JA and Poole, TB 1992 Correlates of pen size and housing conditions on the behaviour of kennelled dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 34: 365–383CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hughes, BO and Duncan, IJH 1988 The notion of ethological need, models of motivation and animal welfare. Animal Behaviour 36: 1696–1707CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hughes, HC and Campbell, SA 1990 Effects of primary enclosure size and human contact. In: Mench JA and Krulish L (eds) Proceedings of 1989 Scientists center for animal welfare: canine research environment pp 63-73. 22 June 1990, Bethesda, USAGoogle Scholar
Hughes, HC, Campbell, S and Kenney, C 1989 The effects of cage size and pair housing on exercise of beagle dogs. Laboratory Animal Science 39: 302–305Google ScholarPubMed
Huls, WL, Brooks, DL and Bean-Knusden, D 1991 Response of adult New Zealand white rabbits to enrichment objects and paired housing. Laboratory Animal Science 41: 609–612Google ScholarPubMed
Inglis, IR, Forkman, B and Lazarus, J 1997 Free food or earned food? A review and fuzzy model of contra freeloading. Animal Behaviour 53: 1171–1191CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kostarczyk, E 1992 The use of dog-human interaction as a reward in instrumental conditioning and its impact on the dogs’ cardiac regulation. In: Davis, H and Balford, D (eds) The inevitable bond - examining scientist-animal interaction pp 109–131. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UKGoogle Scholar
Ledger, RA, Hubrecht, R and Sales, G 1996 The effect of the level of barking on the behaviour of kennelled dogs. In: Proceedings of the 30th International Congress of the International Society for Applied Ethology p 156. 14-17 August 1996, UKGoogle Scholar
Loveridge, GG 1998 Environmentally enriched dog housing. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 59: 101–113CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lynch, JJ and Gantt, W 1968 The heart rate component of the social reflex in dogs: the conditional effects of petting and person. Conditional Reflex 3: 69–80CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maier, SF and Seligman, MEP 1976 Learned helplessness: Theory and evidence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 105: 3–46CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marston, LC and Bennett, PC 2003 Re-forging the bond-towards successful canine adoption. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 83: 227–245CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mason, G and Mendl, M 1997 Do the stereotypies of pigs, chickens and mink reflect adaptive species differences in the control of foraging? Applied Animal Behaviour Science 53: 45–58CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mathias, CJ 1991 Management of hypertension by reduction in sympathetic activity. Hypertension 17(3): 69–74CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McAfee, LM, Mills, DS and Cooper, JJ 2002 The use of mirrors for the control of stereotypic weaving behaviour in the stabled horse. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 78: 159–173CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McMillan, FD 1999 Influence of mental states on somatic health in animals. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 214: 1221–1225Google ScholarPubMed
Meers, L, Normando, S, Odberg, FO and Bono, G 2004 Behavioural responses of adult beagles to interruption in a walking program. In: Heath SE (ed) Proceedings of the 2004 Companion Animal Behaviour Therapy Study Group Study Day pp 41 -42. 31 March 2004, Birmingham, UKGoogle Scholar
Mertens, PA and Unshelm, J 1996 Effects of group and individual housing on the behaviour of kennelled dogs in animal shelters. Anthrozoos 9: 40–51CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mikkelsen, LF and Ottesen, JL 2004 Environmental enrichment for dogs. Animal Welfare 13: 250Google Scholar
Milligan, SR, Sales, GD and Khirnykh, K 1993 Sound levels in rooms housing laboratory animals: an uncontrolled daily variable. Physiology and Behaviour 53: 1067–1076CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mills, DS and Davenport, K 2002 The effect of a neighbouring conspecific versus the use of a mirror for the control of stereotypic weaving behaviour in the stabled horse. Journal of Animal Science 74: 95–101CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mills, DS, Ramos, D, Gandia Estelles, M and Hargrave, C 2006 A triple blind placebo controlled investigation into the assessment of the effect of Dog Appeasing Pheromone (DAP) on anxiety related behaviour of problem dogs in the veterinary clinic. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 98: I 14–126CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mugford, RA 1987 The influences of nutrition on canine behaviour. Journal of Small Animal Practice 28: 1046–1055CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neamand, J, Sweeney, WT, Creamer, AA and Conti, PA 1975 Cage activity in the laboratory beagle: a preliminary study to evaluate a method of comparing cage size to physical activity. Laboratory Animal Science 25: 180–183Google Scholar
Newberry, RC 1995 Environmental enrichment: increasing the biological relevance of captive environments. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 44: 229–243CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newton, WM 1972 An evaluation of the effects of various degrees of long-term confinement on adult beagle dogs. Laboratory Animal Science 22: 860–864Google ScholarPubMed
Odendaal, JS and Meintjes, RA 2003 Neurophysiological correlates of affiliative behaviour between humans and dogs. Veterinary Journal 165: 296–301CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patronek, GJ and Sperry, E 2001 Quality of life in long-term confinement. In: August JR (ed) Consultations in Feline Internal Medicine, 4th edition pp 621 -634. WB Saunders Company: Philadelphia, USAGoogle Scholar
Pettijohn, TF, Wont, TW, Ebert, PD and Scott, JP 1977 Alleviation of separation distress in 3 breeds of young dogs. Developmental Psychobiology 10: 373–381CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pettijohn, TF, Davis, KL and Scott, JP 1980 Influence of living space on agonistic interaction in telomian dogs. Behavioural and Neural Biology 28: 343–349CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pfaffenberger, JC 1963 The New Knowledge of Dog Behaviour. Howell Book House: New York, USAGoogle Scholar
Pohoska, E 1979 The effect of prolonged restriction of physical activity on exercise performance in dogs. Acta Physiologica Poloska 30: 337–350Google ScholarPubMed
Rochlitz, I 2005 A review of the housing requirements of domestic cats (Felis silvestris catus) kept in the home. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 93: 97–109CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rooney, NJ, Gaines, SA and Bradshaw, JWS 2004 Physiological and behavioural responses of dogs to kennelling. Animal Welfare 13: 253–254Google Scholar
Sales, G, Hubrecht, R, Peyvandi, A, Milligan, S and Shield, B 1997 Noise in dog kennelling: is barking a welfare problem for dogs? Applied Animal Behaviour Science 52: 321 -329CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sambrook, TD and Buchanan-Smith, HM 1997 Control and complexity in novel object enrichment. Animal Welfare 6: 207–216CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sapolsky, RM 1994 Individual differences and the stress response. Seminars in the Neurosciences 6: 261 -269CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schilder, MBH and van der Borg, JAM 2004 Training dogs with the help of the shock collar: short and long term behavioural effects. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 85: 319–334CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott, JP 1980 The domestic dog: a case of multiple identities. In: Roy, MA (ed) Species Identity and Attachment: a phylogentic evaluation pp 129–143. Garland Press: New York, USAGoogle Scholar
Serpell, J and Jagoe, JA 1995 Early experience and the development of behaviour. In: Serpell J (ed). The Domestic Dog: its evolution, behaviour and interactions with people, 2nd edition pp 79–102. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UKGoogle Scholar
Shepherdson, DJ, Mellen, JD and Hutchins, M 1998 Second Nature: Environmental Enrichment for Captive Animals. Smithsonian Institution Press: Washington, USAGoogle Scholar
Sheppard, G and Mills, DS 2003 Evaluation of dog appeasing pheromone as a potential treatment for dogs fearful of fireworks. Veterinary Record 152: 432–436CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shyan, MR, Fortune, KA and King, C 2003 Bark-parks - a study of interdog aggression in a limited-control environment. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 6: 25–32CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Solarz, AK 1970 Behaviour. In: Anderson, AC (ed) The beagle as an experimental animal pp 453–468. Iowa State University Press: Ames, USAGoogle Scholar
Sonderegger, SM and Turner, DC 1996 Introducing dogs into kennels: prediction of social tendencies to facilitate integration. Animal Welfare 5: 391 -404CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stephen, JM and Ledger, RA 2005 An audit of behavioural indicators of poor welfare in kennelled dogs in the United Kingdom. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 8: 79–95CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thompson, WR, Melzack, R and Scott, TH 1956 Whirling behaviour’ in dogs as related to early experience. Science 123: 393CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tod, E, Brander, D and Waran, N 2005 Efficacy of dog appeasing pheromone in reducing stress and fear-related behaviour in shelter dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 93: 295–308CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Topál, J, Gácsi, M, Miklósi, Á, Virányi, Z, Kubinyi, E and Csányi, V 2005 Attachment to humans: a comparative study on hand-reared wolves and differently socialized dog puppies. Animal Behaviour 70: 1367–1375CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tuber, DS, Hennessy, MB, Sanders, S and Miller, JA 1996 Behavioural and glucocorticoid responses of adult domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) to companionship and social separation. Journal of Comparative Psychology 110: 103–108CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tuber, DS, Miller, DD, Caris, KA, Halter, R, Linden, F and Hennessy, MB 1999 Dogs in animal shelters: problems, suggestions and needed expertise. Psychological Science 10: 379–386CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Veasey, JS, Waran, NK and Young, RJ 1996 On comparing the behaviour of zoo housed animals with wild conspecifics as a welfare indicator. Animal Welfare 5: 13–24CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wells, DL 1996 The welfare of dogs in an animal rescue shelter. PhD Thesis, School of Psychology, Queen's University, Belfast, UKGoogle Scholar
Wells, DL 2004a A review of environmental enrichment for kennelled dogs, Canis familiaris. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 85: 307–317CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wells, DL 2004b The influence of toys on the behaviour and welfare of kennelled dogs. Animal Welfare 13: 367–373CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wells, DL and Hepper, PG 1992 The behaviour of dogs in a rescue shelter. Animal Welfare 1: 171–186CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wells, DL and Hepper, PG 1998 A note on the influence of visual conspecifics contact on the behaviour of sheltered dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 60: 83–88CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wells, DL and Hepper, PG 2000 The influence of environmental change on the behaviour of sheltered dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 68: 151–162CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wells, DL and Hepper, PG 2001 The behaviour of visitors towards dogs housed in an animal rescue shelter. Anthrozoos 14: 12–18CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wells, DL, Graham, L and Hepper, PG 2002a The influence of length of time in a rescue shelter on the behaviour of kennelled dogs. Animal Welfare 11: 317–325CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wells, DL, Graham, L and Hepper, PG 2002b The influence of auditory stimulation on the behaviour of dogs housed in a rescue shelter. Animal Welfare 11: 385–393CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiepkema, PR and Koolhaas, JM 1993 Stress and animal welfare. Animal Welfare 2: 195–218CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yeon, SC, Golden, G, Sung, W, Erb, HN, Reynolds, AJ and Houpt, KA 2001 A comparison of tethering and pen confinement of dogs. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 4: 257–270CrossRefGoogle Scholar