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Concepts of Time and Approaches to Analogical Reasoning in Historical Perspective

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Ann Brower Stahl
Ann Brower Stahl*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, State University of New York, Binghamton, P.O. Box 6000, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000
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Abstract

Analogy is fundamentally important to archaeological inquiry, yet archaeologists remain profoundly ambivalent about its use. In this paper I address issues of how we develop and subsequently apply analogical models. Selecting an analogue requires that we have some implicit or explicit sense of its relevance to the case at hand. In the past, archaeologists often assumed that principles of relevance implied extensive similarities between the ethnographic and archaeological contexts and diverted attention away from the need to compare the analogical model with the archaeological context. In the first part of the paper, which is historically oriented, I examine the role that concepts of time (e.g., stone age, traditional, modern) have played in selecting relevant analogues. Fabian's critique of how anthropologists have used time to distance contemporary peoples guides this inquiry. In the remainder of the paper I explore the implications of recent historical-anthropological studies that document tremendous changes that resulted from European contact; this literature challenges archaeologists to develop more critical approaches to the use of so-called traditional societies as analogical models. In the final sections of the paper I explore the need for enhanced source-side criticism in developing relevant analogues, and advocate a comparative approach to the application of analogical models.

Resumen

Resumen

La analogía constituye un instrumento de fundamental importancia en la investigación arqueológica; sin embargo, los arqueólogos mantienen una actitud ambivalente respecto a su uso. En este artículo la autora aborda temas relacionados a la forma de desarrollar y aplicar los modelos analógicos. El hecho de seleccionar una analogía requiere tener un conocimiento, explícito o implícito, de su relevancia para cada caso en particular. En el pasado, los arqueólogos usualmente asumían que los supuestos para que el método analógico sean pertinentes implicaba la existencia de una amplia gama de rasgos similares a nivel etnográfico y arqueológico. Menor atención se otorgó a la necesidad de comparar el método analógico dentro de diversos contextos arqueológicos. En la primera parte de este artículo, el cual esta históricamente orientado, se examina el rol que han cumplido las diferentes concepciones cronológicas (por ejemplo, edad de piedra, tradicional y moderna) en la selección de distintos métodos analógicos. La crítica de Fabian de cómo los antropólogos han usado el tiempo para separar o distanciar a las poblaciones contemporáneas, conforma parte central de este estudio. En la segunda parte, se explora las consecuencias de recientes estudios históricos-antropológicos que han demostrado los profundos cambios provocados por la expansión europea. Esta literatura constituye un reto a los arqueólogos para que utilizen enfoques más críticos en el uso de las denominadas sociedades tradicionales como modelos analógicos. En la parte final de este documento, la autora analiza la necesidad de ampliar la cobertura crítica para el desarrollo de nuevas analogías, y por último, defiende un enfoque comparativo para la aplicación de modelos analógicos

Type
Articles
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 58 , Issue 2 , April 1993 , pp. 235 - 260
Copyright
Copyright © Society for American Archaeology 1993

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