Hostname: page-component-5b777bbd6c-gtgcz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-06-18T17:29:35.616Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

GNSS interference detection: Methodology utilising ADS-B NACp indicator and GPS almanac data

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 October 2024

S. Pleninger Open the ORCID record for S. Pleninger [Opens in a new window] ,
T. Topkova Open the ORCID record for T. Topkova [Opens in a new window]  and
J. Steiner Open the ORCID record for J. Steiner [Opens in a new window]
S. Pleninger*
Affiliation:
Faculty of Transportation Sciences, Department of Air Transport, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
T. Topkova
Affiliation:
Faculty of Transportation Sciences, Department of Air Transport, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
J. Steiner
Affiliation:
Faculty of Transportation Sciences, Department of Air Transport, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
*
Corresponding author: S. Pleninger; Email: stanislav.pleninger@cvut.cz
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The threat of GNSS interference poses a great danger to many critical infrastructure systems including air navigation. With a focus on mitigating this threat, this paper proposes a methodology for detecting GNSS interference. The methodology utilises the quality indicator NACp transmitted in ADS-B messages and GPS almanac data for interference detection. The NACp indicator enables estimation of the position error derived from GPS, which is compared with the HDOP value of the GPS satellite constellation. Based on this comparison, the developed detection algorithm determines whether the aircraft is affected by jamming. The detection methodology is evaluated on datasets obtained during deliberate experiments with GPS jamming. The proposed methodology provides a way to detect GNSS interference, facilitating mitigation of its impact on air traffic operation.

Keywords

GPSGlobal Navigation Satellite SystemADS-Bradio frequency interferencejamming
Type
Research Article
Information
The Aeronautical Journal , Volume 129 , Issue 1331 , January 2025 , pp. 206 - 223
Check for updates
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Royal Aeronautical Society

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

EUROCONTROL. European GNSS Contingency/Reversion Handbook for PBN Operations, PBN HANDBOOK No. 6, EUROCONTROL, 2021.Google Scholar
International Civil Aviation Organization. Assembly — 41th session, improving CNS resilience through GNSS interference mitigation, 2022, https://www.icao.int/Meetings/a41/Documents/WP/wp097en.pdf Google Scholar
Dabak, O.C., Erdem, F., Sonmez, T., Alatan, L. and Koc, S.S. Interference suppression in a GPS receiver with 4 element array design and implementation of beamforming algorithms, In 2016 IEEE/ION Position, Location and Navigation Symposium (PLANS). IEEE, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joseph, A., Gondy, D., Griggs, J., Malhotra, V. and Cook, G. Global performance assessment of DFMC SBAS, In The International Technical Meeting of The Institute of Navigation. Institute of Navigation, 2022.Google Scholar
Joseph, A., Griggs, J., Bartolone, P., Schnaufer, B., Phan, H. and Malhotra, V. GNSS radio frequency interference mitigation in Collins commercial airborne receivers, In Proceedings of the 36th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS 2023). Institute of Navigation, 2023.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
International Civil Aviation Organization. Assembly — 40th session, interference-resilient satellite-based CNS systems, 2019, https://www.icao.int/Meetings/a40/Documents/WP/wp082en.pdf Google Scholar
International Civil Aviation Organization. Assembly — 40th session, towards GNSS resilience to support sustainable implementation of ASBU modules, 2019, https://www.icao.int/Meetings/a40/Documents/WP/wp352en.pdf Google Scholar
EUROCONTROL. EUROCONTROL Think Paper #9 – Radio Frequency Interference to satellite navigation: An active threat for aviation?, 2021, https://www.eurocontrol.int/publication/eurocontrol-think-paper-9-radio-frequency-interference-satellite-navigation-active Google Scholar
Bartl, S., Kadletz, M., Berglez, P. and Duša, T. Findings from interference monitoring at a european airport, In Proceedings of the 34th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS 2021). Institute of Navigation, 2021.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steiner, J. and Lukes, P. Wide-area GPS interference over europe from an unknown source, In 2022 New Trends in Civil Aviation (NTCA). IEEE, 2022.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jonas, P. and Vitan, V. Detection and localization of GNSS radio interference using ADS-B data, In 2019 International Conference on Military Technologies (ICMT). IEEE, 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kujur, B., Khanafseh, S. and Pervan, B. Detecting GNSS spoofing of ADS-B equipped aircraft using INS, In 2020 IEEE/ION Position, Location and Navigation Symposium (PLANS). IEEE, 2020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, Z., Blanch, J., Lo, S., Chen, Y.-H. and Walter, T. Real time detection and estimation of GNSS interference affected region using ADS-B data and Bayesian modeling, In Proceedings of the 36th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS 2023). Institute of Navigation, 2023.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, Z., Lo, S. and Walter, T. Characterization of ADS-B Performance under GNSS Interference, In Proceedings of the 33rd International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS 2020). Institute of Navigation, 2020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, Z., Lo, S. and Walter, T. GNSS interference detection using machine learning algorithms on ADS-B data, In Proceedings of the 34th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS 2021). Institute of Navigation, 2021.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, Z., Lo, S., Walter, T. and Blanch, J. Real-time detection and localization of GNSS interference source, In ION GNSS, The International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation. Institute of Navigation, 2022.Google Scholar
Lukes, P., Topkova, T., Vlcek, T. and Pleninger, S. Recognition of GNSS jamming patterns in ADS-B data, In 2020 New Trends in Civil Aviation (NTCA). IEEE, 2020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matejovie, M., Hospodka, J., Pleninger, S., Lukes, P. and Pilmannova, T. Utilization of correlation between NACp and NIC parameters for GNSS jamming detection, In 2022 New Trends in Civil Aviation (NTCA). IEEE, 2022.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nasser, H., Berz, G., Gómez, M., de la Fuente, A., Fidalgo, J., Li, W., Pattinson, M., Truffer, P. and Troller, M. GNSS interference detection and geolocalization for aviation applications, In ION GNSS, The International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation. Institute of Navigation, 2022.Google Scholar
Steiner, J. and Nagy, I. Discrete mathematical model for GNSS interference detection using ADS-B quality parameters, In Proceedings of the 36th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS 2023). Institute of Navigation, 2023.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
RTCA. Minimum Operational Performance Standards for 1090 MHz Extended Squitter Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B) and Traffic Information Services Broadcast (TIS-B), 2009.Google Scholar
The European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment (EUROCAE). Minimum Operational Performance Specification for 1090 MHz Extended Squitter Automatic Dependant Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) and Traffic Information Services – Broadcast (TIS-B) with Corrigendum 1. EUROCAE, 2009.Google Scholar
Darabseh, A., Bitsikas, E. and Tedongmo, B. Detecting GPS jamming incidents in OpenSky data. In Pöpper, C. and Strohmeier, M. (eds.), Proceedings of the 7th OpenSky Workshop 2019, volume 67 of EPiC Series in Computing, pp 97–108. EasyChair, 2019.Google Scholar
International Civil Aviation Organization. Annex 10 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation (Aeronautical Telecommunications), Volume IV, Surveillance Radar and Collision Avoidance Systems., volume IV. ICAO, 2018.Google Scholar
European Commission. Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 1207/2011, 2011, https://www.easa.europa.eu/en/document-library/regulations/commission-implementing-regulation-eu-no-12072011 Google Scholar
EUROCONTROL. Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast airborne equipage monitoring, 2023, https://www.eurocontrol.int/service/adsb-equipage Google Scholar
CelesTrak. Celestrak, 2023, https://celestrak.org/ Google Scholar
Ma, L. and Zhou, S. Positional accuracy of GPS satellite almanac, Artif. Satell., 2014, 49, (4), pp 225–231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scipy. Scipy.optimize.fsolve #8212; scipy v1.11.1 manual, 2023, https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/scipy.optimize.fsolve.html Google Scholar
Powell, M. A hybrid method for nonlinear equations, In Numerical Methods for Nonlinear Algebraic Equations, pp 87–114. Gordon and Breach, London, 1970.Google Scholar
Harriman, D. The AUGUR Program for BRNAV, 2023, http://www.integricom.nl/documents/GNSS Google Scholar
Elevation, O. Open-elevation/docs/api.md at master jorl17/open-elevation github, 2023. https://github.com/Jorl17/open-elevation/blob/master/docs/api.md Google Scholar
RTCA. Minimum Operational Performance Standards (MOPS) for Global Positioning System/Satellite-Based Augmentation System Airborne Equipment, 2020.Google Scholar
EUROCONTROL. EGNOS Safety of Life (SoL) Service Definition Document, 2021, https://egnos-user-support.essp-sas.eu/documents/egnos-safety-life-service-sdd Google Scholar
Navigation Center; United States Coast Guard, U.S. Department of Homeland Security. GPS NANUS, Almanacs, OPS Advisories | Navigation Center, 2023, https://www.navcen.uscg.gov/gps-nanus-almanacs-opsadvisories-sof Google Scholar
Department of Defense U.S. Global Positioning System Standard Positioning Service Performance Standard. Department of Defense U.S., fifth edition, 2020.Google Scholar
Düntsch, I. and Gediga, G. Confusion matrices and rough set data analysis, J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 2019, 1229, (1), p 012055.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kotu, V. and Deshpande, B. Classification, pp 65–163. Elsevier, 2019.Google Scholar
Hossin, M. and M.N, S. A review on evaluation metrics for data classification evaluations, Int. J. Data Mining Knowl. Manag. Process, 2015, 5, (2), pp 1–11.Google Scholar