Hostname: page-component-7dd5485656-tbj44 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-10-30T18:54:15.121Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A review of train aerodynamics Part 2 – Applications

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 January 2016

C. J. Baker
C. J. Baker*
Affiliation:
Birmingham Centre for Railway Research and Education, School of Civil Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
*
c.j.baker@bham.ac.uk
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This paper is the second part of a two-part paper that presents a wide-ranging review of train aerodynamics. Part 1 presented a detailed description of the flow field around the train and identified a number of flow regions. The effect of cross winds and flow confinement was also discussed. Based on this basic understanding, this paper then addresses a number of issues that are of concern in the design and operation of modern trains. These include aerodynamic resistance and energy consumption, aerodynamic loads on trackside structures, the safety of passengers and trackside workers in train slipstreams, the flight of ballast beneath trains, the overturning of trains in high winds and the issues associated with trains passing through tunnels. Brief conclusions are drawn regarding the need to establish a consistent risk based framework for aerodynamic effects.

Information

Type
Survey Paper
Information
The Aeronautical Journal , Volume 118 , Issue 1202 , April 2014 , pp. 345 - 382
Copyright
Copyright © Royal Aeronautical Society 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

1. Gawthorpe, R.G. Aerodynamics of trains in the open air, Railway Engineer International, 1978, 3, (3), pp 7–12.Google Scholar
2. Schetz, J.A. Aerodynamics of high speed trains, Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 2001, 33, pp 371–414.Google Scholar
3. Raghunathan, R.S., Kim, H.D. and Setoguchi, T. Aerodynamics of high speed railway train, Progress in Aerospace sciences, 2002, 38, (6–7), pp 469–514.Google Scholar
4. CEN (2003), Railway Applications – Aerodynamics Part 2 Aerodynamics on Open Track E BS EN 14067-2:2003.Google Scholar
5. CEN (2003) Railway Applications – Aerodynamics Part 3 Aerodynamics in tunnels BS EN 14067-3:2003.Google Scholar
6. CEN (2009) Railway Applications – Aerodynamics Part 4 Requirements and test procedures for aerodynamics on open track, BS EN 14067-4:2005+A1:2009.Google Scholar
7. CEN (2010) Railway Applications – Aerodynamics Requirements and test procedures for aerodynamics in tunnels, BS EN 14067-5: 2006+A1:2010.Google Scholar
8. CEN (2010) ‘Railway Applications – Aerodynamics’. Aerodynamics Tests for crosswind assessment, BS EN 14067-6:2010.Google Scholar
9. TSI (2008) ‘EU Technical Specification for Interoperability Relating to the ‘Rolling Stock’ Sub-System of the Trans-European High-Speed Rail System’ HS RST TSI, 2008/232/EC.Google Scholar
10. TSI (2008) ‘EU Technical Specification for Interoperability Relating to the ‘Infrastructure Sub-System of the Trans-European High-Speed Rail System’ HS RST TSI, 2008/217/EC.Google Scholar
11. Rochard, B.P. and Schmid, F. A review of methods to measure and calculate train resistances, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: J Rail and Rapid Transit, 2000, 214, pp 185–199.Google Scholar
12. Brockie, N.J.W. and Baker, C.J. The aerodynamic drag of high speed trains, J Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 1990, 34, pp 273–290.Google Scholar
13. Guiheu, C. Resistance to forward movement of TGV-PSE trainsets: evaluation of studies and results of measurements, French Railway Review, 1983, 1, (1), pp 13–26.Google Scholar
14. Huang, S., Li, Z., Yang, M. and Chen, Z. Research on the Moving Model Measuring Method of High-speed Train Aerodynamic Drag Based on Machine Vision, Proceedings of the International Workshop on Train Aerodynamics, 2013, Birmingham, UK.Google Scholar
15. Mancini, G., Malfatti, A., Violi, A.G. and Matschke, G. Effects of experimental bogie fairings on the aerodynamic drag of the ETR 500 high speed train, World Congress on Railway Research, 2001, Munich, Germany.Google Scholar
16. Heine, C. and Matschke, G. The influence of nose shape on high speed trains on the aerodynamic coefficients, Koln, Germany.Google Scholar
17. Watkins, S., Saunders, J.W. and Kumar, H. Aerodynamic drag reduction of goods trains, J of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 1992, 40, (2), pp 147–178.Google Scholar
18. Krajnovic, S. Shape optimization of high-speed trains for improved aerodynamic performance, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: J Rail and Rapid Transit, 2009, 223, 439, 10.1243/09544097JRRT251.Google Scholar
19. Tian, H. Formation mechanism of aerodynamic drag of high-speed train and some reduction measures, J the Central South University of Technology, 2009, 16, 0166-0171.Google Scholar
20. Beagles, A.E. and Fletcher, D.I. The aerodynamics of freight; approaches to save fuel by optimising the utilisation of container trains, Proceedings of the RRUK-A Annual Conference, 2012, London.Google Scholar
21. Maeda, T., Kinoshita, M., Kajiyama, H. and Tanemoto, K. Estimation of aerodynamic resistance of Shinkansen trains from pressure rise in tunnel, Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Aerodynamics and Ventilation of Vehicle Tunnels, 1988, Durham, UK.Google Scholar
22. Lukaszewicz, P. Energy consumption and running time for trains, 2001, PhD Thesis, KTH, Sweden.Google Scholar
23. Armstrong, D.S. and Swift, P.H. Lower energy technology, Part A Identifcation of energy use in multiple units, Report MR VS 077, 1990, British Rail Research, Derby, UK.Google Scholar
24. Kumar, A., Rickett, T.G., Vemula, A., Hart, J.M., Edwards, J.R., Ahuja, N. and Barkan, C. Aerodynamic Analysis of Intermodal Freight Trains Using Machine Vision, Proceedings of the World Congress on Railway Research, 2011, Lille, France.Google Scholar
25. Vardy, A.E. Aerodynamic drag on trains in tunnels Part 1: synthesis and defnitions, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 1996, Part F: J Rail and Rapid Transit, 1996, 210, (29), 10.1243/PIME_PROC_1996_210_324_02, Part 2: prediction and validation, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: J Rail and Rapid Transit 1996 210, 39, 10.1243/PIME_PROC_1996_210_325_02.Google Scholar
26. Sockel, H. Formulae for the Calculation of Pressure Effects in Railway Tunnels, Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Aerodynamics and Ventilation of Vehicle Tunnels, Luzern, Switzerland, 2003, 2, (581).Google Scholar
27. Baker, C.J., Jordan, S.J., Gilbert, T., Sterling, M., Quinn, A., Johnson, T. and Lane, J. Transient aerodynamic pressures and forces on trackside and overhead structures due to passing trains. Part 1 Model scale experiments, 2012, J Rail and Rapid Transit, 10.1177/0954409712464859.Google Scholar
28. Sanz-Andres, A., Laveron, Cuerva, A. and Baker, C. Vehicle-induced loads on pedestrian barriers, J Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2004, 92,403-426, 10.1016/j.jweia.2003.12.004.Google Scholar
29. Johnson, T. and Dalley, S. 1/25 scale moving model tests for the TRANSAERO Project. in TRANSAERO – A European Initiative on Transient Aerodynamics for Railway System Optimisation. 123-135, Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Multidisciplinary Design, 2002, 79, Schulte-Werning, B., Gregoire, R., Malfatti, A. and Matschke, G. (Eds).Google Scholar
30. RSSB Review of slipstream effects on platforms, Report prepared for the Rail Safety and Standards Board by J Temple and T Johnson of AEA Technology Limited for project T248, 2003.Google Scholar
31. Baker, C.J., Quinn, A., Sima, M., Hoefener, L. and Licciardello, R. Full-scale measurement and analysis of train slipstreams and wakes. Part 2 Gust analysis, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: J Rail and Rapid Transit, 2013, 0954409713488098.Google Scholar
32. Baker, C.J., Gilbert, T. and Jordan, S. The validation of the use of moving model experiments for the measurement of train aerodynamic parameters in the open air, Proceedings of the World Congress on Rail Research, 2013, Sydney, Australia.Google Scholar
33. RAPIDE Railway aerodynamics of passing interaction with dynamic effects. Synthesis report, Aerodynamics Workshop, 2001, Cologne.Google Scholar
34. Jordan, S.C., Johnson, T., Sterling, M. and Baker, C.J. Evaluating and modelling the response of an individual to a sudden change in wind speed, Building and Environment, 2008, 43, pp 1521–1534, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2007.08.004.Google Scholar
35. Baker, C.J. Risk analysis of pedestrian and vehicle safety in windy environments, IN-VENTO Italian Society for Wind Engineering, 2014, Genoa, Italy.Google Scholar
36. Kaltenbach, H.-J. DeuFraKo Project – Aerodynamics in Open Air (AOA) WP 1 Underfoor Aerodynamics Summary Report.Google Scholar
37. Shinojima, K. Study on the phenomena of snow adhering to and dropping from shinkansen train, and the countermeasures, Quarterly Reports, 1984, 25, (2), pp 41–44.Google Scholar
38. Quinn, A.D., Hayward, M., Baker, C.J., Schmid, F., Priest, J.A. and Powrie, W. A full-scale experimental and modelling study of ballast flight under high-speed trains, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: J Rail and Rapid Transit, 2010, 224, (2), pp 61–74, 10.1243/09544097JRRT294.Google Scholar
39. Saussine, G., Masson, E., Jaques, T.-J., Paradot, N., Allain, E. and Josse, F. Railway Ballast flying phenomena – from numerical simulation towards risk assessment, EUROMECH Colloquim 509, Vehicle Aerodynamics, External aerodynamics of railway vehicles, trucks, buses and cars, 2009, Berlin, Germany.Google Scholar
40. Kaltenbach, H.-J, Gautier, P.-E., Agirre, G., Orellano, A., Schroeder-Bodenstein, K., Testa, M. and Tielkes, Th Assessment of the aerodynamic loads on the trackbed causing ballast projection: results from the DEUFRAKO project Aerodynamics in Open Air (AOA), Proceedings of the World Congress on Rail Research, 2008, Seoul, South Korea, Paper number S2.3.4.1.Google Scholar
41. Saussine, G., Allain, E., Vaillant, A., Ribourg, M. and Néel, O. High speed in extreme conditions: ballast projection phenomenon, Proceedings of the International Workshop on Train Aerodynamics, 2013, Birmingham, UK.Google Scholar
42. Railway Archive, Furness Railway http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/documents/BoT_LevenViaduct1903. pdf, 2013.Google Scholar
43. East, J.R. 2006, Current Measures in Response to the Uetsu Line Accident, http://www.jreast.co.jp/e/press/20060101/Accessed 04/08/2013.Google Scholar
44. Xinhua News Agency (2007) Strong Wind Derails Train, Killing 4 http://www.china.org.cn/english/China/200975.htm, Accessed 04/08/2013.Google Scholar
45. Wetzel, C. and Proppe, C. Crosswind stability of high speed trains; a stochastic approach, Proceedings of the conference on Bluff Bodies Aerodynamics & Applications, 2008, Milano, Italy.Google Scholar
46. Baker, C.J., Cheli, F., Orellano, A., Paradot, N., Proppe, C. and Rocchi, D. Cross wind effects on road and rail vehicles, Vehicle Systems Dynamics, 2009, 47, (8), pp 983–1022.Google Scholar
47. Andersson, E., Haggstrom, J., Sima, M. and Stichel, S. Assessment of train-overturning risk due to strong cross-winds, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part F J Rail and Rapid Transit, 2004, 218, 213-223, 10.1243/095440904238938287.Google Scholar
48. O’Neil, H. Gauge modelling of West Coast Main Line tilting trains, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part F J Rail and Rapid Transit, 2008, 222, 235-253, 10.1243/09544097JRRT151.Google Scholar
49. Bouferrouk, A., Baker, C.J., Sterling, M., O’Neil, H. and Wood, S. Calculation of the cross wind displacement of pantographs, Proceedings of the Conference on Bluff Body Aerodynamics and its Applications’, Milano, Italy.Google Scholar
50. Diedrichs, B., Ekequist, M., Stichel, S. and Tengstrand, H. Quasi-static modelling of wheel–rail reactions due to crosswind effects for various types of high-speed rolling stock, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F J Rail and Rapid Transit Transit, 2004, 218, pp 133–148.Google Scholar
51. Thomas, D., Diedrichs, B., Berg, M. and Stichel, S. Dynamics of a high-speed rail vehicle negotiating curves at unsteady crosswind., 21st International Symposium on Dynamics of Vehicles on Roads and Tracks (IAVSD’09), 2009, Stockholm, Sweden.Google Scholar
52. Cheli, F., Corradi, R., Diana, G., Ripamonti, F., Rocchi, D. and Tomasini, G. Methodologies for assessing trains CWC through time-domain multibody simulations, Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Wind Engineering, 2007, Cairns, Australia.Google Scholar
53. Sterling, M., Baker, C.J., Bouferrouk, A., O’Neil, H., Wood, S. and Crosbie, E. An investigation of the aerodynamic admittances and aerodynamic weighting functions of trains, J Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2009, 97, pp 512–522.Google Scholar
54 Baker, C.J. A framework for the consideration of the effects of crosswinds on trains, J Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2014, 123, pp 130–142.Google Scholar
55. Dorigati, F. Rail vehicles in crosswinds; analysis of steady and unsteady aerodynamic effects through static and moving model tests, 2013, PhD thesis, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.Google Scholar
56. Baker, C.J. ‘A meta-analysis of train crosswind aerodynamic force coeiffcient data’, Proceedings 13th International Conference on Wind Engineering, 2011, Amsterdam, Holland.Google Scholar
57. Sanquer, S. and Barré, C. Dufresne de Virel M. and Cléon L-M. Effect of cross winds on high-speed trains, J Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2004, 92, 535-545, 10.1016/j.jweia.2004.03.004Google Scholar
58. Bocciolone, M., Cheli, F., Corradi, R., Muggiasca, S. and Tomasini, G. (2008) Crosswind action on rail vehicles: Wind tunnel experimental analysis, J Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 96, pp 584–610.Google Scholar
59. Baker, C.J. ‘Wind overturning study: Full scale and wind tunnel measurements to determine the aerodynamic force and moment parameters of Mark 3 and Class 390 vehicles – Overview Report, 2003,, Report to Railway Safety.Google Scholar
60. WCRM Probabilities of overturning of Class 390 and Class 221 in high winds on the WCML – Library of reference reports, documents and data, 2004, Network Rail W091-189-TS-REP-005001Google Scholar
61. Baker, C.J. Ground vehicles in high cross winds – Part 1 Steady aerodynamic forces, J Fluids and Structuresm, 1991, 5, pp 69–90.Google Scholar
62. Pearce, W. and Baker, C.J. Measurement of the unsteady crosswind forces and moments on ground vehicles, MIRA Conference on Vehicle Aerodynamics, 1998, Birmingham, UK.Google Scholar
63. Chen, R., Zeng, Q., Zhong, X., Xiang, J., Guo, X. and Zhao, G. Numerical study on the restriction speed of train passing curved rail in cross wind, Science in China Series E: Technological Sciences, Springer, 2009, 52, (7), pp 2037–2047.Google Scholar
64. Alam, F. and Watkins, S. Effects of Crosswinds on Double Stacked Container Wagons, 16th Australasian Fluid Mechanics Conference, 2007, Crown Plaza, Gold Coast, Australia.Google Scholar
65. Diedrichs, B. On computational fluid dynamics modelling of crosswind effects for high-speed rolling stock, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 2003, Part F: J Rail and Rapid Transit 217: 203, 10.1243/095440903769012902.Google Scholar
66. Diedrichs, B. Aerodynamic calculations of crosswind stability of a high speed train using control volumes of arbitrary polyhedral shape, Proceedings of the conference on Bluff Bodies Aerodynamics and its Applications, 2008, Milano, Italy.Google Scholar
67. Schober, S., Weise, M., Orellano, A., Deeg, P. and Wetzel, W. Wind tunnel investigation of an ICE 3 endcar on three standard ground scenarios, Proceedings of the conference on Bluff Bodies Aerodynamics and its Applications, 2008, Milano, Italy.Google Scholar
68. Diedrichs, B., Sima, M., Orellano, A. and Tengstrand, H. Crosswind stability of a high-speed train on a high embankment, 2007, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part F, J Rail and Rapid Transit 221, 205-225, 10.1243/0954409JRRT126.Google Scholar
69. Cheli, F., Ripamonti, F., Rocchi, D., Tomasini, G. and Testa, M. Risk analysis of cross wind on HS/HC Rome-Naples Railway Line, Proceedings of the conference on Bluff Bodies Aerodynamics and its Applications, 2008, Milano, Italy.Google Scholar
70. Cheli, F., Corradi, R., Rocchi, D., Tomasini, G. and Maestrini, E. Wind tunnel tests on train scale models to investigate the effect of infrastructure scenario, J Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2010, 98, pp 353–362, 10.1016/j.jweia.2010.01.001.Google Scholar
71. Bierbooms, W. and Cheng, P.-W. Stochastic gust model for design calculations of wind turbines, J Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2002, 90, pp 1237–1251.Google Scholar
72. Masson, E. and Hoefener, L. Aerodynamics in the Open Air, Work Package 2, Cross wind issues, Final Report, 2008.Google Scholar
73. Gawthorpe, R.G. Pressure comfort criteria for rail tunnel operations, 7th International Symposium on the Aerodynamics and Ventilation of Vehicle Tunnels, 1991, 173-188, Brighton, UK.Google Scholar
74. Johnson, T., Prevezer, T. and Figura-Hardy, G. Tunnel pressure comfort limits examined using passenger comfort ratings, 2000, Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Aerodynamics and Ventilation of Vehicle Tunnels Boston, USA.Google Scholar
75. Vardy, A.E. Generation and alleviation of sonic booms from rail tunnels, Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers – Engineering and Computational Mechanics, 2008, 161, (3), pp 107 –119.Google Scholar
76. Hieke, M., Gerbig, C., Tielkes, T. and Deeg, P. Mastering Micro-pressure wave effects: Countermeasures at the Katzenberg Tunnel and Introduction of a new German regulation to get micro-pressure wave emissions under control, International Workshop on Train Aerodynamics, 2013, Birmingham, UK.Google Scholar
77. Hieke, M., Gerbig, C., TielkesTh, K. Th, K. and Degen, G. Assessment of micro-pressure wave emissions from high-speed railway tunnels, Proceedings of the World Congress on Rail Research, 2011, Lille, France.Google Scholar
78. Talotte, C., Gautier, P.-E., Thompson, D.J. and Hanson, C. Identification, modelling and reduction potential of railway noise sources: a critical survey, J Sound and Vibration, 2003, 267, (I3), pp 447–468.Google Scholar
79. Tielkes, Th Aerodynamic Aspects of Maglev Systems, MAGLEV’2006: Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Magnetically Levitated Systems and Linear Drives, 2006, Dresden, Germany Google Scholar
80. Yan, L. Development and Application of the Maglev Transportation System, Applied Superconductivity, 2008, IEEE Transactions 18, 2, 92-99, 10.1109/TASC.2008.922239.Google Scholar
81. Gustafsson, M., Blomqvist, G., Håkansson, K., Lindeberg, J. and Nilsson-Påledal, S. Railway pollution – sources, dispersion and measures. A literature review, Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI), Report 602, ISSN: 0347-6030.Google Scholar
82. Lassy, R., Wiener, L., Hagena, B., Rodler, J., Gruner, G. and Guth, D. Dust in railway tunnels: Causes, Risks and Counter-measures, 2011, STUVA Convention 2011.Google Scholar
83. Ferreira, A.D. and Vaz, P.A. Wind tunnel study of coal dust release from train wagons, J Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2004, 92, (5), pp 65–577.Google Scholar
84. Johnson, T. Development of a pantograph sway probability model, International Workshop on Train aerodynamics, 2013, Birmingham, UK.Google Scholar
85. Guo, W., Xia, H. and Xu, Y. Dynamic response of a long span suspension bridge and running safety of a train under wind action, Frontiers of Architecture and Civil Engineering China, 2007, 1, 1, 71–79 10.1007/s11709-007-0007-1.Google Scholar
86. Xu, Y.L., Zhang, N. and Xia, H. Vibration of coupled train and cable-stayed bridge systems in cross winds, Engineering Structures, 2004, 26, pp 1389–1406.Google Scholar
87. Takeuchi, T., Maeda, J. and Kawashita, H. The overshoot of aerodynamic forces on a railcar-like body under step-function-like gusty winds, Proceedings of the conference on Bluff Bodies Aerodynamics and its Applications, 2008, Milano, Italy.Google Scholar