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Children and adolescents with ADHD followed up to adulthood: a systematic review of long-term outcomes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 August 2021

Rosaria Di Lorenzo Open the ORCID record for Rosaria Di Lorenzo [Opens in a new window] ,
Jessica Balducci Open the ORCID record for Jessica Balducci [Opens in a new window] ,
Chiara Poppi ,
Elisa Arcolin ,
Anna Cutino ,
Paola Ferri Open the ORCID record for Paola Ferri [Opens in a new window] ,
Roberto D’Amico Open the ORCID record for Roberto D’Amico [Opens in a new window]  and
Tommaso Filippini Open the ORCID record for Tommaso Filippini [Opens in a new window]
Rosaria Di Lorenzo*
Affiliation:
Psychiatric Intensive Treatment Facility, Mental Health and Drug Abuse Department of AUSL-Modena, Modena, Italy
Jessica Balducci
Affiliation:
School of Specialization in Psychiatry, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
Chiara Poppi
Affiliation:
School of Nursing, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
Elisa Arcolin
Affiliation:
School of Specialization in Psychiatry, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
Anna Cutino
Affiliation:
School of Specialization in Psychiatry, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
Paola Ferri
Affiliation:
School of Nursing, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
Roberto D’Amico
Affiliation:
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy Unit of Statistical and Methodological Support, AOU of Modena, Modena
Tommaso Filippini
Affiliation:
Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Section of Public Health, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
*
Author for correspondence: Rosaria Di Lorenzo, Email: r.dilorenzo@ausl.mo.it
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Abstract

The objective is to highlight the clinical and social outcomes among adults who suffered from Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in their childhood/adolescence. PubMed, PsycINFO, and Scopus databases were searched for prospective studies published during the last 5 years addressing patients with ADHD in childhood/adolescence followed-up to adulthood. We also included studies published before 2015 reported in other reviews with similar outcomes. Thousand four-hundred and eighty-five studies were identified, but only 39 were included for qualitative analysis and 27 for quantitative analysis. Overall, we found that ADHD persisted into adulthood with a mean rate of 43% and was mainly associated with both substance/alcohol use disorders and antisocial behavior and, less frequently, with anxiety and depressive disorders. The prevalence of persistent ADHD in adulthood reported by studies published after 2011 (55%) was higher than that reported by studies published previously from 1985 to 2011 (34%), suggesting a greater focus on ADHD in recent years. Our results highlight that ADHD can be considered not only a neurodevelopmental disorder, but also a persistent and complex condition, with detrimental consequences for quality of life in adulthood.

Keywords

alcohol-related disordersantisocial personality disorderattention deficit hyperactivity disorderproblem behavior

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Type
Review Article
Information
Acta Neuropsychiatrica , Volume 33 , Issue 6 , December 2021 , pp. 283 - 298
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Copyright
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Scandinavian College of Neuropsychopharmacology

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