Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-69cd664f8f-gvmbd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-03-13T06:33:32.899Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Political Representation as Communicative Practice

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 February 2025

Fabio Wolkenstein
Affiliation:
University of Vienna
Christopher Wratil
Affiliation:
University of Vienna

Summary

It is uncontroversial that the quality of democracy is closely bound up with the quality of political representation. But what exactly is political representation and how should we study it? This Element develops a novel conceptual framework for studying political representation that makes the insights of recent theoretical work on representation usable for quantitative empirical research. The theoretical literature the authors build on makes the case for changing the understanding of representation in two ways. First, it proposes to conceive representation in constructivist terms, as a practice that is shaped by both representatives and represented. Second, it treats communicative acts by representatives that address constituents and different analytical dimensions contained in them as the central categories of analysis; political representation is thus conceived as an essentially communicative practice. This Element argues that quantitative research can benefit from taking these innovations seriously, and it provides the conceptual tools for doing so.
Get access
Type
Element
Information
Online ISBN: 9781009416092
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication: 27 March 2025

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Achen, C., & Bartels, L. (2017). Democracy for Realists: Why Elections Do Not Produce Responsive Government. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Amsalem, E., & Zoizner, A. (2020). Real, but Limited: A Meta-Analytic Assessment of Framing Effects in the Political Domain. British Journal of Political Science, 52(1), 221237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arnesen, S., Duell, D., & Johannesson, M. P. (2019). Do Citizens Make Inferences from Political Candidate Characteristics when Aiming for Substantive Representation? Electoral Studies, 57, 4660.tCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Austin, J. L. (1975). How to Do Things with Words, 2nd Edition, Urmson, J. O., & Sbisà, M. (Eds.). Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barker, D. C., & Carman, C. J. (2012). How Do We Want to Be Represented? How Do We Differ? In Representing Red and Blue: How the Culture Wars Change the Way Citizens Speak and Politicians Listen, 1st Edition (pp. 2138). Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnes, T. D. (2016). Gendering Legislative Behavior: Institutional Constraints and Collaborations. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bartels, L. M. (2002). Beyond the Running Tally: Partisan Bias in Political Perceptions. Political Behavior, 24(2), 117150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bevir, M. (2008). Meta‐Methodology: Clearing the Underbrush. In Box-Steffensmeier, Janet M., Brady, H. E., & Collier, D. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Political Methodology (pp. 4870). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bevir, M., & Blakely, J. (2015). Naturalism and Anti-naturalism. In Bevir, M., & Rhodes, R. A. W. (Eds.), Routledge Handbook of Interpretive Political Science (pp. 3144). Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bevir, M., & Kedar, A. (2008). Concept Formation in Political Science: An Anti-naturalist Critique of Qualitative Methodology. Perspectives on Politics, 6(3), 503517.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bisgaard, M., & Slothuus, R. (2018). Partisan Elites as Culprits? How Party Cues Shape Partisan Perceptual Gaps. American Journal of Political Science, 62(2), 456469.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blumenau, J. (2021). The Effects of Female Leadership on Women’s Voice in Political Debate. British Journal of Political Science, 51(2), 750771.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bøggild, T. (2016). How Politicians’ Reelection Efforts Can Reduce Public Trust, Electoral Support, and Policy Approval. Political Psychology, 37(6), 901919.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bøggild, T. (2020). Politicians as Party Hacks: Party Loyalty and Public Distrust in Politicians. Journal of Politics, 82(4), 15171529.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bøggild, T., & Pedersen, H. H. (2020). Voter Reaction to Legislator Dissent across Political Systems. Electoral Studies, 68, 17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowler, S. (2017). Trustees, Delegates, and Responsiveness in Comparative Perspective. Comparative Political Studies, 50(6), 766793.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bullock, J. G. (2011). Elite Influence on Public Opinion in an Informed Electorate. American Political Science Review, 105(3), 496515.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, R., Childs, S., & Lovenduski, J. (2010). Do Women Need Women Representatives? British Journal of Political Science, 40(1), 171194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, R., Cowley, P., Vivyan, N., & Wagner, M. (2019). Legislator Dissent as a Valence Signal. British Journal of Political Science, 49(1), 105128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carey, J. M. (2007). Competing Principals, Political Institutions, and Party Unity in Legislative Voting. American Journal of Political Science, 51(1), 92107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carmines, E. G., & Stimson, J. A. (1980). The Two Faces of Issue Voting. American Political Science Review, 74(1), 7891.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caroll, S. (2002). Representing Women: Congresswomen’s Perceptions of Their Representational Roles, Oklahoma.Google Scholar
Castanho Silva, B., & Wratil, C. (2023). Do Parties’ Representation Failures Affect Populist Attitudes? Evidence from a Multinational Survey Experiment. Political Science Research and Methods, 11(2), 347362.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caughey, D., O’Grady, T., & Warshaw, C. (2019). Policy Ideology in European Mass Publics, 1981–2016. American Political Science Review, 113(3), 674693.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Celis, K., & Childs, S. (2018). Conservatism and Women’s Political Representation. Politics & Gender, 14(1), 526.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Celis, K., Childs, S., Kantola, J., & Krook, M. L. (2014). Constituting Women’s Interests through Representative Claims. Politics & Gender, 10(2), 149174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Celis, K., & Erzeel, S. (2013). Gender and Ethnicity: Intersectionality and the Politics of Group Representation in the Low Countries. Representation, 49(4), 487499.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Childs, S., & Krook, M. L. (2006). Should Feminists Give Up on Critical Mass? A Contingent Yes. Politics & Gender, 2(4), 522530.Google Scholar
Converse, P. E. (1964). The Nature of Belief Systems in Mass Publics. In Apter, D. E. (Ed.), Ideology and Discontent (pp. 206261). The Free Press.Google Scholar
Costa, M. (2020). Ideology, Not Affect: What Americans Want from Political Representation. American Journal of Political Science, 65(2), 342358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dahlberg, S., Linde, J., & Holmberg, S. (2014). Democratic Discontent in Old and New Democracies: Assessing the Importance of Democratic Input and Governmental Output. Political Studies, 63(1), 1837.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dahlerup, D. (2017). Has Democracy Failed Women? John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Dassonneville, R., Blais, A., Sevi, S., & Daoust, J. F. (2021). How Citizens Want Their Legislator to Vote. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 46(2), 297321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dassonneville, R., & McAllister, I. (2018). Gender, Political Knowledge, and Descriptive Representation: The Impact of Long‐Term Socialization. American Journal of Political Science, 62(2), 249265.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Jong, J. C., & Mügge, L. (2023). Super Politicians? Perspectives of Minoritized Citizens on Representation. Political Studies Review, 21(3), 506514.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Wilde, P. (2013). Representative Claims Analysis: Theory Meets Method. Journal of European Public Policy, 20(2), 278294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Disch, L. (2011). Toward a Mobilization Conception of Democratic Representation. American Political Science Review, 105(1), 100114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Disch, L. (2015). The “Constructivist Turn” in Democratic Representation: A Normative Dead‐End? Constellations, 22(4), 487499.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Disch, L. (2019). Introduction: The End of Representative Politics. In Disch, L., van de Sande, M., & Urbinati, N. (Eds.), The Constructivist Turn in Political Representation (pp. 118). Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Disch, L. J. (2021). Making Constituencies: Representation as Mobilization in Mass Democracy. University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dolan, K. (2014). When Does Gender Matter?: Women Candidates and Gender Stereotypes in American Elections. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Downs, A. (1957). An Economic Theory of Democracy. Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Druckman, J. N. (2004). Political Preference Formation: Competition, Deliberation, and the (Ir)relevance of Framing Effects. American Political Science Review, 98(4), 671686.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Druckman, J. N., Peterson, E., & Slothuus, R. (2013). How Elite Partisan Polarization Affects Public Opinion Formation. American Political Science Review, 107(1), 5779.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duell, D., Kaftan, L., Proksch, S.-O., Slapin, J., & Wratil, C. (2023). Communicating the Rift: Voter Perceptions of Intraparty Dissent in Parliaments. The Journal of Politics, 85(1), 7691.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duell, D., Kaftan, L., Proksch, S.-O., Slapin, J., & Wratil, C. (2024). The Rhyme and Reason of Rebel Support: Exploring European Voters’ Attitudes toward Dissident MPs. Political Science Research and Methods, 12, 301317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Easton, D. (2009). A Re-assessment of the Concept of Political Support. British Journal of Political Science, 5(4), 435457.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ezrow, L., & Xezonakis, G. (2011). Citizen Satisfaction with Democracy and PartiesPolicy Offerings. Comparative Political Studies, 44(9), 11521178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fearon, J. D. (1999). Electoral Accountability and the Control of Politicians: Selecting Good Types vs. Sanctioning Poor Performance. In Przeworski, A., Stokes, S. C., & Manin, B. (Eds.), Democracy, Accountability, and Representation (pp. 5597). Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferrín, M., & Kriesi, H. (2016). How Europeans View and Evaluate Democracy. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fiorina, M. P., & Abrams, S. J. (2012). Disconnect: The Breakdown of Representation in American Politics. University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar
Flanagan, S. C., & Lee, A.-R. (2003). The New Politics, Culture Wars, and the Authoritarian-Libertarian Value Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies. Comparative Political Studies, 36(3), 235270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fossen, T. (2019). Constructivism and the Logic of Political Representation. American Political Science Review, 113(3), 824837.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geenens, R. (2019). Political Representation: The View from France. In Disch, L., van de Sande, M., & Urbinati, N. (Eds.), The Constructivist Turn in Political Representation (pp. 89103). Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Geer, J. G. (1996). From Tea Leaves to Opinion Polls: A Theory of Democratic Leadership. Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Gilens, M. (2012). Affluence and Influence: Economic Inequality and Political Power in America. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Green, J. E. (2010). The Eyes of the People: Democracy in an Age of Spectatorship. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Greene, Z. D., & Haber, M. (2015). The Consequences of Appearing Divided: An Analysis of Party Evaluations and Vote Choice. Electoral Studies, 37, 1527.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Habermas, J. (1981). Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns: Band 1. Handlungsrationalität gesellschaftliche Rationalisierung. Suhrkamp.Google Scholar
Habermas, J. (1998). Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Habermas, J. (2006). Political Communication in Media Society: Does Democracy Still Enjoy an Epistemic Dimension? The Impact of Normative Theory on Empirical Research. Communication Theory, 16(4), 411426.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halikiopoulou, D., & Vasilopoulou, S. (2016). Breaching the Social Contract: Crises of Democratic Representation and Patterns of Extreme Right Party Support. Government and Opposition, 53(1), 2650.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanretty, C. (2017). Areal Interpolation and the UK’s Referendum on EU Membership. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties, 27(4), 466483.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harden, J. J. (2015). Citizen Demand for the Dimensions of Representation. In Multidimensional Democracy (pp. 5083). Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hargrave, L., & Blumenau, J. (2022). No Longer Conforming to Stereotypes? Gender, Political Style and Parliamentary Debate in the UK. British Journal of Political Science, 52(4), 15841601.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hay, C. (2006). Political Ontology. In Goodin, R. E. and Tilly, C. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Contextual Political Analysis (pp. 7896). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hayes, M., & Hibbing, M. V. (2017). The Symbolic Benefits of Descriptive and Substantive Representation. Political Behavior, 39(1), 3150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hooghe, L., & Marks, G. (2004). Does Identity or Economic Rationality Drive Public Opinion on European Integration? PS: Political Science & Politics, 37(3), 415420.Google Scholar
House of Commons Library (2021). Women in Politics and Public Life. Briefing paper 01250, 2 March 2021. https://assets-learning.parliament.uk/uploads/2021/03/Teacher-Network-Briefing-Paper-Women-in-Politics-and-Public-Life-pdf.pdf.Google Scholar
Howarth, D. R., Norval, A. J., & Stavrakakis, Y. (2000). Discourse Theory and Political Analysis: Identities, Hegemonies and Social Change. Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Inglehart, R., & Flanagan, S. C. (1987). Value Change in Industrial Societies. American Political Science Review, 81(4), 12891319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Invernizzi-Accetti, C., & Wolkenstein, F. (2017). The Crisis of Party Democracy, Cognitive Mobilization, and the Case for Making Parties More Deliberative. American Political Science Review, 111(1), 97109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iyengar, S., Lelkes, Y., Levendusky, M., Malhotra, N., & Westwood, S. J. (2019). The Origins and Consequences of Affective Polarization in the United States. Annual Review of Political Science, 22(1), 129146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobs, L. R., & Shapiro, R. Y. (2000). Politicians Don’t Pander: Political Manipulation and the Loss of Democratic Responsiveness. The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Jäger, A., & Borriello, A. (2020). Left-Populism on Trial: Laclauian Politics in Theory and Practice. Theory & Event, 23(3), 740764.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kam, C. J. (2009). Party Discipline and Parliamentary Politics. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Katz, R. S., & Mair, P. (2009). The Cartel Party Thesis: A Restatement. Perspectives on Politics, 7(4), 753766.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kellermann, M. (2015). Electoral Vulnerability, Constituency Focus, and Parliamentary Questions in the House of Commons. British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 18(1), 90106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelsen, H. (2013). The Essence and Value of Democracy. Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Kim, S.-H., Scheufele, D. A., & Shanahan, J. (2005). Who Cares about the Issues? Issue Voting and the Role of News Media during the 2000 U.S. Presidential Election. Journal of Communication, 55(1), 103121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krook, M. L. (2010). Quotas for Women in Politics: Gender and Candidate Selection Reform Worldwide. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Krook, M. L., & O’Brien, D. Z. (2012). All the President’s Men? The Appointment of Female Cabinet Ministers Worldwide. The Journal of Politics, 74(3), 840855.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laclau, E. (1990). New Reflections on the Revolution of Our Time (1. publ. ed.). Verso.Google Scholar
Laclau, E. (2005). On Populist Reason. Verso.Google Scholar
Laclau, E., & Mouffe, C. (1985). Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: Towards a Radical Democratic Politics (1. publ. ed.). Verso.Google Scholar
Lapinski, J., Levendusky, M., Winneg, K., & Jamieson, K. H. (2016). What Do Citizens Want from Their Member of Congress? Political Research Quarterly, 69(3), 535545.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lawless, J. L. (2015). Female Candidates and Legislators. Annual Review of Political Science, 18(1), 349366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lax, J. R., & Phillips, J. H. (2011). The Democratic Deficit in the States. American Journal of Political Science, 56(1), 148166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leeper, T. J., & Slothuus, R. (2014). Political Parties, Motivated Reasoning, and Public Opinion Formation. Political Psychology, 35(1), 129156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lefort, C. (1988). Democracy and Political Theory (Macey, D., Trans.). Polity Press.Google Scholar
Lehrer, R., Stöckle, P., & Juhl, S. (2024). Assessing the Relative Influence of Party Unity on Vote Choice: Evidence from a Conjoint Experiment. Political Science Research and Methods, 12(1), 220228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lupia, A. (1994). Shortcuts versus Encyclopedias: Information and Voting Behavior in California Insurance Reform Elections. American Political Science Review, 88(1), 6376.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lupia, A., & McCubbins, M. D. (1998). The Democratic Dilemma: Can Citizens Learn What They Need to Know? Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mair, P. (2013). Ruling the Void: The Hollowing-Out of Western Democracy. Verso Books.Google Scholar
Mansbridge, J. (1999). Should Blacks Represent Blacks and Women Represent Women? A Contingent “Yes.The Journal of Politics, 61(3), 628657.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mansbridge, J. (2003). Rethinking Representation. American Political Science Review, 97(4), 515528.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mansbridge, J. (2005). Quota Problems: Combating the Dangers of Essentialism. Politics & Gender, 1(4), 622638.Google Scholar
Mansbridge, J. (2009). A “Selection Model” of Political Representation. Journal of Political Philosophy, 17(4), 369398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mansbridge, J. (2011). Clarifying the Concept of Representation. American Political Science Review, 105(3), 621630.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mansbridge, J. (2018). A Deliberative Theory of Interest Representation. In Petracca, M. P. (Ed.), The Politics of Interests (pp. 3257). Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mattinson, D. (2019). All bets are off if Boris Johnson calls an early election. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/jul/27/boris-johnson-early-election-dilemma.Google Scholar
Mayne, Q., & Hakhverdian, A. (2016). Ideological Congruence and Citizen Satisfaction: Evidence from 25 Advanced Democracies. Comparative Political Studies, 50(6), 822849.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKay, L. (2020). Does Constituency Focus Improve Attitudes to MPs? A Test for the UK. Journal of Legislative Studies, 26(1), 126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Medina, J. (2023). The Epistemology of Protest: Silencing, Epistemic Activism, and the Communicative Life of Resistance. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mendelberg, T., Karpowitz, C. F., & Goedert, N. (2014). Does Descriptive Representation Facilitate Women’s Distinctive Voice? How Gender Composition and Decision Rules Affect Deliberation. American Journal of Political Science, 58(2), 291306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, S. (2009). The Moral Foundations of Social Institutions. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, W. E., & Stokes, D. E. (1963). Constituency Influence in Congress. American Political Science Review, 57(1), 4556.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Montanaro, L. (2018). Who Counts as a Democratic Representative? On Claims of Self-Appointed Representation. In Castiglione, D., & Pollak, J. (Eds.), Creating Political Presence: The New Politics of Democratic Representation (pp. 195212). University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Müller, W. C. (2003). Political Parties in Parliamentary Democracies: Making Delegation and Accountability Work. European Journal of Political Research, 37(3), 309333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neblo, M. A., Esterling, K. M., Kennedy, R. P., Lazer, D. M. J., & Sokhey, A. E. (2010). Who Wants to Deliberate – and Why? American Political Science Review, 104(3), 566583.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neblo, M. A., Esterling, K. M., & Lazer, D. (2018). Politics with the People: Building a Directly Representative Democracy. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norris, P., & Lovenduski, J. (1995). Political Recruitment: Gender, Race and Class in the British Parliament. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
O’Brien, D. Z., & Piscopo, J. M. (2019). The Impact of Women in Parliament. In Franceschet, S., Krook, M. L., & Tan, N. (Eds.), The Palgrave Handbook of Women’s Political Rights (pp. 5372). Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Papavero, L. C., & Zucchini, F. (2018). Gender and Party Cohesion in the Italian Parliament: A Spatial Analysis. Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica, 48(2), 243264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearson, K., & Dancey, L. (2011). Speaking for the Underrepresented in the House of Representatives: Voicing Women’s Interests in a Partisan Era. Politics & Gender, 7(4), 493519.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pennebaker, J. W., Boyd, R. L., Jordan, K., & Blackburn, K. (2015). The Development and Psychometric Properties of LIWC2015. University of Texas at Austin.Google Scholar
Pettit, P. (2010). Varieties of Public Representation. In Shapiro, I., Stokes, S. C., Wood, E. J., & Kirshner, A. S. (Eds.), Political Representation (pp. 6189). Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pitkin, H. (1967). The Concept of Representation. University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Powell, G. B. (2004). Political Representation in Comparative Politics. Annual Review of Political Science, 7(1), 273296.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Proctor, K. (2019). Labour Poised to Block Bid for 12 December General Election. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/oct/24/labour-poised-to-block-offer-of-12-december-general-election.Google Scholar
Rehfeld, A. (2005). The Concept of Constituency. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rehfeld, A. (2009). Representation Rethought: On Trustees, Delegates, and Gyroscopes in the Study of Political Representation and Democracy. American Political Science Review, 103(2), 214230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reingold, B. (2000). Representing Women: Sex, Gender and Legislative Behavior in Arizona and California. University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Reingold, B. (2003). Representing Women: Sex, Gender, and Legislative Behavior in Arizona and California. University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Rodriguez, P. L., & Spirling, A. (2022). Word Embeddings: What Works, What Doesn’t, and How to Tell the Difference for Applied Research. The Journal of Politics, 84(1), 101115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenbluth, F., & Shapiro, I. (2018). Responsible Parties: Saving Democracy from Itself. Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Rosset, J., Giger, N., & Bernauer, J. (2017). I the People? Self-Interest and Demand for Government Responsiveness. Comparative Political Studies, 50(6), 794821.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sabl, A. (2015). The Two Cultures of Democratic Theory: Responsiveness, Democratic Quality, and the Empirical-Normative Divide. Perspectives on Politics, 13(2), 345365.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saward, M. (2009). Authorisation and Authenticity: Representation and the Unelected*. Journal of Political Philosophy, 17(1), 122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saward, M. (2010). The Representative Claim. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saward, M. (2014). Shape-Shifting Representation. American Political Science Review, 108(4), 723736.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saward, M. (2018). Liminal Representation. In Castiglione, D., & Pollak, J. (Eds.), Creating Political Presence: The New Politics of Democratic Representation (pp. 285306). University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Saward, M. (2019). Theorizing about Democracy. Democratic Theory, 6(2), 111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schakel, W., & Van Der Pas, D. (2021). Degrees of Influence: Educational Inequality in Policy Representation. European Journal of Political Research, 60(2), 418437.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schattschneider, E. E. (1942). Party Government. Transaction.Google Scholar
Schildkraut, D. J. (2013). The Complicated Constituency: A Study of Immigrant Opinions about Political Representation. Politics, Groups and Identities, 1(1), 2647.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwindt‐Bayer, L. A. (2009). Making Quotas Work: The Effect of Gender Quota Laws On the Election of Women. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 34(1), 528.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Searle, J. R. (1969). Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language (Vol. 626). Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slapin, J. B., Kirkland, J. H., Lazzaro, J. A., Leslie, P. A., & O’Grady, T. (2018). Ideology, Grandstanding, and Strategic Party Disloyalty in the British Parliament. American Political Science Review, 112(1), 1530.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sobolewska, M., McKee, R., & Campbell, R. (2018). Explaining Motivation to Represent: How Does Descriptive Representation Lead to Substantive Representation of Racial and Ethnic Minorities? West European Politics, 41(6), 12371261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soroka, S. N., & Wlezien, C. (2010). Degrees of Democracy: Politics, Public Opinion, and Policy. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Stimson, J. A. (1999). Public Opinion in America: Moods, Cycles, and Swings. Routledge.Google Scholar
Stimson, J. A., MacKuen, M. B., & Erikson, R. S. (1995). Dynamic Representation. American Political Science Review, 89(3), 543565.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strøm, K., Müller, W. C., Bergman, T., & Nyblade, B. (2003). Dimensions of Citizen Control. In Strøm, K., Müller, W. C., & Bergman, T. (Eds.), Delegation and Accountability in Parliamentary Democracies (pp. 651706). Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teele, D. L., Kalla, J., & Rosenbluth, F. (2018). The Ties That Double Bind: Social Roles and Women’s Underrepresentation in Politics. American Political Science Review, 112(3), 525541.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomassen, J., & van Ham, C. (2014). Failing Political Representation or a Change in Kind? Models of Representation and Empirical Trends in Europe. West European Politics, 37(2), 400419.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomassen, L. (2019). Representing the People: Laclau as a Theorist of Representation. New Political Science, 41(2), 329344.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomsen, D. M., & King, A. S. (2020). Women’s Representation and the Gendered Pipeline to Power. American Political Science Review, 114(4), 9891000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Truex, R. (2016). Making Autocracy Work: Representation and Responsiveness in Modern China. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Urbinati, N. (2011). Representative Democracy and Its Critics. In Alonso, S., Keane, J., & Merkel, W. (Eds.), The Future of Representative Democracy (pp. 2349). Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Urbinati, N. (2019). Representative Constructivism’s Conundrum. In Disch, L., van de Sande, M., & Urbinati, N. (Eds.), The Constructivist Turn in Political Representation (pp. 182201). Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Van Biezen, I. (2012). Constitutionalizing Party Democracy: The Constitutive Codification of Political Parties in Post-War Europe. British Journal of Political Science, 42(1), 187212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Evera, S. (2016). Guide to Methods for Students of Political Science. Cornell University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Ham, C., Thomassen, J. J., Aarts, K., & Andeweg, R. B. (2017). Myth and Reality of the Legitimacy Crisis: Explaining Trends and Cross-National Differences in Established Democracies. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walsh, K. C. (2002). Enlarging Representation: Women Bringing Marginalized Perspectives to Floor Debate in the House of Representatives. In Rosenthal, C. S. (Ed.), Women Transforming Congress (pp. 370396). University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar
Wängnerud, L. (2009). Women in Parliaments: Descriptive and Substantive Representation. Annual Review of Political Science, 12, 5169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ward, D., Kim, J. H., Graham, M., & Tavits, M. (2015). How Economic Integration Affects Party Issue Emphases. Comparative Political Studies, 48(10), 12271259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warren, M. E. (2017). A Problem-Based Approach to Democratic Theory. American Political Science Review, 111(1), 3953.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weber, M. (1978). Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology. University of California Press.Google Scholar
Weber, M. (2013). Economy and Society (Vol. 1). University of California Press.Google Scholar
Westphal, M. (2019). Overcoming the Institutional Deficit of Agonistic Democracy. Res Publica, 25(2), 187210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, J., & Ypi, L. (2016). The Meaning of Partisanship. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wojcik, S., & Mullenax, S. (2017). Men Idle, Women Network: How Networks Help Female Legislators Succeed. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 42(4), 579610.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolak, J. (2017). Public Expectations of State Legislators. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 42(2), 175209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolkenstein, F., & Wratil, C. (2021). Multidimensional Representation. American Journal of Political Science, 65(4), 862876.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wratil, C., & Wäckerle, J. (2023). Majority Representation and Public Legitimacy: Survey-Experimental Evidence from the European Union. European Journal of Political Research, 62(1), 285307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zollinger, D. (2024). Cleavage Identities in Voters’ Own Words: Harnessing Open‐Ended Survey Responses. American Journal of Political Science, 68(1), 139159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save element to Kindle

To save this element to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Political Representation as Communicative Practice
Available formats
×

Save element to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Political Representation as Communicative Practice
Available formats
×

Save element to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Political Representation as Communicative Practice
Available formats
×