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    • Publisher:
      Cambridge University Press
      Publication date:
      September 2012
      January 2005
      ISBN:
      9780511790829
      9780521592406
      9780521597418
      Dimensions:
      (228 x 152 mm)
      Weight & Pages:
      0.709kg, 388 Pages
      Dimensions:
      (228 x 152 mm)
      Weight & Pages:
      0.515kg, 388 Pages
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    Book description

    The international relations of the Middle East have long been dominated by uncertainty and conflict. External intervention, interstate war, political upheaval and interethnic violence are compounded by the vagaries of oil prices and the claims of military, nationalist and religious movements. The purpose of this book is to set this region and its conflicts in context, providing on the one hand a historical introduction to its character and problems, and on the other a reasoned analysis of its politics. In an engagement with both the study of the Middle East and the theoretical analysis of international relations, the author, who is one of the best known and most authoritative scholars writing on the region today, offers a compelling and original interpretation. Written in a clear, accessible and interactive style, the book is designed for students, policymakers, and the general reader.

    Reviews

    ‘A masterly survey by a scholar with a long and unusually rich personal experience of the region.‘

    E. Roger Owen - Harvard University

    'Mr Halliday offers an authoritative analysis of the armed conflict, social upheaval and political economics that formed the background to the attack on America in 2001 and the invasion of Iraq nearly two years later.'

    Source: The Economist

    ‘A most worthwhile study that should become compulsory reading for all students of the Middle East.‘

    Source: Contemporary Review

    'The Middle East in International Relations may well be regarded as his chef d'oeuvre, bringing together as it does not only the borad range of his earlier writings on the area but also a formidable array of other contributions.'

    Source: Asian Affairs

    'Firstly, Halliday arouses curiosity when he compares political theories to mushrooms: Some are eatable, some enjoyable and a third category is simply poisonous …Halliday explains particularly convincingly the reasons for the fast and thorough adoption of the exogenous ideology of nationalism in the Arabic region. … The real value of the chapter lies in the question that Halliday poses about which movements/phenomena/factors are international (inter-state) and which are truly trans-national. He answers this question in an extraordinarily conclusive way using the five case studies of nationalist movements, … a well thought through appendix of maps, charts, diagrams, and statistic information … The exquisitely comprehensive selection of sources by itself would justify the 'subsequent use'. This publication, therefore, belongs in every serious Near East library'

    Henner Fuertig

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    Contents

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    International Relations theory and the Middle East
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    The making of foreign policy: states and societies
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    Hudson, Michael, Arab Politics: the Search for Legitimacy, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977
    Kedourie, Elie, Politics in the Middle East, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992
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    Kienle, Eberhard, A Grand Delusion: Democracy and Economic Reform in Egypt, London: I. B. Tauris, 2001
    Korany, Baghat and Dessouki, Ali E. Hillal, eds., The Foreign Policies of Arab States, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1984
    Liebman, Charles and Don-Yehiya, Eliezer, Religion and Politics in Israel, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1984
    Lochery, Neil, The Difficult Road to Peace: Netanyahu, Israel and the Middle East Peace Process, Reading: Ithaca Press, 1999
    Luciani, Giacomo, ed., The Arab State, London: Routledge, 1990
    Milton-Edwards, Beverly, Contemporary Politics in the Middle East, Oxford: Polity Press, 1999
    Owen, Roger, State, Power and Politics in the Making of the Modern Middle East, second edition, London: Routledge, 2001
    Palestinian Society for the Study of International Affairs (PASSIA), The Foreign Policies of Arab States, Jerusalem: PASSIA, 1997
    Salamé, Ghassan, ed., Democracy without Democrats? The Renewal of Politics in the Muslim World, London: I. B. Tauris, 1994
    Sharabi, Hisham, Neo-Patriarchy: a Theory of Distorted Change in Arab Society, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988
    Spiegel, Steven, The Other Arab–Israeli Dispute: Making America's Middle East Policy from Truman to Reagan, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985
    The modern Middle East: state formation and world war
    Abrahamian, Ervand, Iran Between Two Revolutions, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982
    Antonius, George, The Arab Awakening: the Story of the Arab National Movement, first published 1938; reprinted Capricorn, 1965
    Aroian, Lois and Mitchell, R. P., The Modern Middle East and North Africa, London: Macmillan, 1984
    Berkes, Niyazi, The Development of Secularism in Turkey, Toronto: McGill University Press, 1964
    Cleveland, William, A History of the Modern Middle East, second edition, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2000
    Cobban, Helena, The Making of Modern Lebanon, London: Hutchinson, 1985
    Hourani, Albert, A History of the Arab Peoples, London: Faber and Faber, 1991
    Keddie, Nikki, Roots of Revolution: an Interpretive History of Modern Iran, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981
    Kedourie, Elie, England and the Middle East: the Destruction of the Ottoman Empire, 1914–1921, London: Bowes and Bowes, 1956
    Lenczowski, George, The Middle East in World Affairs, fourth edition, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1980
    Lewis, Bernard, The Arabs in History, sixth edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993
    Lewis, Bernard, The Emergence of Modern Turkey, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1961
    Lewis, Bernard, ‘The Impact of the French Revolution on Turkey’, Journal of World History, vol. 1, 1953
    Lewis, Bernard, The Middle East: 2000 Years of History from the Rise of Christianity to the Present Day, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1995
    Lucas, Noah, The Modern History of Israel, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1974
    Lustick, Ian, Unsettled States, Disputed Lands: Britain and Ireland, France and Algeria, Israel and the West Bank–Gaza, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993.
    al-Naqeeb, Khaldoun, Society and State in the Arab Gulf area Arabian Peninsula, London: Routledge, 1990
    Ovendale, Ritchie, The Longman Companion to the Middle East since 1914, second edition, London: Longman, 1998
    Pipes, Daniel, Greater Syria: the History of an Ambition, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990
    Salibi, Kamal, A House of Many Mansions: the History of Lebanon Reconsidered, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989
    Schulze, Reinhard, A Modern History of the Islamic World, London: I. B. Tauris, 2000
    Stein, L., The Balfour Declaration, London: Vallentine, Mitchell, 1961
    Sykes, Christopher, Crossroads to Israel, London: Collins, 1965
    Tibi, Bassam, Arab Nationalism: a Critical Enquiry, edited and translated by Marion Farouk-Sluglett and Peter Sluglett, London: Macmillan 1990
    Tibi, Bassam, Die Verschwörung: Das Trauma arabischer Politik, second edition, Frankfurt: DTB Verlag, 1994
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    Charles Tripp and Roger Owen, eds., Egypt under Mubarak, London: Routledge, 1989
    Vatikiotis, P., The Modern History of Egypt, London: Weidenfeld, 1969
    Yapp, Malcolm, The Near East since the First World War, London: Longman, 1991
    The Cold War: global conflict, regional upheavals
    Bill, James, The Eagle and the Lion: the Tragedy of American–Iranian Relations, London: Yale University Press, 1988
    Cottam, Richard, Iran and the United States: a Cold War Case Study, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1988
    Ehteshami, Anoushivaran and Hinnebusch, Raymond, Syria and Iran, London: Routledge, 1997
    Fisk, Robert, Pity the Nation: the Abduction of Lebanon, London: Atheneum, 1990
    Gendzier, Irene, Notes from the Minefield: United States Intervention in Lebanon and the Middle East, 1945–1958, New York: Columbia University Press, 1997
    Goode, James, The United States and Iran: In the Shadow of Musaddiq, London: Macmillan, 1997
    Heikal, Mohamed, The Autumn of Fury: the Assassination of Sadat, London: Deutsch, 1983
    Heikal, Mohamed, The Sphinx and the Commissar: the Rise and Fall of Soviet Influence in the Middle East, London: André Deutsch, 1978
    Hirst, David, Sadat, London: Faber and Faber, 1983
    Keddie, Nikki and Gasiorowski, Mark, eds., Neither East nor West: Iran, the Soviet Union, and the United States, London: Yale University Press, 1990
    Kerr, Malcolm, The Arab Cold War, third edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971
    Kuniholm, Bruce, The Origins of the Cold War in the Near East, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980
    Louis, W. R. and Owen, R. eds., A Revolutionary Year: the Middle East in 1958, London: I. B. Tauris, 2002
    Quandt, William, Decade of Decisions: American Policy Toward the Arab–Israeli Conflict, 1967–1976, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977
    Rathmell, Andrew, Secret War in the Middle East: the Covert Struggle for Syria, 1949–1961, London: I. B. Tauris, 1995
    Rubin, Barry, The Great Powers in the Middle East, 1941–1947, London: Frank Cass, 1981
    Rubin, Barry, Paved with Good Intentions: Iran and the American Experience, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980
    Sayigh, Yezid and Shlaim, Avi, eds., The Cold War and the Middle East, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997
    Schulze, Kirsten, Israel's Covert Diplomacy in Lebanon, London: Macmillan, 1998
    Seale, Patrick, The Struggle for Syria, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1965
    Taylor, Alan, The Superpowers and the Middle East, Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1991
    Wehling, Fred, Irresolute Princes: Kremlin Decision-making in Middle East Crises, 1967–1973, New York: St Martin's Press, 1997.
    After the Cold War: the maturing of the Greater West Asian Crisis
    Cockburn, Andrew and Cockburn, Patrick, Out of the Ashes: the Resurrection of Saddam Hussein, London: Verso, 2000
    Dalacoura, Katerina, Engagement or Coercion? Weighing Western Human Rights Policies towards Turkey, Iran and Egypt, London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 2004
    Dwyer, Kevin, Arab Voices: the Human Rights Debate in the Middle East, London: Routledge, 1991
    Freedman, Robert, ed., The Middle East and the Peace Process: the Impact of the Oslo Accords, Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1998
    Fuller, Graham, Turkey's New Geopolitics: From the Balkans to Western China, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1993
    Graham-Brown, Sarah, Sanctioning Saddam: the Politics of Intervention in Iraq, London: I. B. Tauris, 1999
    Guazzone, Laura, The Middle East in Global Change: the Politics and Economics of Interdependence versus Fragmentation, London: Macmillan, 1997
    Hudson, Michael, ed., Middle East Dilemmas: the Politics and Economics of Arab Integration, London: I. B. Tauris, 1999
    Junemann, Annette, ed., Euro-Mediterranean Relations after September 11, London: Frank Cass, 2003
    Kepel, Gilles, Jihad: the Trail of Political Islam, London: I. B. Tauris, 2002
    Litwak, Robert, Rogue States and US Foreign Policy: Containment after the Cold War, Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2000
    Marr, Phoebe and Lewis, William, eds., Riding the Tiger: the Middle East Challenge after the Cold War, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1993
    Mayer, Ann Elizabeth, Islam and Human Rights: Tradition and Politics, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1999
    Niblock, Tim, ‘Pariah States’ and Sanctions in the Middle East: Iraq, Libya, Sudan, Boulder, CO: Lynne Reinner, 2001
    Nizameddin, Talal, Russia and the Middle East: Towards a New Foreign Policy, London: C. J. Hurst, 1999
    Roberson, Barbara A., ed., The Middle East and Europe: the Power Deficit, London: Routledge, 1998
    Ruthven, Malise, A Fury for God: the Islamist Attack on America, London: Granta, 2002
    Sifry, Micah and Cerf, Christopher, The Gulf War Reader: History, Documents, Opinions, New York: Times Books, 1991
    Military conflict: war, revolt, strategic rivalry
    Abdel-Malek, Anouar, Egypt: Military Society, New York: Random House, 1968
    Aburish, Saïd K., Saddam Hussein: the Politics of Revenge, London: Bloomsbury, 2000
    Baram, Amatzia and Rubin, Barry, eds., Iraq's Road to War, London: Macmillan, 1994
    Barnett, Michael, Confronting the Costs of War: Military Power, State, and Society in Egypt and Israel, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992
    Chubin, Shahram and Tripp, Charles, Iran and Iraq at War, London: I. B. Tauris, 1988
    Feldman, Shai, Nuclear Weapons and Arms Control in the Middle East, London: MIT Press, 1997
    Freedman, Lawrence and Karsh, Efraim, The Gulf Conflict 1990–1991: Diplomacy and War in the New World Order, London: Faber and Faber, 1993
    Heikal, Mohamed, The Road to Ramadan, London: Collins, 1975
    Karpat, Kemal, Turkish Foreign Policy: Recent Developments, Madison: Wisconsin University Press, 1996
    Leitenberg, Milton and Sheffer, Gabriel, Great Power Intervention in the Middle East, Oxford: Pergamon, 1979
    Mohamedou, Mohammad-Mahmoud, Iraq and the Second Gulf War: State Building and Regime Security, San Francisco: Austin and Winfield, 1998
    Sadowski, Yahya, Scuds or Butter? The Political Economy of Arms Control in the Middle East, Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1993
    Sayigh, Yezid, Armed Struggle and the Search for a State: the Palestinian National Movement, 1949–1993, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997
    Shlaim, Avi, Collusion across the Jordan: King Abdullah, the Zionist Movement and the Partition of Palestine, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988
    Modern ideologies: political and religious
    Abrahamian, Ervand, Khomeinism, London: I. B. Tauris, 1993
    Ajami, Fuad, The Arab Predicament: Arab Political Thought and Practice since 1967, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981
    Ajami, Fuad, The Dream Palace of the Arabs: a Generation's Odyssey, New York: Pantheon, 1998
    Akhavi, Shahrough, Religion and Politics in Iran, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1981
    Avineri, Shlomo, The Making of Modern Zionism: the Intellectual Origins of the Jewish State, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1982
    Boroujerdi, Mehrzad, Iranian Intellectuals and the West: the Tormented Triumph of Nativism, Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1996
    Brumberg, Daniel, Reinventing Khomeini: the Struggle for Reform in Iran, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001
    Christison, Kathleen, Perceptions of Palestine: Their Influence on US Middle East Policy, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999
    Cottam, Richard, Nationalism in Iran, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1964
    Cruise O'Brien, Conor, The Siege: the Saga of Israel and Zionism, London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1986
    Dawisha, Adeed, Arab Nationalism in the Twentieth Century: From Triumph to Despair, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002
    Dawisha, Adeed, Islam in Foreign Policy, London: Royal Institute of International Affairs and Cambridge University Press, 1983
    Elon, Amos, The Israelis, Harmondsworth: Pelican, 1981
    Gershoni, Israel and Jankowski, James, eds., Rethinking Nationalism in the Arab Middle East, New York: Columbia University Press, 1997
    Gilsenan, Michael, Recognizing Islam, London: Croom Helm, 1982
    Haim, Sylvia, ed., Arab Nationalism: an Anthology, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1964
    Halliday, Fred, Islam and the Myth of Confrontation, London: I. B. Tauris, 1996
    Halliday, Fred, Nation and Religion in the Middle East, London: Saqi, 2000
    Halliday, Fred, Revolution and Foreign Policy: the Case of South Yemen, 1967–1987, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990
    Hourani, Albert, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age 1798–1939, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1967
    Husain, Mir Zohair, Global Islamic Politics, New York: HarperCollins, 1995
    Jankowski, James and Gershoni, Israel, eds., Rethinking Nationalism in the Arab Middle East, New York: Columbia University Press, 1997
    Keddie, Nikki, Iran and the Muslim World: Resistance and Revolution, London: Macmillan, 1995
    Kepel, Gilles, Muslim Extremism in Egypt: the Prophet and the Pharoah, London: Zed Books, 1985
    Kepel, Gilles, The Revenge of God: the Resurgence of Islam, Christianity and Judaism in the Modern World, Cambridge: Polity Press, 1994
    Khalidi, Rashid, Palestinian Identity: the Construction of Modern National Consciousness, New York: Columbia University Press, 1997
    Khalidi, Rashid, Lisa Anderson, Muhammad Muslih and Reeva S. Simon, eds., The Origins of Arab Nationalism, New York: Columbia University Press, 1991
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    Kishtainy, Khalid, Arab Political Humour, London: Quartet, 1983
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    Moin, Baqer, Khomeini, Sign of God, London: I. B. Tauris, 1993
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    Piscatori, James, ed., Islamic Fundamentalism and the Gulf Crisis, Chicago: The Fundamentalism Project, University of Chicago Press, 1991
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    Ruthven, Malise, Islam in the World, second edition, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 2000
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    Tibi, Bassam, Arab Nationalism: a Critical Enquiry, third edition, London: Macmillan, 1990
    Tibi, Bassam, The Challenge of Fundamentalism: Political Islam and the New World Disorder, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997
    Zubaida, Sami, Islam, the People and the State, London: Routledge, 1993
    Challenges to the state: transnational movements
    Abdelnasser, Walid, The Islamic Movement in Egypt: Perceptions of International Relations, 1967–1981, London: Kegan Paul International, 1994
    Abdo, Geneive, No God But God: Egypt and the Triumph of Islam, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000
    Abrahamian, Ervand, The Iranian Mojahidin, London: I. B. Tauris, 1989
    Abu-Amr, Ziad, Islamic Fundamentalism in the West Bank and Gaza: Muslim Brotherhood and Islamic Jihad, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994
    Ayubi, Nazih, Political Islam: Religion and Politics in the Arab World, London: Routledge, 1991
    Batatu, Hanna, The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978
    Behrooz, Maziar, Rebels with a Cause: the Failure of the Left in Iran, London: I. B. Tauris, 1999
    Beinin, Joel, Was the Red Flag Flying There?: Marxist Politics and the Arab–Israeli Conflict in Egypt and Israel, 1948–1965, London: I. B. Tauris, 1990
    Beinin, Joel and Lockman, Zachary, Workers on the Nile, 1882–1954, London: I. B. Tauris, 1988
    Chaliand, Gerard, The Kurdish Tragedy, London: Zed Books, 1994
    Chaliand, Gerard and Ternon, Yves, The Armenians: From Genocide to Resistance, London: Zed Books, 1980
    Cole, Juan and Keddie, Nikki, eds., Shi'ism and Social Protest, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986
    Dalacoura, Katerina, Islam, Liberalism and Human Rights, London: I. B. Tauris, 1999
    Do leu Pinto, Maria, Political Islam and the United States, Reading: Ithaca Press, 1999
    Eickleman, Dale and Piscatori, James, Muslim Politics, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996
    Enayat, Hamid, Modern Islamic Thought, London: Macmillan, 1982
    Esposito, John, ed., The Iranian Revolution: Its Global Impact, Miami: Florida International University Press, 1990
    Fandy, Mamoun, Saudi Arabia and the Politics of Dissent, London: Macmillan, 1999
    Fuller, Graham and Francke, Rend, The Arab Shi'a: the Forgotten Muslims, London: Macmillan, 2000
    Gerges, Fawaz, America and Political Islam: Clash of Cultures or Clash of Interests?, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999
    Hafez, Mohammed, Why Muslims Rebel: Repression and Resistance in the Islamic World, Boulder, CO: Lynne Reinner, 2003
    Halliday, Fred, Arabia without Sultans, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1974; reprinted London: Saqi, 2001
    Hourani, Albert, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, 1798–1939, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1961
    Khamsin, ed., Forbidden Agendas: Intolerance and Defiance in the Middle East, London: Saqi, 1984
    Laqueur, Walter, Communism and Nationalism in the Middle East, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1956
    Lockman, Zachary, Comrades and Enemies: Arab and Jewish Workers in Palestine, 1906–1948, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996
    Lockman, Zachary and Beinin, Joel, Intifadha: the Palestinian Uprising against Israeli Occupation, London: I. B. Tauris, 1990
    Lustick, Ian, For the Land and the Lord: Jewish Fundamentalism in Israel, New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1988
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    Rodinson, Maxime, Cult, Ghetto and State, London: Zed Books, 1983
    Rubin, Barry, The Transformation of Palestinian Politics: From Revolution to State-Building, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999
    Schulze, Kirsten, Martin Stokes and Colm Campbel, Nationalism, Minorities and Diasporas: Identities and Rights in the Middle East, London: I. B. Tauris, 1996
    Tawil, Raymonda Hawa, My Home, My Prison, London: Zed Books, 1983
    Vali, Abbas, Modernity and the Stateless: the Kurdish Question in Iran, London: I. B. Tauris, 2000
    el-Wazir, Hanan, ‘De la révolution à la construction d'un état: le Mouvement de Libération Nationale de la Palestine (le Fatah) et l'Autorité National Palestinienne, Ph. D. thesis, Department of Political Sciences, University of Geneva, 2000
    Yamani, Mai, Changed Identities: the Challenge of the New Generation in Saudi Arabia, London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 2000
    International political economy: regional and global
    Allan, Tony, The Middle East Water Question: Hydropolitics and the Global Economy, London: I. B. Tauris, 2001
    Amin, Galal, Whatever Happened to the Egyptians? Change in Egyptian Society from 1959 to the Present, Cairo: American University of Cairo Press, 2000
    Amuzegar, Jahangir, Managing the Oil Wealth: OPEC's Windfalls and Pitfalls, London: I. B. Tauris, 1999
    Ayubi, Nazih, ed., Distant Neighbours: the Political Economy of Relations between Europe and the Middle East/North Africa, Reading: Ithaca Press, 1995
    Beblawi, Hazem, and Luciani, Giacomo, eds., The Rentier State, London: Croom Helm, 1987
    Birks, J. S. and Sinclair, C. A., Arab Manpower: the Crisis of Development, London: Croom Helm, 1980
    Hakimian, Hassan and Moshaver, Ziba, eds., The State and Global Change: the Political Economy of Transition in the Middle East and North Africa, London: Curzon Press, 2000
    Henry, Clement M. and Springborg, Robert, Globalization and the Politics of Development in the Middle East, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001
    Issawi, Charles, An Economic History of the Middle East and North Africa, New York: Columbia University Press, 1982
    Karl, Terry Lynn, The Paradox of Plenty: Oil Boom and Petrostates, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997
    Kerr, Malcolm and el-Yassin, Sayed, eds., Rich and Poor in the Middle East, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1982
    Keyder, Caglar, State and Class in Turkey: a Study in Capitalist Development, London: Verso, 1987
    Kubursi, Afif, Oil, Industrialization and Development in the Arab Gulf States, London: Croom Helm, 1984
    Niblock, Tim and Murphy, Emma, eds., Economic and Political Liberalization in the Middle East, London: British Academic Press, 1993
    Owen, Roger and Pamuk, Sevket, A History of Middle East Economies in the Twentieth Century, London: I. B. Tauris, 1998
    Richards, Alan and Waterbury, John, A Political Economy of the Middle East, second edition, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1998
    Rodinson, Maxime, Islam and Capitalism, London: Allen Lane, 1974
    Rumaihi, Muhammad, Beyond Oil: Unity and Development in the Gulf. London: Saqi, 1986
    Stork, Joe, Middle East Oil and the Energy Crisis, New York: Monthly Review, 1975
    Vandewalle, Dirk, Libya since Independence: Oil and State-building London: I. B. Tauris, 1998
    Waterbury, John, The Egypt of Nasser and Sadat: the Political Economy of Two Regimes, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983
    Wilson, Rodney, Economic Development in the Middle East, London: Routledge, 1995
    The Middle East in international perspective
    Arab Human Development Report 2002, Geneva and New York: UNDP, 2002, http://www.undp.org/rbas/ahdr
    Cammack, Paul, Pool, David and Tordoff, William, Third World Politics: a Comparative Introduction, London: Macmillan, 1988
    Dodge, Toby and Higgott, Richard, Globalization and the Middle East: Islam, Economy, Society and Politics, London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 2002
    Halliday, Fred, The World at 2000, London: Palgrave, 2000
    Khalidi, Rashid, Resurrecting Empire. Western Footprints and America's Perilous Path in the Middle East, London: I. B. Tauris, 2004
    Roberts, John, Visions and Mirages: the Middle East in a New Era, Edinburgh: Mainstream, 1995

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