Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-s22k5 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-13T00:06:20.377Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

26 - Sustainable development in Pakistan: Vulnerabilities and opportunities

from Part II - Sustainable Development: Challenges and Opportunities

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 December 2021

By
Safdar Ullah Khan ,
Zafar Manzoor ,
Gulasekaran Rajaguru  and
shabib haider syed
Edited by
Pak Sum Low
Pak Sum Low
Affiliation:
Xiamen University Malaysia
Get access

Summary

Pakistan, like many other developing countries, has not been able to meet the United Nations Millennium Development Goals of 2015, largely because of weak institutions and a lack of policy enforcement. Pakistan has been a front-line state in the war against terrorism and is currently facing serious challenges owing to its new geopolitical settings. In this chapter, we present current trends of many development indicators directly or indirectly related to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 2030 and attempt to establish causal linkages among key indicators. The findings reveal important insights into the interconnectedness of various indicators, which may be useful in guiding appropriate policy actions to successfully achieve the objectives of sustainable development in Pakistan.

Keywords

Pakistan;Millennium Development Goals;Sustainable Development Goals;interconnectedness of sustainable development indicators;vector autoregressive (VAR);Granger causality;climate change
Type
Chapter
Information
Sustainable Development: Asia-Pacific Perspectives , pp. 339 - 358
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abbasi, A., Mehmood, F., Wasti, A., Kamal, M. and Fatima, Z. (2017) Rethinking Pakistan’s energy equation: Iran-Pakistan gas pipeline. Sustainable Development Policy, 5(2), 1–12.Google Scholar
Ahmed, K. and Long, W. (2012) Environmental Kuznets curve and Pakistan: An empirical analysis. Procedia Economics and Finance, 1, 4–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alam, S., Fatima, A. and Bhatti, M. S. (2012) Sustainable development in Pakistan in the context of energy consumption demand and environmental degradation. Journal of Asian Economics, 18(5), 825–837.Google Scholar
Ali, M. (2017) Implementing the 2030 Agenda in Pakistan: the critical role of enabling environment in the mobilization of domestic and external resources. Discussion Paper 14/2017, German Development Institute. Bonn. https://www.die-gdi.de/uploads/media/DP_14.2017.pdfGoogle Scholar
Ansari, A. K. and Unar, I. N. (2011) Sustainable development indicators for energy in Pakistan. Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development, 2(6), 25–38.Google Scholar
Arshad, M., Kachele, H. and Krupnik, T. J. (2017) Climate variability, farmland value and farmers’ perception of climate change: implications for adaptation in rural Pakistan. International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Energy, 24(6), 532–544.Google Scholar
Asian Development Bank (2017) Climate Change Profile of Pakistan. https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/357876/climate-change-profile-pakistan.pdfGoogle Scholar
Ki-moon, Ban (2016) Secretary General’s remarks to the press at COP22. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/blog/2016/11/secretary-generals-remarks-to-the-press-at-cop22/Google Scholar
Bano, I. and Arshad, M. (2018) Climatic changes impact on water availability. In Arshad, M. (ed.), Perspectives on Water Usage for Biofuels Production: Aquatic Contamination and Climate Change, pp. 39–54. Springer, Cham. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978–3-319–66408-8_2Google Scholar
Deneulin, S. and Shahani, L. (2009) An Introduction to the Human Development and Capability Approach: Freedom and Agency. London, Earthscan, IDRC (International Development Research Centre).Google Scholar
Dickey, D. A. and Fuller, W. A. (1979) Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74(366a), 427–431.Google Scholar
Eni (2018) World Oil Review 2018, Volume 1. Rome, Italy, Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi (ENI). https://www.eni.com/assets/documents/documents-en/WORLD-OIL-REVIEW-2018-Volume-1.pdfGoogle Scholar
Faisal, F. (2017) Sustainability: an imperative for improving governance and management in Pakistan. Pakistan Social and Economic Review, 55(1), 53–78.Google Scholar
Falkenmark, M. (1986) Freshwater – time for a modified approach. Ambio, 15, 192–200.Google Scholar
Fashina, A., Mundu, M., Akiyode, O., Abdullah, L., Sanni, D. and Ounyesiga, L. (2018) The drivers and barriers of renewable energy applications and development: a review. Clean Technologies, 1(1), 3.Google Scholar
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (2016) Global Forest Resources Assessment. How Are the World’s Forests Changing? (Second edition). Rome, FAO. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4793e.pdfGoogle Scholar
Global Terrorism Database (2017) Terrorism. Our World in Data website: https://ourworldindata.org/terrorism#global-terrorism-database-gtd-and-bruce-hoffman.Google Scholar
Hanif, U., Syed, S. H., Ahmad, R. and Malik, K. A. (2010) Economic impact of climate change on the agricultural sector of Punjab. Pakistan Development Review, 49(4), 771–798. http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/2010/Volume4/771–798.pdfGoogle Scholar
Haq, R. (2017) Pakistan Way Off Track on Millennium Development Goals. https://tribune.com.pk/story/1391752/depressed-data-pakistan-way-off-track-mdgsGoogle Scholar
IEA (International Energy Agency) Statistics (1990–2016) CO2 emissions per capita. CO2 emissions from fuel combustion only. Emissions are calculated using IEA’s energy balances and the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. https://www.iea.org/statistics/index.html?country=WORLD&year=2016&category=Emissions&indicator=CO2ByPop&mode=chart&dataTable=INDICATORSGoogle Scholar
Janjua, P. Z., Samad, G., Khan, N. U. and Nasir, M. (2010) Impact of climate change on wheat production: a case study of Pakistan. The Pakistan Development Review, 49(4), 799–822.Google Scholar
Javed, M. S., Raza, R., Hassan, I., Saeed, R., Shaheen, N., Iqbal, J. and Shaukat, S. F. (2016) The energy crisis in Pakistan: a possible solution via biomass-based waste. Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 8(4), 043102. https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.4959974Google Scholar
Kabeer, N. (2010) Can the MDGs provide a pathway to social justice? The challenges of intersecting inequalities. Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, Brighton UK and UN MDG Achievement Fund, NY, USA 10017. https://www.ids.ac.uk/files/dmfile/MDGreportwebsiteu2WC.pdfGoogle Scholar
Kathena, I. N. and Sheefni, J. P. (2017) The relationship between economic growth and crime rates in Namibia. European Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 4(1), 2,059–3,058.Google Scholar
Khan, I. (2011) Corruption bigger hurdle than terror for Pakistan progress: EU. The Pakistan Development Review, 27, 959–985.Google Scholar
Khan, K., Ashraf, C.M. and Faridi, R. (2011) Climate Change Effect on the Hunza Lake and Geomorphologic Status of the Hunza River Basin, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. Retrieved 2 July 2018. https://www.pref.ibaraki.jp/soshiki/seikatsukankyo/kasumigauraesc/04_kenkyu/kaigi/docments/kosyou/14/2011wlc_Khalidakhan.pdfGoogle Scholar
Lead (2016) Sustainable Development Goals: 2015–2030. http://www.lead.org.pk/lead/attachments/sdgflyer_english.pdfGoogle Scholar
Luo, T., Young, R. and Reig, P. (2015) Aqueduct Projected Water Stress Country Rankings. Technical Note. Washington, DC, World Resources Institute. www.wri.org/publication/aqueduct-projected-water-stresscountry-rankingsGoogle Scholar
Ministry of Climate Change (2015) Achievements of the Ministry of Climate Change. http://mocc.gov.pk/moclc/userfiles1/file/Final%20Report%20MOCC%20–2%20years-%2005_10_2015%20(1)Google Scholar
Ministry of Climate Change. (2016) Pakistan’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (PAK-INDC), Government of Pakistan. http://www.mocc.gov.pk/frmDetails.aspx https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/submissions/INDC/Published%20Documents/Pakistan/1/Pak-INDC.pdfGoogle Scholar
Ministry of Finance (2017) Pakistan Economic Survey 2016–17. Government of Pakistan. http://finance.gov.pk/survey_1617.html http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapters_17/Pakistan_ES_2016_17_pdf.pdfGoogle Scholar
Ministry of Finance (2018) Pakistan Economic Survey 2017–18. Government of Pakistan. http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapters_18/Economic_Survey_2017_18.pdfGoogle Scholar
Ministry of Water Resources (2018) National Water Policy 2018. Ministry of Water Resources. http://waterbeyondborders.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Pakistan-National-Water-Policy-2018.pdfGoogle Scholar
Government of Pakistan. April 2018. https://www.mowr.gov.pk/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/National-Water-policy-2018–2.pdfGoogle Scholar
Mir, K. A., Purohit, P. and Mehmood, S. (2017) Sectoral assessment of greenhouse gas emissions in Pakistan. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(35), 27,345–27,355.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mulok, D., Kogid, M., Lily, J. and Asid, R. (2016) The relationship between crime and economic growth in Malaysia: re-examine using bound test approach. Malaysian Journal of Business and Economics, 3(1), 15–26.Google Scholar
Nadeem, S. and McArthur, J. M. (2018) Arsenic and other water-quality issues affecting groundwater, Indus Plain. Hydrological Processes, 32(9), 1,235–1,253.Google Scholar
Naheed, S., Raza, I., Hassan, T., Muhammad, Z. and Fatima, A. (2015) Impact of climate change on livestock composition in Pakistan. Science, Technology and Development, 34(4), 270–273.Google Scholar
Northrup, B. and Klaer, J. (2002) Effects of GDP on violent crime. The Journal of Law and Economics, 45(1), 1–39.Google Scholar
PBS (Pakistan Bureau of Statistics) (2019) Macroeconomic indicators. http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//tables/Table-1_0.pdfGoogle Scholar
Pakistan Economic Forum (2015) Water Panel Draft Report 2015. https://www.wrdc.com.pk/Documents/WaterReport2015.pdfGoogle Scholar
Pakistan Institute for Parliamentary Services (2014) National MDGs orientation for parliamentary task forces. Retrieved 2 July 2018. http://www.na.gov.pk/mdgs/MDGs-BOOKLET.PDFGoogle Scholar
Pakistan Statistical Year Book (2017) Social & Culture. Retrieved from Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//other/Pakistan_Statistical_yearbook_2017.pdf.Google Scholar
Panda, S., Chakraborty, M. and Misra, S. K. (2016) Assessment of social sustainable development in urban India by a composite index. International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment, 5(2), 435–450.Google Scholar
Phillips, P. C. and Perron, P. (1988) Testing for a unit root in time series regression. Biometrika, 75(2), 335–346.Google Scholar
Rehman, S. A., Cai, Y., Mirjat, N. H., Walasai, G. D., Shah, I. A. and Ali, S. (2017) The future of sustainable energy production in Pakistan: a system dynamics-based approach for estimating Hubbert Peaks. Energies, 10(1,858), 1–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rios, V. (2016) The Impact of Crime and Violence on Economic Sector Diversity. Washington, DC, The Wilson Center. Unpublished.Google Scholar
Spielman, D. J., Richard, J., Clay, R. and Soy, R. (2016) Agriculture and the Rural Economy in Pakistan: Issues, Outlooks, and Policy Priorities. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
State Bank of Pakistan (2017) Annual Report 2016–2017 (State of the Economy). Chapter 7, Water sustainability in Pakistan: Key issues and challenges. http://www.sbp.org.pk/reports/annual/arFY17/Chapter-07.pdfGoogle Scholar
Syed, S H. and Ahmad, E. (2013) Poverty, inequality, political instability and property crimes in Pakistan: a time series analysis. Asian Journal of Law and Economics, 4(1–2), 1–28.Google Scholar
Transparency International (2018) Pakistan. https://www.transparency.org/country/PAKGoogle Scholar
UNDP (2003) Human Development Report 2003: Millennium Development Goals: A Compact among Nations to End Human Poverty. New York, UNDP.Google Scholar
UNDP (2015) Millennium Development Goals. http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdfGoogle Scholar
UNDP (2017) The Sustainable Development Goals Report. https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2017/Google Scholar
UNODC (2015) Accounting for Security and Justice in the Post-2015 Development Agenda. http://www.unodc.org/documents/about-unodc/Post-2015-Development-Agenda/UNODC_-_Accounting_for_Security_and_Justice_in_the_Post-2015_Development_Agenda.pdfGoogle Scholar
Valasai, G. D., Uqaili, M. A., Memon, H. R., Samoo, S. R., Mirjat, N. H. and Harijan, K. (2017) Overcoming electricity crisis in Pakistan: a review of sustainable electricity options. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 72, 734–745.Google Scholar
Vorrath, J. and Beisheim, M. (2015) Organized crime in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. https://www.swp-berlin.org/fileadmin/contents/products/comments/2015C45_vrr_bsh.pdfGoogle Scholar
WCED (World Commission on Environment and Development) (1987) Our Common Future, Brundtland, G. H. (ed.), Oxford, UK, Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
World Bank (2017) World Development Report. http://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/Worldbank/Publications/WDR/WDR%202016/WDR2016_overview_presentation.pdfGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×