Published online by Cambridge University Press: 03 June 2021
Those who live under the law are civilians; those who live beyond it are barbarians. ‘Law makes men free in the political arena, just as reason makes men free in the universe as a whole.’ Barbarians, therefore, are slaves, since they live in a world from which the operation of arbitrary individual will has not been eliminated. Law compels men to be free. In this paradox is to be found the nucleus of modern European theories of freedom, from Locke to Rousseau and beyond. But it was a common conception long before it received its articulation as an integral element in a comprehensive political philosophy.
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