The Martian Surface: Composition, Mineralogy and Physical Properties

doi:10.1017/CBO9780511536076

Phenomenal new observations from Earth-based telescopes and Mars-based orbiters, landers, and rovers have dramatically advanced our understanding of the past environments on Mars. These include the first global-scale infrared and reflectance spectroscopic maps of the surface, leading to the discovery of key minerals indicative of specific past climate conditions; the discovery of large reservoirs of subsurface water ice; and the detailed in situ roving investigations of three new landing sites. This an important, new overview of the compositional and mineralogic properties of Mars since the last major study published in 1992. An exciting resource for all researchers and students in planetary science, astronomy, space exploration, planetary geology, and planetary geochemistry where specialized terms are explained to be easily understood by all who are just entering the field.

"On the whole, this is a strongly multidisciplinary reference book that contains a lot of technical information, all pitched at a high scientific standard. The bulk o fit may at first seem inaccessible to non-experts. However, most of the papers are written in such a way as to make it possible for the non-expert to gloss over the details, while still developing a feel for the essential points. Anyone with some background in planetary science, geochemistry, astronomy, astriobiology or space exploration stands to learn an extensive amount about the state of the art in Mars science at present. ...A reference book like this would...be great to have at hand for both experts and students, as we follow the progress of our next European mission towards finding a destination on the surface of Mars." - Danielle Wills, Astrobiology Society of Britain

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Contents

Frontmatter
pp i-vi
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Contents
pp vii-ix
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List of contributors
pp x-xiv
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Foreword
pp xv-xvi
- By James B. Garvin, NASA Chief Scientist for Mars Exploration, 2000–2005, Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, MD
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Acknowledgments
pp xvii-xviii
- By Jim Bell, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
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Part I - Introduction and historical perspective
pp 1-2
- By Jim Bell, Associate Professor Department of Astronomy Cornell University
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1 - Exploration of the Martian surface: 1992–2007
pp 3-19
- By L. A. Soderblom, US Geological Survey, 2255 North Gemini Drive Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA, J. F. Bell III, Cornell University, Department of Astronomy, 402 Space Sciences Building, Ithaca, NY 14853-6801, USA
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2 - Historical context: the pre-MGS view of Mars' surface composition
pp 20-30
- By W. M. Calvin, Department of Geological Science, MS 172, University of Nevada Reno, NV 89557-0138, USA, J. F. Bell III, Cornell University, Department of Astronomy, 402 Space Sciences Building, Ithaca, NY 14853-6801, USA
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Part II - Elemental Composition: Orbital and in situ Surface Measurements
pp 31-32
- By Jim Bell, Associate Professor, Department of Astronomy, Cornell University
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3 - Martian surface chemistry: APXS results from the Pathfinder landing site
pp 33-57
- By C. N. Foley, Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institute of Washington, 5241 Broad Branch Road, NW Washington, DC 20015-1305, USA, T. E. Economou, Laboratory for Astrophysics & Space Res. University of Chicago, 933 East 56th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA, R. N. Clayton, Enrico Fermi Institute, 5640 S. Ellis Avenue, RI 440 Chicago, IL 60637, USA, J. Brückner, Geochemistry Department, Max Planck Institut für Chemie, PO Box 3060, Mainz D-55020, Germany, G. Dreibus, Cosmochemistry Deparment, Max Planck Institut für Chemie, PO Box 3060, Mainz D-55020, Germany, R. Rieder, Cosmochemistry Deparment, Max Planck Institut für Chemie, PO Box 3060, Mainz D-55020, Germany, H. Wänke, Abteilung Kosmochemie Max Planck Institut für Chemie, PO Box 3060, Mainz D-55020, Germany
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4 - Mars Exploration Rovers: chemical composition by the APXS
pp 58-102
- By J. Brückner, Geochemistry Department, Max Planck Institut für Chemie, PO Box 3060, Mainz D-55020, Germany, G. Dreibus, Cosmochemistry Deparment, Max Planck Institut für Chemie, PO Box 3060, Mainz D-55020, Germany, R. Gellert, Department of Physics, University of Guelph Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada, S. W. Squyres, Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, 428 Space Sciences Building, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA, H. Wänke, Abteilung Kosmochemie Max Planck Institut für Chemie, PO Box 3060, Mainz D-55020, Germany, A. Yen, JPL/Caltech 4800 Oak Grove Road M/S 183-501 Pasadena, CA 91109-8099, USA, J. Zipfel, Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Senckenberg Frankfurt/Main, D-60325, Germany
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5 - Elemental abundances determined via the Mars Odyssey GRS
pp 103-124
- By W. V. Boynton, Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona Tuscon, AZ 85721, USA, G. J. Taylor, Hawaii Institute of Geophysics & Planetology, 1680 East-West Road, Post 504, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA, S. Karunatillake, Cornell University, 514 Space Sciences Building, Ithaca, NY 14853-6801, USA, R. C. Reedy, Institute of Meteoritics, University of New Mexico, MSC03-2050 Alburquerque, NM 87131, USA, J. M. Keller, University of Arizona, 1629 E. University Blvd Tuscon, AZ 85721, USA
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6 - Volatiles on Mars: scientific results from the Mars Odyssey Neutron Spectrometer
pp 125-148
- By W. C. Feldman, Los Alamos National Laboratory MS D466 Space & Atmospheric Science Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA, M. T. Mellon, Laboratory for Atmospheric & Space Physics University of Colorado Boulder, CO 80309-0392, USA, O. Gasnault, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique, 14 Avenue Belin Toulouse, 31400, France, S. Maurice, Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, 9 Avenue du Colonel Roche BP 24346 Toulouse Cedex 4, France, T. H. Prettyman, Los Alamos National Laboratory MS D466 Space and Atmospheric Science Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
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Part III - Mineralogy and Remote Sensing of Rocks, Soil, Dust, and Ices
pp 149-150
- By Jim Bell, Associate Professor, Department of Astronomy, Cornell University
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7 - Mineralogy of the Martian surface from Mars Express OMEGA observations
pp 151-168
- By J.-P. Bibring, Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale Universite, Paris Sud Bat. 121 Orsay Cedex, F-91405, France, Y. Langevin, Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay, France
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8 - Visible to near-IR multispectral orbital observations of Mars
pp 169-192
- By J. F. Bell III, Cornell University, Department of Astronomy, 402 Space Sciences Building, Ithaca, NY 14853-6801, USA, T. D. Glotch, Department of Geosciences, SUNY at Stony Brook Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA, V. E. Hamilton, Hawaii Institute of Geophysics & Planetology, University of Hawaii, 1680 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA, T. McConnochie, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Mailstop 693.0 Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA, T. McCord, Space Science Institute 4750 Walnut Street, Suite 205 Boulder, Colorado 80301, USA, A. McEwen, Lunar & Planetary Laboratory University of Arizona, 1541 E. University Blvd. Tuscon, AZ 85721-0063, USA, P. R. Christensen, Planetary Exploration Laboratory Arizona State University Moeur Building 110D Tempe, AZ 85287, USA, R. E. Arvidson, Earth & Planetary Science, Washington University St Louis, MO 63130, USA
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9 - Global mineralogy mapped from the Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer
pp 193-220
- By P. R. Christensen, Planetary Exploration Laboratory Arizona State University Moeur Building 110D Tempe, AZ 85287, USA, J. L. Bandfield, Arizona State University, MC 6305 Mars Space Flight Facility Tempe, AZ, USA, A. D. Rogers, Department of Geosciences, SUNY at Stony Brook Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA, Glotch R. T. D., Department of Geosciences, SUNY at Stony Brook Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA, V. E. Hamilton, Hawaii Institute of Geophysics & Planetology, University of Hawaii, 1680 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA, S. W. Ruff, Mars Space Flight Facility Arizona State University Moeur Building, Room 131 Tempe, AZ 85287-6305, USA, M. B. Wyatt, Brown University, Department of Geological Science, 324 Brook Street Providence, RI 02912-1846, USA
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10 - The compositional diversity and physical properties mapped from the Mars Odyssey Thermal Emission Imaging System
pp 221-241
- By P. R. Christensen, Planetary Exploration Laboratory Arizona State University Moeur Building 110D Tempe, AZ 85287, USA, J. L. Bandfield, Arizona State University, MC 6305 Mars Space Flight Facility Tempe, AZ, USA, R. L. Fergason, School of Earth & Space Exploration Arizona State University, PO Box 876305 Tempe, AZ 85287-6305, USA, V. E. Hamilton, Hawaii Institute of Geophysics & Planetology, University of Hawaii, 1680 East-West Road Honolulu, HI 96822, USA, A. D. Rogers, Department of Geosciences, SUNY at Stony Brook Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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11 - Mars' crustal magnetization: a window into the past
pp 242-262
- By M. H. Acuña, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Laboratory for Extraterrestrial Physics Code 695 Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA, G. Kletetschka, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Code 691 Greenbelt, MD, USA, J. E. P. Connerney, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Code 691 Greenbelt, MD, USA
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12 - Multispectral imaging from Mars Pathfinder
pp 263-280
- By W. H. Farrand, Space Science Institute 4750 Walnut Street, # 205 Boulder, CO 80301, USA, J. F. Bell III, Cornell University, Department of Astronomy, 402 Space Sciences Building, Ithaca, NY 14853-6801, USA, J. R. Johnson, Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory Alaska Office PO Box 35170 Ft. Wainwright, AK 99703, USA, J. L. Bishop, SETI Institute 515 N. Whisman Road Mountain View, CA 94034, USA, R. V. Morris, NASA/JSC Cose KR, Building 31, Room 120 2101 NASA Road 1 Houston, TX 77058, USA
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13 - Mars Exploration Rover Pancam multispectral imaging of rocks, soils, and dust at Gusev crater and Meridiani Planum
pp 281-314
- By J. F. Bell III, Cornell University, Department of Astronomy, 402 Space Sciences Building, Ithaca, NY 14853-6801, USA, W. M. Calvin, Department of Geological Science, MS 172, University of Nevada Reno, NV 89557-0138, USA, W. H. Farrand, Space Science Institute 4750 Walnut Street, # 205 Boulder, CO 80301, USA, R. Greeley, Planetary Geology Group Arizona State University Tempe, AZ 85287-1404, USA, J. R. Johnson, US Geological Survey Astrogeology Team 2255 N. Gemini Drive Flagstaff, AZ 86001-1698, USA, B. Jolliff, Washington University, Campus Box 1169 One Bookings Drive St Louis, MO 63130, USA, R. V. Morris, NASA/JSC Code KR, Building 31, Room 120 2101 NASA Road 1 Houston, TX 77058, USA, R. J. Sullivan, CRSR Cornell University, 308 Space Sciences Building Ithaca, NY 14853, USA, S. Thompson, Arizona State University, School of Earth and Space Exploration Box 871404 Tempe, AZ 85287, USA, A. Wang, Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences, Washington University, Campus Box 1196 1 Bookings Drive St Louis, MO 63130-4862, USA, C. Weitz, Planetary Science Institute, NASA 1700 East Fort Lowell Suite 106 Tuscon, AZ 85719, USA, S. W. Squyres, Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, 428 Space Sciences Building, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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14 - The mineralogy of Gusev crater and Meridiani Planum derived from the Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometers on the Spirit and Opportunity rovers
pp 315-338
- By S. W. Ruff, Mars Space Flight Facility Arizona State University, Moeur Building, Room 131 Tempe, AZ 85287-6305, USA, P. R. Christensen, Planetary Exploration Laboratory Arizona State University, Moeur Building 110D Tempe, AZ 85287, USA, T. D. Glotch, Department of Geosciences, SUNY at Stony Brook Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA, D. L. Blaney, JPL MS 183-501 4800 Oak Grove Drive Pasadena, CA 91109, USA, J. E. Moersch, Department of Earth & Planetary Science University of Tennessee, 1412 Circle Drive, Room 306 Knoxville, TN 37996, USA, M. B. Wyatt, Brown University, Department of Geological Science, 324 Brook Street Providence, RI 02912-1846, USA
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15 - Iron mineralogy and aqueous alteration on Mars from the MER Mössbauer spectrometers
pp 339-365
- By R. V. Morris, NASA/JSC Code KR, Building 31, Room 120 2101 NASA Road 1 Houston, TX 77058, USA, G. Klingelhöfer, Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Analytische Chemie, University of Mainz, Mainz, 55099, Germany
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16 - Magnetic properties of Martian surface materials
pp 366-380
- By W. Goetz, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research Max Planck Str. 2 Katlenburg-Lindau, 37191, Germany, S. F. Hviid, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research Max Planck Str. 2 Katlenburg-Lindau, 37191, Germany, K. M. Kinch, CRSR Cornell University 408 Space Sciences Building Ithaca, NY 13853, USA, M. B. Madsen, Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
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17 - Martian meteorites as crustal samples
pp 381-396
- By H. Y. McSween, Jr., Department of Earth & Planetary Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-1410, USA
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Part IV - Physical Properties of Surface Materials
pp 397-398
- By Jim Bell, Associate Professor, Department of Astronomy, Cornell University
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18 - The thermal inertia of the surface of Mars
pp 399-427
- By M. T. Mellon, Laboratory for Atmospheric & Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0392, USA, R. L. Fergason, School of Earth & Space Exploration Arizona, State University, PO Box 876305 Tempe, AZ 85287-6305, USA, N. E. Putzig, Laboratory for Atmospheric & Space Physics, University of Colorado, Campus Box 392 Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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19 - Physical properties of the Martian surface from spectrophotometric observations
pp 428-450
- By J. R. Johnson, US Geological Survey Astrogeology Team 2255 N. Gemini Drive Flagstaff, AZ 86001-1698, USA, J. F. Bell III, Cornell University, Department of Astronomy, 402 Space Sciences Building, Ithaca, NY 14853-6801, USA, P. Geissler, US Geological Survey 2255 N. Gemini Drive Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA, W. M. Grundy, Lowell Observatory 1400 W. Mars Hill Road Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA, E. A. Guinness, Washington University, Campus Box 1169 St Louis, MO 63130, USA, P. C. Pinet, UMR 5562/CNRS Observatoire Midi-Pyrenees 14 Avenue Edouard Belin Toulouse, 31400, France, J. Soderblom, Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, 1629 E. University Blvd. Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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20 - In situ observations of the physical properties of the Martian surface
pp 451-467
- By K. E. Herkenhoff, U.S. Geological Survey Astrogeology Team 2255 N. Gemini Drive Flagstaff, AZ 86001-1698, USA, M. P. Golombek, JPL MS 183-501 4800 Oak Grove Drive Pasadena, CA 91109, USA, E. A. Guinness, Washington University, Campus Box 1169 St Louis, MO 63130, USA, J. B. Johnson, Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory Alaska Office PO Box 35170 Ft. Wainwright, AK 99703, USA, A. Kusack, Honeybee Robotics Spacecraft Mechanisms Corporation 460 W. 34th Street, New York, NY 10001, USA, L. Richter, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Space Simulation Linder Hoehe Cologne, D-51170, Germany, R. J. Sullivan, CRSR Cornell University, 308 Space Sciences Building, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA, S. Gorevan, Honeybee Robotics Spacecraft Mechanisms Corporation 460 W. 34th Street, New York, NY 10001, USA
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21 - Martian surface properties from joint analysis of orbital, Earth-based, and surface observations
pp 468-498
- By M. P. Golombek, JPL MS 183-501 4800 Oak Grove Drive Pasadena, CA 91109, USA, A. F. C. Haldemann, JPL 4800 Oak Grove Drive Pasadena, CA 91109, USA, R. A. Simpson, Stanford University, David Packard #332 350 Serra Mall Stanford, CA 94305-9515, USA, R. L. Fergason, School of Earth & Space Exploration Arizona State University, PO Box 876305 Tempe, AZ 85287-6305, USA, N. E. Putzig, Laboratory for Atmospheric & Space Physics, University of Colorado, Campus Box 392 Boulder, CO 80309, USA, R. E. Arvidson, Earth & Planetary Science, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63130, USA, J. F. Bell III, Cornell University, Department of Astronomy, 402 Space Sciences Building, Ithaca, NY 14853-6801, USA, M. T. Mellon, Laboratory for Atmospheric & Space Physics, University of Colorado – Boulder Boulder, CO 80309-0392, USA
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The Martian Surface

Composition, Mineralogy and Physical Properties

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