Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
  • Cited by 115
    • Show more authors
    • You may already have access via personal or institutional login
    • Select format
    • Publisher:
      Cambridge University Press
      Publication date:
      April 2010
      August 2004
      ISBN:
      9780511584442
      9780521453042
      9780521711890
      Dimensions:
      (228 x 152 mm)
      Weight & Pages:
      0.8kg, 430 Pages
      Dimensions:
      (228 x 152 mm)
      Weight & Pages:
      0.63kg, 430 Pages
    • Subjects:
      Social Theory, Economics, Industrial Economics, Organisational Sociology, Sociology
    You may already have access via personal or institutional login
  • Selected: Digital
    Add to cart View cart Buy from Cambridge.org
    Subjects:
    Social Theory, Economics, Industrial Economics, Organisational Sociology, Sociology

    Book description

    Japan's economy has long been described as network-centric. A web of stable, reciprocated relations among banks, firms, and ministries, is thought to play an important role in Japan's ability to navigate smoothly around economic shocks. Now those networks are widely blamed for Japan's faltering competitiveness. This book applies structural sociology to a study of how the form and functioning of this network economy has evolved from the prewar era to the late 90s. It asks whether, in the face of deregulation, globalization, and financial disintermediation, Japan's corporate networks - the keiretsu groupings particularly - have 'withered away', losing their cohesion and their historical function of supporting member firms in hard times. Using detailed quantitative and qualitative analysis, this book's conclusion is a qualified 'yes'. Relationships remain central to the Japanese way of business, but are much more subordinated to the competitive strategy of the enterprise than the network economy of the past.

    Reviews

    ‘Finally, we have an authoritative treatment of how network coordination at the top of the Japanese economy evolved to such prominence and adapted to external change. Lincoln and Gerlach clarify a new balance in the Japanese economy between market forces and inter-firm obligation. I particularly enjoyed their description of cohesive networks fostering a hubris that encouraged risky financial behavior and learned from their extended concluding chapter on the historical context for what is to come in Japan. I put this one on my shelf right next to Regional Advantage and The Second Industrial Divide.’

    Ronald S. Burt - Graduate School of Business, University of Chicago

    ‘The literature on Japan’s corporate networks has reached full maturity with Japan’s Network Economy. In many ways a sequel to Gerlach’s Alliance Capitalism and Lincoln’s earlier journal publications, this book represents scholarship at its best - combining qualitative evidence with formal network analysis applied thoroughly, for the first time, to both horizontal and vertical keiretsu structures. The result is a compelling story about a subtle, but real, transformation in Japan’s corporate network landscape.’

    Mari Sako - Said Business School, University of Oxford

    Refine List

    Actions for selected content:

    Select all | Deselect all
    • View selected items
    • Export citations
    • Download PDF (zip)
    • Save to Kindle
    • Save to Dropbox
    • Save to Google Drive

    Save Search

    You can save your searches here and later view and run them again in "My saved searches".

    Please provide a title, maximum of 40 characters.
    ×

    Contents

    Bibliography
    Bibliography of works cited and consulted
    Abegglen, James C. 1958. The Japanese Factory: Aspects of Its Social Organization. Glencoe, IL: Free Press
    Abegglen, James C. and George Stalk Jr. 1985. Kaisha: The Japanese Corporation. New York: Basic Books
    Ahmadjian, Christina L. 1996. “Japanese Supply Networks and the Governance of Interfirm Exchange.” Presented at the Academy of Management, Cincinnati, August
    Ahmadjian, Christina L. 1997. “Network Affiliation and Supplier Performance in the Japanese Automotive Industry.” Presented to the Academy of Management, Boston,; August
    Ahmadjian, Christina L. 2003. “Changing Japanese Corporate Governance.” In Japan Changes: The New Political Economy of Structural Adjustment and Globalization, edited by Ulrike Schaede and William Grimes. New York: M.E. Sharpe
    Ahmadjian, Christina L. and Lincoln, James R.. 2001. “Keiretsu, Governance, and Learning: Case Studies in Change from the Japanese Automotive IndustryOrganization Science 12:683–701
    Ahmadjian, Christina L. and Robinson, Patricia. 2001. “Safety in Numbers: Downsizing and the Deinstitutionalization of Permanent Employment in JapanAdministrative Science Quarterly 46:622–54
    Akerlof, George A. 1982. “Labor Contracts as Partial Gift ExchangeQuarterly Journal of Economics 97:543–69
    Aldrich, Howard. 1979. Organizations and Environments. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall
    Aldrich, Howard 1999. Organizations Evolving. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications
    Anchordoguy, Marie. 1989. Computers Inc: Japan's Challenge to IBM. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
    Aoki, Masahiko. 1984. “Risk-Sharing in the Corporate Group.” Pp. 259–64 in The Economic Analysis of the Japanese Firm, edited by Masahiko Aoki. Amsterdam: North-Holland
    Aoki, Masahiko 1988. Information, Incentives, and Bargaining in the Japanese Economy. New York: Cambridge University Press
    Aoki, Masahiko and Hugh T. Patrick. 1994. The Japanese Main Bank System: Its Relevance for Developing and Transforming Economies. New York: Oxford University Press
    Asahi Shimbun. 2003. Japan Almanac. Tokyo: Asahi Shimbun-sha
    Asanuma, Banri. 1985. “Transactional structure of parts supply in the Japanese automobile and electrical machinery industries.” Technical Report No. 1, Socio-economic Systems Research Project, Kyoto University
    Asanuma, Banri 1989. “Manufacturer-Supplier Relationships in Japan and the Concept of Relation-Specific SkillJournal of the Japanese and International Economies 3:1–30
    Asanuma, Banri and , T. Kikutani. 1992. “Risk Absorption in Japanese Subcontracting — a Microeconometric Study of the Automobile-IndustryJournal of the Japanese and International Economies 6:1–29
    Associated Press. 2001. “Nissan Returns to Profitability.” May 17
    Bacon, Jeremy and James K. Brown. 1978. The Board of Directors: Perspectives and Practices in Nine Countries. New York: Conference Board
    Baker, Wayne E. 1990. “Market Networks and Corporate BehaviorAmerican Journal of Sociology 96:589–625
    Ballon, Robert J. and Iwao Tomita. 1976. The Financial Behavior of Japanese Corporations. Tokyo: Kodansha
    Baron, James N., Dobbin, Frank R., and Jennings, P. D.. 1986. “War and Peace: The Evolution of Modern Personnel Administration in U.S. IndustryAmerican Journal of Sociology 92:350–83
    Beer, Michael and B. A. Spector. 1981. “Matsushita Electric.” Harvard Business School Case 9-481-146. Boston: Harvard Business School Press
    Berglof, Eric and Perotti, Enrico. 1994. “The Governance Structure of the Japanese Financial KeiretsuJournal of Financial Economics 36:259–84
    Berle, Adolf A. and Gardiner Means. 1932. The Modern Corporation and Private Property. New York: Macmillan
    Bertrand, Marianne, Mehta, Paras, and Mullainathan, Sendhil. 2002. “Ferreting out Tunneling: An Application to Indian Business GroupsQuarterly Journal of Economics 117:121–48
    Blau, Peter M. 1964. Exchange and Power in Social Life. New York: John Wiley
    Blinder, Alan S. 1991. “A Japanese Buddy System That Could Benefit U.S. BusinessBusiness Week, October 14, p. 32
    Borgatti, S. P. and Everett, M. G.. 1992. “Notions of position in social network analysisSociological Methodology, 22:1–35
    Branstetter, Lee. 2000. “Vertical Keiretsu and Knowledge Spillovers in Japanese Manufacturing: An Empirical AssessmentJournal of the Japanese and International Economies 14:73–104
    Brauchli, Marcus W. 1991. “Ousted Executive in Japan Accuses Nissan of MeddlingWall Street Journal, May 15
    Bremner, Brian. 2002. “Misreading the Enron ScandalBusiness Week, April 24
    Bremner, Brian and Emily, Thornton. 1999. “Mitsubishi: Fall of a KeiretsuBusiness Week International Edition, March 15
    Broadbridge, S. 1966. Industrial Dualism in Japan: A Problem of Economic Growth and Structural Change. London: Frank Cass & Co
    Burt, Ronald S. 1980. “Models of Network StructureAnnual Review of Sociology 6:79–141
    Burt, Ronald S. 1983. Corporate Profits and Cooptation. New York: Academic Press
    Burt, Ronald S. 1987. “Social Contagion and Innovation — Cohesion Versus Structural EquivalenceAmerican Journal of Sociology 92:1287–1335
    Burt, Ronald S. 1992. Structural Holes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
    Burt, R. S., , K. P. Christman, and , H. C. Kilburn. 1980. “Testing a Structural Theory of Corporate CooptationAmerican Sociological Review 45:821–41
    Cable, John. 1983. “Hierarchies and Markets: An Empirical Test of the Multidivisional Hypothesis in West GermanyInternational Journal of Industrial Organization 1:43–62
    Cable, John and Yasuki, Hirohiko. 1985. “Internal Organisation, Business Groups, and Corporate Performance: An Empirical Test of the Multidivisional Hypothesis in JapanInternational Journal of Industrial Organization 3:401–20
    Calder, Kent E. 1993. Strategic Capitalism: Private Business and Public Purpose in Japanese Industrial Finance. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
    Career Development Center (Kyarya Deberopmento Senta). 2002. Kigyo gurupu to gyokai chizu (Enterprise Groups and the Map of the Business World). Tokyo: Takabashi Shoten
    Cargill, Thomas F., Michael M. Hutchison, and Takatoshi Ito. 1997. The Political Economy of Japanese Monetary Policy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
    Caves, Richard and Masu Uekusa. 1976. Industrial Organization in Japan. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution
    Chesbrough, Henry W. and Teece, David J.. 1996. “When Is Virtual Virtuous? Organizing for InnovationHarvard Business Review 74:65–73
    Clark, Rodney 1979. The Japanese Company. New Haven: Yale University Press
    Cole, Robert E. 1971. Japanese Blue Collar: The Changing Tradition. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press
    Cole, Robert E. 1989. Strategies for Learning. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press
    Coleman, James S. 1986. “Social Theory, Social Research, and a Theory of ActionAmerican Journal of Sociology 16:1309–35
    Colignon, R. and Usui, C.. 2001. “The Resilience of Japan's Iron Triangle — AmakudariAsian Survey 41:865–95
    Cusumano, Michael A. 1985. The Japanese Automobile Industry: Technology and Management at Nissan and Toyota. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
    Cusumano, Michael A. 1991. Japan's Software Factories: A Challenge to U.S. Management. New York: Oxford University Press
    Davis, Gerald F. and Mizruchi, Mark S.. 1999. “The Money Center Cannot Hold: Commercial Banks in the US System of Corporate GovernanceAdministrative Science Quarterly 44:215–39
    Dechow, P. M., Sloan, R. G., and Sweeney, A. P.. 1995. “Detecting Earnings ManagementAccounting Review 70:193–225
    Dedrick, Jason and Kenneth L. Kraemer. 1998. Asia's Computer Challenge: Threat or Opportunity for the United States & the World? New York: Oxford University Press
    Dewatripont, M. and Gerard Roland. 1997. “Transition as a Process of Large Scale Institutional Change.” Pp. 240–78 in Advances in Economic Theory, edited by D. Kreps and K. Wallis. New York: Cambridge University Press, vol. II
    DiMaggio, P. and , W. W. Powell. 1983. “The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational FieldsAmerican Sociological Review 48:147–60
    Dodwell Marketing Consultants. Various years. Industrial Groupings in Japan. Tokyo: Dodwell
    Dore, Ronald P. 1973. British Factory, Japanese Factory. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press
    Dore, Ronald P. 1983. “Goodwill and the Spirit of Market CapitalismBritish Journal of Sociology 34:459–82
    Dore, Ronald P. 1986. Flexible Rigidities: Industrial Policy and Structural Adjustment in the Japanese Economy 1970–80. London: Athlone
    Dore, Ronald P. 1987. Taking Japan Seriously: A Confucian Perspective on Leading Economic Issues. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press
    Dore, Ronald P. 2000. Stock Market Capitalism: Welfare Capitalism. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press
    Dvorak, Phred, Guth, Robert A., Singer, Jason, and Zaun, Todd. 2001. “Recession Frays Japan Inc.'s Tradition of Loyal, Long-Term Corporate AlliancesWall Street Journal, March 2
    Dyer, Jeffrey H. 1996a. “Does Governance Matter? Keiretsu Alliances and Asset Specificity as Sources of Japanese Competitive AdvantageOrganization Science 7:649–66
    Dyer, Jeffrey H. 1996b. “Specialized Supplier Networks as a Source of Competitive Advantage: Evidence from the Auto IndustryStrategic Management Journal 17:271–91
    Dyer, Jeffrey H. and Ouchi, William G.. 1993. “Japanese-Style Partnerships — Giving Companies a Competitive EdgeSloan Management Review 35:51–63
    Economist. 2002. “Star Turn: What Distinguishes Companies That Have Bucked Japan's Corporate Downturn?” November 7
    Fair Trade Commission (Kosei torihiki iinkai). 1987. Long-Term Relationships among Japanese Companies: A Report by the Study Group on Trade Frictions and Market Structure. Tokyo: Fair Trade Commission. April
    Fair Trade Commission (Kosei torihiki iinkai). 1992. The Outline of the Report on the Actual Conditions of the Six Major Corporate Groups. Tokyo: Executive Office, Fair Trade Commission
    Faust, Karen and Romney, A. K.. 1985. “Does Structure Find Structure? A Critique of Burt's Use of Distance as a Measure of EquivalenceSocial Networks 7:77–103
    Feenstra, Robert C., Deng-Shing Huang, and Gary G. Hamilton. 1997. “Business Groups and Trade in East Asia: Part 1, Networked Equilibria.” Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. January
    Financial Times. 2002. “Japanese Delight as Scandals Rock the ‘American Model’: But Reform May Be Hit by a New Belief in the Old Way.” August 15,; p. 12
    Flaherty, M. Therese and Hiroyuki Itami. 1984. “Finance.” Pp. 134–76 in The Competitive Edge, edited by Daniel I. Okimoto, Takuo Sugano, and Franklin B. Weinstein. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press
    Flath, David. 1993. “Shareholding in the Keiretsu, Japan's Financial GroupsReview of Economics and Statistics 75:249–57
    Fligstein, Neil. 1990. The Transformation of Corporate Control. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
    Fransman, Martin. 1990. Beyond the Market: Cooperation and Competition in the Creation of Advanced Computing and Electronics Technologies in the Japanese System. New York: Cambridge University Press
    Freeland, Robert F. 2001. The Struggle for Control of the Modern Corporation: Organizational Change at General Motors, 1924–1970. New York: Cambridge University Press
    Freeman, John, Carroll, Glenn R., and Hannan, Michael T.. 1983. “The Liability of Newness: Age Dependence in Organizational Death RatesAmerican Sociological Review 48:692–710
    French, Howard. 2001. “In Stagnant Japan, Economic and Social Ills MatchNew York Times, February 6
    Friedman, David. 1988. The Misunderstood Miracle: Industrial Development and Political Change in Japan. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press
    Fruin, W. Mark. 1983. Kikkoman: Company, Clan, and Community. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
    Fruin, W. Mark 1992. The Japanese Enterprise System. New York: Oxford University Press
    Fruin, W. Mark 1997. Knowledge Works: Managing Intellectual Capital at Toshiba. New York: Oxford University Press
    Fruin, W. Mark and Toshihiro Nishiguchi. 1992. “Supplying the Toyota Production System: How to Make a Molehill out of a Mountain.” In Country Competitiveness, edited by Bruce Kogut. New York: Oxford University; Press
    Fuji Electric Co. 1973. Fuji Electric History. Tokyo: Fuji Electric
    Fujitsu. 1964. Company History. Tokyo: Fujitsu Limited
    Fujitsu. 1976. Company History II: 1961–1975. Tokyo: Fujitsu Limited
    Fukuda, Masako. 1997. “Group Ties Get Builder Out of Fiscal BindNikkei Weekly, August 8
    Gao, Bai. 2001. Japan's Economic Dilemma: The Institutional Origins of Prosperity and Stagnation. New York: Cambridge University Press
    Geertz, Clifford, Hildred Geertz, and Lawrence Rosen. 1979. Meaning and Order in Moroccan Society. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press
    Gerlach, Michael L. 1991. “Twilight of the Keiretsu? A Critical AssessmentJournal of Japanese Studies 8:79–118
    Gerlach, Michael L. 1992a. Alliance Capitalism: The Social Organization of Japanese Business. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press
    Gerlach, Michael L. 1992b. “The Japanese Corporate Network: A Blockmodel AnalysisAdministrative Science Quarterly 37:105–39
    Gerlach, Michael L. 1997. “Organizational Logic of Business Groups: Evidence from the Zaibatsu.” In Beyond the Firm, edited by T. Shiba and M. Shimotani. New York: Oxford University Press
    Gerlach, Michael L. and James R. Lincoln. 1992. “The Organization of Business Networks in the U.S. and Japan.” Pp. 491–520 in Networks and Organizations: Structure, Form, and Action, edited by N. Nohria and R. Eccles. Boston: Harvard Business School Press
    Gerlach, Michael L. and James R. Lincoln 1998. “The Structural Analysis of Japanese Economic Organization: A Conceptual Framework.” In W. Mark Fruin (ed.): Networks and Markets: Pacific Rim Strategies. New York: Oxford University Press
    Gerlach, Michael L. and James R. Lincoln 2001. “Economic Organization and Innovation in Japan: Networks, Spinoffs, and the Creation of Enterprise.” Pp. 151–98 in Knowledge Creation: A New Source of Value, edited by Ikujiro Nonaka, Georg von Krogh, and Toshihiro Nishiguchi. London: Macmillan
    Ghemawat, Pankaj and Khanna, Tarun. 1998. “The Nature of Diversified Business Groups: A Research Design and Two Case StudiesJournal of Industrial Economics 46:35–61
    Gordon, Andrew. 1985. The Evolution of Labor Relations in Japan. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
    Goto, Akira. 1981. “Statistical Evidence on the Diversification of Japanese Large FirmsJournal of Industrial Economics 29:271–78
    Goto, Akira 1982. “Business Groups in a Market EconomyEuropean Economic Review 19:53–70
    Gould, Roger V. and Fernandez, Roberto M.. 1989. “Structures of Mediation: A Formal Approach to Brokerage in Transaction NetworksSociological Methodology 19:89–126
    Gouldner, Alvin W. 1960. “The Norm of Reciprocity: A Preliminary StatementAmerican Sociological Review 25:161–78
    Granovetter, Mark. 1973. “The Strength of Weak TiesAmerican Journal of Sociology 78:1360–81
    Granovetter, Mark 1985. “Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of EmbeddednessAmerican Journal of Sociology 91:481–510
    Granovetter, Mark 2003. “Business Groups and Social Organization.” In Handbook of Economic Sociology, edited by N. Smelser and R. Swedberg. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2nd edition
    Greene, William H. 1997. Econometric Analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall
    Greve, H. R. and , A. Taylor. 2000. “Innovations as Catalysts for Organizational ChangeAdministrative Science Quarterly 45:54–80
    Guetzkow, Harold. 1965. “Communication in Organizations.” Pp. 534–72 in Handbook of Organizations, edited by James G. March. Chicago: Rand; McNally
    Guillen, Mauro F. 2000. “Business Groups in Emerging Economies: A Resource-Based ViewAcademy of Management Journal 43:362–80
    Guillen, Mauro F. 2001. The Limits of Convergence: Globalization and Organizational Change in Argentina, South Korea, and Spain. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
    Guillot, Dider and James R. Lincoln. 2001. “The Permeability of Network Boundaries: Strategic Alliances in the Japanese Electronics Industry in the 1990s.” Presented to the American Sociological Association, Anaheim, CA, August
    Guillot, Dider and James R. Lincoln 2003. “Dyad and Network: Models of Manufacturer-Supplier Collaboration in the Japanese TV Manufacturing Industry.” In Advances in International Management: Special Issue on Changing Japan, edited by Allan Bird and Thomas Roehl. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press
    Guillot, Didier, David Mowery, and William Spencer. 2000. “The Changing Structure of Government-Industry Research Partnerships in Japan.” Presented to the Administrative Science Association of Canada, Montreal, July 7–11
    Gulati, Ranjay. 1995. “Social Structure and Alliance Formation Patterns: A Longitudinal AnalysisAdministrative Science Quarterly 40:619–52
    Gulati, Ranjay and , M. Gargiulo. 1999. “Where Do Interorganizational Networks Come From?” American Journal of Sociology 104:1439–93
    Hadley, Eleanor. 1970. Antitrust in Japan. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
    Hadley, Eleanor 1984. “Counterpoint on Business Groupings and Government-Industry Relations in Automobiles.” Pp. 227–58 in The Economic Analysis of the Japanese Firm, edited by M. Aoki. Amsterdam: North-Holland
    Hamilton, Gary and Biggart, Nicole. 1988. “Market, Culture, and Authority: A Comparative Analysis of Management and Organization in the Far EastAmerican Journal of Sociology 94 (supplement):S52–S94
    Hamao, Yasushi, Jianping Mei, and Yexiao Xu. 2002. “Idiosyncratic Risk and Creative Destruction in Japan.” NBER Working paper 9642, Cambridge, MA. April
    Hannan, Michael and John Freeman. 1989. Organizational Ecology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
    Harary, Frank, Dorwin Cartwright, and Robert Zane Norman. 1965. Structural Models. New York: Wiley
    Harrison, Bennett 1994. Lean and Mean: The Changing Landscape of Corporate Power in the Age of Flexibility. New York: Basic Books
    Haunschild, P. R. and , C. M. Beckman. 1998. “When Do Interlocks Matter? Alternate Sources of Information and Interlock InfluenceAdministrative Science Quarterly 43:815–44
    Hauser, Robert M. 1970. “Context and Consex: A Cautionary TaleAmerican Journal of Sociology 75:645–64
    Hausman, Jerry A. 1978. “Specification Tests in EconometricsEconometrica 46:1251–71
    Hausman, Jerry A. and Taylor, William E.. 1981. “Panel Data and Unobservable Individual EffectsEconometrica 49:1377–98
    Heimer, Carol A. 1992. “Doing Your Job and Helping Your Friends: Universalistic Norms About Obligations to Particular Others in Networks.” In Networks and Organizations: Structure, Form, and Action, edited by Nitin Nohria and Robert G. Eccles. Boston: Harvard Business School Press
    Helper, Susan R. and Sako, Mari. 1995. “Supplier Relations in Japan and the United States: Are They Converging?” Sloan Management Review 36:77–84
    Hirsch, Paul M. 1975. “Organizational Effectiveness and the Institutional EnvironmentAdministrative Science Quarterly 20:327–44
    Hirschmeier, Johannes and Tsunehiko Yui. 1975. The Development of Japanese Business, 1600–1973. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
    Holland, Paul W. and Leinhardt, Samuel. 1981. “An Exponential Family of Probability Distributions for Directed GraphsJournal of the American Statistical Association 76:33–50
    Horiuchi, Akiyoshi, Packer, Frank, and Fukuda, Shin'ichi. 1988. “What Role Has the ‘Main Bank’ Played in JapanJournal of the Japanese and International Economies 2:159–80
    Hoshi, Takeo. 2002. “The Convoy System for Insolvent Banks: How It Originally Worked and Why It Failed in the 1990sJapan and the World Economy 14:155–80
    Hoshi, Takeo and Takatoshi Ito. 1992. “Kigyo grupu kessokudo no bunseki” (Analysis of Coherence of Firm Groups).” Pp. 73–96 in Gendai nihon no kin-yu bunseki (Financial Analysis of Contemporary Japan), edited by Akiyoshi Horiuchi and Naoyuki Yoshino. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press
    Hoshi, Takeo and Kashyap, Anil. 2000. “The Japanese Banking Crisis: Where Did It Come from and How Will It End?” Pp. 129–201 in NBER Macroeconomics Annual 1999, volume 14
    Hoshi, Takeo and Anil Kashyap 2001. Corporate Financing and Governance in Japan. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
    Hoshi, Takeo, A. K. Kashyap, and G. Loveman. 1994. “Lessons from the Japanese Main Bank System for Financial System Reform in Poland.” In The Japanese Main Bank System: Its Relevance for Developing and Transforming Economies, edited by M. Aoki and H. Patrich. New York: Oxford University Press
    Hoshi, Takeo, Kashyap, Anil, and Scharfstein, David. 1991a. “The Role of Banks in Reducing the Costs of Financial Distress in JapanJournal of Financial Economics 27:67–88
    Hoshi, Takeo, Kashyap, Anil, and Scharfstein, David 1991b. “Corporate Structure, Liquidity, and Investment: Evidence from Japanese Industrial GroupsQuarterly Journal of Economics 106:33–60
    Ibison, David. 2003a. “Banks Tire of Waiting for Sun to Rise on JapanFinancial Times. February 15
    Ibison, David 2003b. “Business Links Make a Return in JapanFinancial Times, January 21.;
    Imai, Ken-ichi. 1990. “Japanese Business Groups and the Structural Impediments Initiative.” In Japan's Economic Structure: Should It Change? Edited by Kozo Yamamura. Seattle: Society for Japanese Studies
    Imai, Kenichi and Itami, Hiroyuki. 1984. “Interpenetration of Organization and Market: Japan's Firm and Market in Comparison with the U.S.International Journal of Industrial Organization 2:285–310
    Imai, Ken-ichi, Ikujiro Nonaka, and Hirotaka Takeuchi. 1985. “Managing the New Product Development Process: How Japanese Companies Learn and Unlearn.” Pp. 337–76 in The Uneasy Alliance: Managing the Productivity-Technology Dilemma, edited by Kim B. Clark and Christopher Lorenz. Boston: Harvard Business School Press
    Inkeles, Alex and David Horton Smith. 1974. Becoming Modern: Individual Change in Six Developing Countries. Cambridge: MA: Harvard University Press
    Itami, Hiroyuki and Thomas W. Roehl. 1987. Mobilizing Invisible Assets. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
    Ito, Kiyohiko. 1995. “Japanese Spinoffs: Unexplored Survival Strategies,” Strategic Management Journal 16:431–46
    Ito, Takatoshi. 1992. The Japanese Economy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
    Itoh, Hideshi. 2003. “Corporate Restructuring in Japan, Part I: Can M-Form; Organization Manage Diverse Businesses?” Japanese Economic Review; 54:49–73
    Jacoby, Sanford M. 1985. Employing Bureaucracy. New York: Columbia University Press
    Japan Development Bank. 2000. Corporate Finance Data Bank. Tokyo: Development Bank of Japan
    Japan Small Business Research Institute. 1999. “A Study of the Present Conditions and the Future Outlook of Industrial Districts in Japan.” Tokyo: METI Japan Small Business Research Institute. March
    Jensen, Michael C. and Meckling, William H.. 1976. “Theory of the FirmJournal of Financial Economics 3:305–60
    Jinji koshin roku (Personnel Inquiry Record). Various years. Tokyo: Jinji Koshin Roku-Sho
    Johnson, Chalmers A. 1982. MITI and the Japanese Miracle. Stanford, CA:; Stanford University Press
    Judd, Charles M. and David A. Kenny. 1981. Estimating the Effects of Social Interventions. New York: Cambridge University Press
    Kageyama, Yuri. 2003. “Shinsei Experience: Lattes in the Lobby, Free ATM TransactionsJapan Times, January 31
    Kaisha nenkan (Company Annual). Various years. Tokyo: Nihon Keizai Shimbun-sha
    Kang, J. K. and , A. Shivdasani. 1995. “Firm Performance, Corporate Governance, and Top Executive Turnover in JapanJournal of Financial Economics 38:29–58
    Kaplan, Steven N. and Minton, Bernadette A.. 1994. “Appointment of Outsiders to Japanese Boards: Determinants and Implications for ManagersJournal of Financial Economics 36:225–58
    Katz, Richard. 1998. Japan: The System That Soured. New York: M. E.; Sharpe
    Kawasaki, S. and McMillan, John. 1987. “The Design of Contracts: Evidence from Japanese SubcontractingJournal of the Japanese and International Economies 1:327–49
    Kawashima, Takeyoshi. 1963. “Dispute Resolution in Contemporary Japan,” in Law in Japan: The Legal Order in a Changing Society, edited by A. T. von Mehren. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
    Keiretsu no kenkyu (Keiretsu Research). Various years. Tokyo: Keizai Chosa Kyokai
    Keister, Lisa A. 2001. “Exchange Structures in Transition: Lending and Trade; Relations in Chinese Business GroupsAmerican Sociological Review; 66:336–60
    Keizai Kikakucho (Economic Planning Agency). 1997. Keizai hakusho (White Paper on the Economy). Tokyo: Keizai Kikakucho
    Kelley, Maryellen R. and Brooks, Harvey. 1991. “External Learning Opportunities and the Diffusion of Process Innovations to Small Firms: The Case of Programmable AutomationTechnological Forecasting and Economic Change 39:103–25
    Kerr, Alex. 2001. Dogs and Demons: Tales from the Dark Side of Japan. New York: Hill and Wang
    Kerr, Clark. 1960. Industrialism and Industrial Man: The Problems of Labor and Management in Economic Growth. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
    Kester, W. Carl. 1991. Japanese Takeovers: The Global Contest for Corporate Control. Boston: Harvard Business School Press
    Kester, W. Carl. 1997. “Governance, Contracting, and Investment Horizons: A Look at Japan and Germany.” Pp. 227–42 in Studies in International Corporate Finance and Governance Systems: A Comparison of the U.S., Japan, and Europe, edited by Donald H. Chew. New York: Oxford University; Press
    Khanna, Tarun and , K. Pelepu. 2000. “Is Group Affiliation Profitable in Emerging Markets? An Analysis of Diversified Indian Business GroupsJournal of Finance 55:867–91
    Khanna, Tarun and Rivkin, Jane W.. 2001. “Estimating the Performance Effects of Business Groups in Emerging MarketsStrategic Management Journal 22:45–74
    Knoke, David and James H. Kuklinski. 1982. Network Analysis. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications
    Knoke, David, F. U. Pappi, J. Broadbent, and Y. Tsujinaka. 1996. Comparing Policy Networks: Labor Politics in the U.S.Germany, and Japan. New York: Cambridge University Press
    Kobayashi, Hiroshi, Endo, Yukihiko, and Seiji, Ogishima. 1993. “New Directions in Japanese Banking RelationshipsNomura Research Institute Quarterly 11:2–27
    Kogut, Bruce. 1989. “The Stability of Joint Ventures — Reciprocity and Competitive RivalryJournal of Industrial Economics 38:183–98
    Kogut, Bruce 2000. “The Network as Knowledge: Generative Rules and the Emergence of StructureStrategic Management Journal 21:405–25
    Komiya, Ryutaro, Masahiro Okuno, and Kotaro Suzumura. 1988. Industrial Policy in Japan. Tokyo: Academic Press Japan
    Kondo, Dorinne K. 1990. Crafting Selves: Power, Gender, and Discourses of Identity in a Japanese Workplace. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    Kono, Clifford, Palmer, Donald, Friedland, Roger, and Zafonte, Matthew. 1998. “Lost in Space: The Geography of Corporate Interlocking DirectoratesAmerican Journal of Sociology 103:863–911
    Krackhardt, David. 1988. “Predicting with Networks: Nonparametric Multiple Regression Analysis of Dyadic DataSocial Networks 10:359–;81
    Kristof, Nicholas D. 1998. “Hubris and Humility as U.S. Waxes and Asia WanesNew York Times, March 22
    Kuroki, Fumiaki. 2001. The Present Status of Unwinding of Cross-Shareholding: The Fiscal 2000 Survey of Cross-Shareholding. Tokyo: NLI (Nippon Life Insurance) Research Institute Financial Research Group
    Landers, Peter. 2000a. “Asian News: Shoei Faces a Hostile Bid in a Milestone for JapanWall Street Journal Europe, January 25, p. 13
    Landers, Peter 2000b. ”A Hostile Takeover Bid Elbows Its Way into Usually Polite JapanWall Street Journal, January 25, p. A13
    Landers, Peter 2000c. “Murakami Expects Bid for Shoei to Fall ShortWall Street Journal, February 11
    Landers, Peter 2002. “Reformer Takes on Japan's System, Seeking Respect for ShareholdersWall Street Journal Interactive Edition, May 12
    Lawrence, Robert Z. 1991. “Efficient or Exclusionist? The Import Behavior of Japanese Corporate Groups.” Pp. 311–30 in Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, edited by W. C. Brainard and G. L. Perry. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution
    Lawrence, Robert Z. 1993. “Japan's Different Trade Regime: An Analysis with Particular Reference to KeiretsuJournal of Economic Perspectives 7:3–19
    Lazear, E. P. 1979. “Why Is There Mandatory RetirementJournal of Political Economy 87:1261–84
    Leff, Nathaniel H. 1978. “Industrial Organization and Entrepreneurship in the Developing CountriesEconomic Development and Cultural Change 26:661–75
    Leifer, Eric and Harrison White. 1987. “A Structural Approach to Markets.” In Intercorporate Relations: The Structural Analysis of Business, edited by Mark S. Mizruchi and Michael Schwartz. New York: Cambridge University Press
    Levine, Joel H. 1972. “The Sphere of InfluenceAmerican Sociological Review 37:14–27
    Light, Ivan H. 1972. Ethnic Enterprise in America. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press
    Liker, J. K., , R. R. Kamath, Wasti, S. N., and , M. Nagamachi. 1996. “Supplier Involvement in Automotive Component Design: Are There Really Large US Japan Differences?” Research Policy 25:59–89
    Lincoln, Edward J. 1990. Japan's Unequal Trade. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution
    Lincoln, James R. 1978. “Urban Distribution of Headquarters and Branch Plants in Manufacturing — Mechanisms of Metropolitan DominanceDemography 15:213–22
    Lincoln, James R. 1982. “Intra- (and Inter-) Organizational Networks.” Pp. 1–39 in Research in the Sociology of Organizations, edited by S. B. Bacharach. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, volume 1
    Lincoln, James R. 1984. “Analyzing Relations in Dyads — Problems, Models, and an Application to Interorganizational ResearchSociological Methods & Research 13:45–76
    Lincoln, James R. 1990. “Japanese Organization and Organization Theory.” Pp. 255–94 in Research in Organizational Behavior, Volume 12, edited by Barry M. Staw and L. L. Cummings. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press
    Lincoln, James R. and Christina Ahmadjian. 2001. “Shukko (Employee Transfers) and Tacit Knowledge Exchange in Japanese Supply Networks: The Electronics Industry Case.” Pp. 151–98 in Knowledge Emergence: Social, Technical, and Evolutionary Dimensions of Knowledge Creation, edited by I. Nonaka and T. Nishiguchi. New York: Oxford University Press
    Lincoln, James R., Ahmadjian, Christina L., and Mason, Eliot. 1998. “Organizational Learning and Purchase-Supply Relations in Japan: Hitachi, Matsushita, and Toyota ComparedCalifornia Management Review: Special Issue on Knowledge and the Firm 24:241–64
    Lincoln, James R., Gerlach, Michael L., and Ahmadjian, Christina L.. 1996. “Keiretsu Networks and Corporate Performance in JapanAmerican Sociological Review 61:67–88
    Lincoln, James R., Michael L. Gerlach, and Christina L. Ahmadjian 1998. “Evolving Patterns of Keiretsu Organization and Action in Japan.” Pp. 307–43 in Research in Organizational Behavior, Volume 20, edited by B. M. Staw and L. L. Cummings. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press
    Lincoln, J. R., , M. L. Gerlach, and , P. Takahashi. 1992. “Keiretsu Networks in the Japanese Economy — a Dyad Analysis of Intercorporate TiesAmerican Sociological Review 57:561–85
    Lincoln, James R. and Arne L. Kalleberg. 1990. Culture, Control, and Commitment: A Study of Work Organization and Work Attitudes in the United States and Japan. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press
    Lincoln, James R. and McBride, Kerry. 1985. “Resources, Homophily, and Dependence — Organizational Attributes and Asymmetric Ties in Human-Service NetworksSocial Science Research 14:1–30
    Lincoln, James R. and Nakata, Yoshifumi. 1997. “The Transformation of the Japanese Employment System: Nature, Depth, and OriginsWork and Occupations 24:33–55
    Lincoln, James R., Olson, Jon, and Hanada, Mitsuyo. 1978. “Cultural Effects on Organizational Structure: The Case of Japanese Firms in the United StatesAmerican Sociological Review 43:829–47
    Loasby, Brian J. 1976. Choice, Complexity and Ignorance. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press
    Lockwood, William W. 1968. The Economic Development of Japan: Growth and Structural Change. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
    Mace, Myles L. 1971. Directors: Myth and Reality. Boston: Harvard Business School Press
    Marsh, Robert M. and Hiroshi Mannari. 1976. Modernization and the Japanese Factory. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
    Mason, Mark. 1992. American Multinationals and Japan: The Political Economy of Japanese Capital Controls, 1899–1980. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
    McCabe, Kevin A., Rigdon, Mary L., and Smith, Vernon L.. 2003. “Positive Reciprocity and Intentions in Trust GamesJournal of Economic Behavior & Organization. 52:267–75
    Miles, Raymond E. and Snow, Charles C.. 1987. “Organizations: New Concepts for New FormsCalifornia Management Review 28:62–73
    Mintz, Beth, and Michael Schwartz. 1985. The Power Structure of American Business. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    Mitchell, J. Clyde. 1974. “Social NetworksAnnual Review of Anthropology 3:279–99
    MITI. 1999. White Paper on Small and Medium Enterprises in Japan: Into an Age of Business Innovation and New Start-Ups. Tokyo: Small and Medium Enterprise Agency, Ministry of International Trade and Industry
    Miwa, Yoshiro. 1996. Firms and Industrial Organization in Japan. London: MacMillan
    Miwa, Yoshiro and , J. Mark Ramseyer. 2000. “Rethinking Relationship-Specific Investments: Subcontracting in the Japanese Automobile IndustryMichigan Law Review 98:2636–67
    Miwa, Yoshiro and , J. Mark Ramseyer 2002. “The Fable of the KeiretsuJournal of Economics & Management Strategy 11:169–224
    Miyajima, Hideaki. 1994. “The Transformation of Zaibatsu to Postwar Corporate Groups — from Hierarchically Integrated Groups to Horizontally Integrated GroupsJournal of the Japanese and International Economies 8:293–328
    Miyajima, Hideaki 1998. “The Impact of Deregulation on Corporate Governance and Finance.” In Is Japan Really Changing Its Ways? Regulatory Reform and the Japanese Economy, edited by Lonny E. Carlyle and Mark C. Tilton. Washington: Brookings Institution Press
    Miyamoto, Mataji and Yotaro Sakudo. 1979. Sumitomo no keieishiteki kenkyu (Historical Research on Sumitomo). Tokyo: Jikkyo Shuppan
    Miyamoto, Mataji and Keiichino Nakagawa. 1976. Nihon keieishi koza. Tokyo: Nihon Keizai Shinbunsha
    Miyashita, Kenichi and David Russell. 1994. Keiretsu: Inside the Hidden Japanese Conglomerates. New York: McGraw-Hill
    Mizruchi, Mark S. 1993. “Cohesion, Equivalence, and Similarity of Social Behavior: A Theoretical and Empirical AssessmentSocial Networks 15:275–307
    Mizruchi, Mark S. 1996. “What Do Interlocks Do? An Analysis, Critique, and Assessment of Research on Interlocking DirectoratesAnnual Review of Sociology 22:271–98
    Moerke, Andreas. 1999. “Performance and Corporate Governance Structures of Japanese Keiretsu Groups.” In Information Processing as a Competitive Advantage of Japanese Firms, edited by Horst Albach, Ulrike Goertzen, and Rita Zobel. Berlin: Sigma
    Morck, Randall and Nakamura, Masao. 1999. “Banks and Corporate Control in JapanJournal of Finance 54:319–39
    Morck, Randall, Nakamura, Masao, and , A. Shivdasani. 2000. “Banks, Ownership Structure, and Firm Value in JapanJournal of Business 73:539–67
    Morikawa, Hidemasa. 1980. Zaibatsu no keieishiteki kenkyu. Tokyo: Keizai Shinposha
    Morikawa, Hidemasa 1993. Zaibatsu: The Rise and Fall of Family Enterprise Groups in Japan. Tokyo, Japan: University of Tokyo Press
    Murphy, R. Taggart. 1996. The Weight of the Yen. New York: W. W. Norton
    Murray, Alan. 1997. “New Economic Models Are Failing while America Inc. Keeps RollingWall Street Journal, December 8
    Murray, Matt. 2001. “As Huge Firms Keep Growing, CEOs Struggle to Keep PaceWall Street Journal, February 8
    Nakamura, Takafusa. 1983. Economic Growth in Prewar Japan. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press
    Nakane, Chie. 1970. Japanese Society. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson
    Nakatani, Iwao. 1984. “The Economic Role of Financial Corporate Grouping.” Pp. 227–8 in The Economic Analysis of the Japanese Firm, edited by Masahiko Aoki. Amsterdam: North-Holland
    NEC (Nippon Electric Company). 1958a. NEC 60 Year History. Tokyo: NEC Limited
    NEC (Nippon Electric Company). 1958b. NEC 40th Edition. Tokyo: NEC Limited
    NEC (Nippon Electric Company). 1969. NEC 70 Year History (1899–1969). Tokyo: NEC Limited
    Nelson, Richard R. 1995. “Recent Evolutionary Theorizing About Economic ChangeJournal of Economic Literature 33:48–90
    Nikkei Databank Bureau. 1989. NEEDS — Corporate Data. Tokyo: Nihon Keizai Shimbun
    Nishiguchi, Toshihiro. 1994. Strategic Industrial Sourcing: The Japanese Advantage. New York: Oxford University Press
    Nishiguchi, Toshihiro and Beaudet, Alexandre. 1998. “Case Study — the Toyota Group and the Aisin FireSloan Management Review 40:49–60
    Noguchi, Y. 1998. “The 1940 System: Japan under the Wartime EconomyAmerican Economic Review 88:404–7
    Norville, Elizabeth. 1998. “The Illiberal Roots of Japanese Financial Regulatory Reform,” Pp. 111–41 in Is Japan Really Changing Its Ways? Edited by Lonny Carlile and Mark Tilton. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution
    Odagiri, Hiroyuki. 1975. “Kigyo-shudan no riron” (The Theory of Corporate Groups)Kikan riron keizaigaku (Economics Studies Quarterly), volume 26
    Odagiri, Hiroyuki 1992. Growth through Competition, Competition through Growth: A Study of Japanese Management. New York: Clarendon Press
    Odaka, Konosuke, Keinosuke Ono, and Fumihiko Adachi. 1988. The Automobile Industry in Japan: A Study of Ancillary Firm Development. Tokyo:; Kinokuniya
    Ogawa, Joshua. 1995. “Corporations Embrace Company System: Structure Emulates Outlawed Holding Firms, Improves AgilityNikkei Weekly, May 1
    Ohkawa, Kazushi and Henry Rosovsky. 1973. Japanese Economic Growth: Trend Acceleration in the Twentieth Century. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press
    Okazaki, Tetsuji. 1993. “The Japanese Firm under the Wartime Planned-EconomyJournal of the Japanese and International Economies 7:175–203
    Okimoto, Daniel I. 1989. Between MITI and the Market: Japanese Industrial Policy for High Technology. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press
    Okumura, Hiroshi. 1982. “Interfirm Relations in an Enterprise Group — the Case of MitsubishiJapanese Economic Studies 10:53–82
    Okumura, Hiroshi 1983. Shin nihon no rokudai kigyo shudan (A New Look at Japan's Six Major Enterprise Groups). Tokyo: Daiyamondo-sha
    Okuno-Fujiwara, Masahiro. 1991. “Industrial Policy in Japan: A Political Economy View.” In The U.S. And Japan: Trade and Investment, edited by Paul R. Krugman. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    Olson, Mancur. 1982. The Rise and Decline of Nations: Economic Growth, Stagflation, and Social Rigidities. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press
    Ord, Keith. 1975. “Estimation Methods for Models of Spatial InteractionJournal of the American Statistical Association 70:120–26
    Ornstein, Michael D. 1984. “Interlocking Directorates in Canada: Intercorporate or Class Allliance?” Administrative Science Quarterly 29:210–31
    Orru, Marco, Nicole Woolsey Biggart, and Gary G. Hamilton. 1997. The Economic Organization of East Asian Capitalism. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications
    Orru, Marco, Hamilton, Gary G., and Suzuki, Mariko. 1989. “Patterns of Inter-Firm Control in Japanese BusinessOrganization Studies 10:549–74
    Ouchi, William G. 1981. Theory Z: How American Business Can Meet the Japanese Challenge. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley
    Ouchi, William G. 1986. The M-Form Society. New York: Avon
    Ozawa, Ichiro. 1994. Blueprint for a New Japan: The Rethinking of a Nation. Tokyo: Kodansha
    Palmer, Donald. 1983. “Broken Ties: Interlocking Directorates and Intercorporate CoordinationAdministrative Science Quarterly 28:40–55
    Palmer, Donald T., Friedland, Roger, and Singh, Jitendra V.. 1986. “The Ties That Bind: Organizational and Class Bases of Stability in a Corporate Interlock NetworkAmerican Sociological Review 51:781–96
    Pascale, Richard T. and Rohlen, Thomas. 1983. “The Mazda TurnaroundJournal of Japanese Studies 9:219–63
    Pempel, T. J. 1998. Regime Shift: Comparative Dynamics of the Japanese Political Economy. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press
    Pennings, Johannes. 1980. Interlocking Directorates. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass
    Perrow, Charles. 1992. “Small Firm Networks.” Pp. 445–70 in Networks and Organizations: Structure, Form, and Action, edited by Nitin Nohria and Rorbert G. Eccles. Boston: Harvard Business School Press
    Pesek, William. 2003. “Commentary: Japan Relies on the ‘Bank of Toyota’ ModelInternational Herald Tribune, January 22
    Pfeffer, Jeffrey and Gerald R. Salancik. 1978. The External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective. New York: Harper and Row
    Pilling, David. 2002. “Nonperforming Loans: Piles of Debt with Nowhere to GoFinancial Times, November 14
    Piore, Michael J. and Charles F. Sabel. 1984. The Second Industrial Divide: Possibilities for Prosperity. New York: Basic Books
    Podolny, Joel M. 1993. “A Status-Based Model of Market CompetitionAmerican Journal of Sociology 98:829–72
    Podolny, Joel M. and Page, Karen L.. 1998. “Network Forms of OrganizationAnnual Review of Sociology 24:57–76
    Polanyi, Karl. 1944. The Great Transformation. New York: Farrar & Rinehart
    Porter, Michael E. 1990. The Competitive Advantage of Nations. New York: Free Press
    Powell, W. W. 1990. “Neither Market nor Hierarchy: Network Forms of Organization.” Pp. 295–336 in Research in Organizational Behavior, volume 12, edited by Barry M. Staw and L. L. Cummings. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press
    Pred, Alan. 1977. City Systems in Advanced Economies. London: Hutchison
    Prestowitz, Clyde V. 1989. Trading Places: How We Are Giving Our Future to Japan and How to Reclaim It. New York: Basic Books
    Ramseyer, J. Mark. 1994. “Explicit Reasons for Implicit Contracts: the Legal Logic to the Japanese Main Bank System.” Pp. 231–57 in The Japanese Main Bank System: Its Relevance for Developing and Transforming Economies, edited by M. Aoki and H. Patrick. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press
    Richardson, G. B. 1972. “The Organization of IndustryEconomic Journal 82:883–96
    Roe, Mark J. 1994. Strong Managers, Weak Owners. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
    Roehl, Thomas W. 1983a. An Economic Analysis of Industrial Groupings in Post-War Japan. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Washington
    Roehl, Thomas W. 1983b. “A Transactions Cost Approach to International Trading Structures: The Case of the Japanese General Trading CompaniesHitotsubashi Journal of Economics 24:119–35
    Rohlen, Thomas P. 1974. For Harmony and Strength: Japanese White-Collar Organization in Anthropological Perspective. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press
    Rosenbluth, Frances McCall. 1989. Financial Politics in Contemporary Japan. Ithaca: Cornell University Press
    Rtischev, Dmitry and Robert E. Cole. 2003. “The Role of Organizational Discontinuity in High Technology: Insights from a U.S.-Japan Comparison.” In Roadblocks on the Information Highway, edited by Jane Bachnik. Lanham, MD: Rowman Littlefield
    Rumelt, Richard P. 1974. Strategy, Structure, and Economic Performance. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School
    Sakakibara, Kiyonori. 1993. “R&D Cooperation among Competitors: A Case Study of the VLSI Semiconductor Research Project in JapanJournal of Engineering and Technology Management 10:393–407
    Sakakibara, Kiyonori and Kouji Miki. 1999. “The International Comparative Study of Companies' Procurement Activities Supported by Information Technology.” Tokyo: National Institute of Science and Technology Policy; (NISTEP)
    Sakamoto, Kazuichi. 1991. “Enterprise Groups in Contemporary JapanJapanese Economic Studies 19:56–88
    Sako, Mari 1992. Prices, Quality, and Trust: Inter-Firm Relations in Britain and Japan. New York: Cambridge University Press
    Sako, Mari 1996. “Suppliers' Associations in the Japanese Automobile Industry: Collective Action for Technology DiffusionCambridge Journal of Economics 20:651–71
    Sako, Mari 2004. Shifting Boundaries of the Firm: Japanese Management — Japanese Labour. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press
    Sako, Mari and Helper, Susan. 1998. “Determinants of Trust in Supplier Relations: Evidence from the Automotive Industry in Japan and the United StatesJournal of Economic Behavior & Organization 34:387–417
    Samuels, Richard J. 1987. The Business of the Japanese State. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press
    Sanger, David E. 2003. “The Global Cost of Crony CapitalismNew York Times, July 21
    SAS Institute. 1990. SAS/Stat User's Guide, Version 6. Cary, NC: SAS Institute
    Sato, Makoto. 1999a. “Sanwa Bank Scrambles to Keep Up as Three-Bank Deal Reshuffles IndustryNikkei Net Interactive, September 6
    Sato, Makoto 1999b. “Bank Merger to Blur Old Zaibatsu Lines.” Nikkei Weekly, October 18
    Saxenian, AnnaLee. 1996. Regional Advantage. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
    Saxenian, AnnaLee 1991. “The Origins and Dynamics of Production Networks in Silicon ValleyResearch Policy 20:423–37
    Schaede, Ulrike. 1995. “The Old-Boy Network and Government-Business Relationships in JapanJournal of Japanese Studies 21:293–317
    Schaede, Ulrike 1996. “The 1995 Financial Crisis in Japan.” Berkeley, CA: Berkeley Roundtable on the International Economy. February
    Schaede, Ulrike 2000. Cooperative Capitalism: Self-Regulation, Trade Associations, and the Antimonopoly Law in Japan. New York: Oxford University Press
    Schaede, Ulrike 2001. “The Japanese Financial System: From Postwar to the New Millennium.” Harvard Business School HBS Case 9-700-049
    Schelling, Thomas C. 1978. Micromotives and Macrobehavior. New York:; Norton
    Scher, Mark J. 1997. Japanese Interfirm Networks and their Main Banks. New York: St. Martin's Press
    Schleifer, Andre and Vishy, Robert W.. 1986. “Large Shareholders and Corporate ControlJournal of Political Economy 94:461–88
    Schumpeter, Joseph A. 1955. Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy. New York: Harper & Row
    Scott, John. 1986. Capitalist Property and Financial Power. Brighton, England: Wheatsheaf Books
    Scott, W. Richard and John W. Meyer. 1994. Institutional Environments and Organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
    Selznick, Philip. 1949. TVA and the Grass Roots. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press
    Sevastopulo, Demetri. 2002. “US View: Great Ideas but No Timetable for DeliveryFinancial Times, November 14
    Sheard, Paul 1986a. “Main Banks and Internal Capital Markets in JapanShoken keizai 157:255–85
    Sheard, Paul 1986b. “General Trading Companies and Structural Adjustment in Japan.” Research Paper No. 132, Australia-Japan Research Centre, February 1986
    Sheard, Paul 1989a. “The Main Bank System and Corporate Monitoring and Control in JapanJournal of Economic Behavior and Organization 11:399–422
    Sheard, Paul 1989b. “The Japanese General Trading Company as an Aspect of Interfirm Risk-SharingJournal of the Japanese and International Economies 3:308–22
    Sheard, Paul 1991a. “The Economics of Japanese Corporate Organization and the Structural Impediments Debate — a Critical ReviewJapanese Economic Studies 19:30–78
    Sheard, Paul 1991b. “The Role of Firm Organization in the Adjustment of a Declining Industry in Japan — the Case of AluminumJournal of the Japanese and International Economies 5:14–40
    Sheard, Paul 1994a. “Main Banks and the Governance of Financial Distress.” In The Japanese Main Bank System: Its Relevancy for Developing and Transforming Economies, edited by Masahiko Aoki and Hugh Patrick. New York: Oxford University Press
    Sheard, Paul 1994b. “Reciprocal Delegated Monitoring in the Japanese Main Bank SystemJournal of the Japanese and International Economies 8:1–21
    Sheard, Paul 1997. “Keiretsu, Competition, and Market Access.” Pp. 501–46 in Global Competition Policy, edited by Edward M. Graham and J. David Richardson.; Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics
    Shimotani, Masahiro. 1996. Mochikabu-gaisha kaikin (The Lifting of the Holding Company Ban). Tokyo: Chuo Koronsha
    Shimotani, Masahiro 1998. Matsushita gurupu no rekishi to kozo (The History and Structure of the Matsushita Group). Tokyo: Yūhikaku
    Shioji, Hiromi. 1995. “‘Itaku’ Automotive Production: An Aspect of the Development of Full-Line and Wide-Selection Production by Toyota in the 1960'sKyoto University Economic Review, vol. 66
    Shirai, Taishiro. 1983. Contemporary Industrial Relations in Japan. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press
    Shirouzu, Norhiko. 1999a. “Toyota Is Tightening Control of Key Suppliers in Bid to Block Encroachment by Foreign FirmsWall Street Journal, August 3,; p. A18
    Shirouzu, Norhiko 1999b. “Nissan's Revival Relies on Operating Chief's Agility: Ghosn Must Lead Tough Revamping Despite ObstaclesWall Street Journal, October 18
    Shirouzu, Norhiko 1999c. “Nissan Overhaul May Entice Foreign Corporate Raids without Keiretsu Tie-Ins, Suppliers Become VulnerableWall Street Journal, October 20, p. A20
    Shirouzu, Norhiko 2000. “Founding Clan Vies with Outsider for a Place at the Top of ToyotaWall Street Journal, May 15
    Smith, Randall, Lipin, Steven, and Kumar, Amal. 1994. “Managing Profits; How General Electric Damps Fluctuations in Its Annual EarningsWall Street Journal, October 3
    Smitka, Michael J. 1991. Competitive Ties: Subcontracting in the Japanese Automotive Industry. New York: Columbia University Press
    Spiegel, Mark M. 2000. “Bank Charter Value and the Viability of the Japanese Convoy SystemJournal of the Japanese and International Economies; 14:149–68
    Spindle, Bill. 1998. “Sakura Bank Seeks Infusion of 2 Billion from Big HoldersWall Street Journal, August 31
    Stata Corporation. 1999. Stata User's Guide: Release 6. College Station, TX: Stata Press
    Stinchcombe, Arthur M. 1965. “Social Structure and Organizations.” In Handbook of Organizations, edited by James G. March. Chicago: Rand; McNally
    Strom, S. 1999. “Toyota Picks Aide to Founding Family as PresidentNew York Times, April 14
    Sugawara, Sandra. 1998. “In Japan Ties Meant to Bind Now Strangle: Powerful Keiretsu System Stalls Nation's RecoveryWashington Post, October 16
    Sugiyama, Yoshikuni. 2003. “Other Firms Should Copy Toyota's LargesseDaily Yomiuri Online, January 23
    Sumitomo Bank. 1926. 30 Year History. Osaka: Sumitomo Bank Limited
    Sumitomo Bank. 1955a. Sumitomo Bank Short History. Osaka: Sumitomo Bank Limited
    Sumitomo Bank. 1955b. Sumitomo Bank History. Osaka: Sumitomo Bank Limited
    Sumitomo Bank. 1955c. History of 60 Years: 1859–1955. Osaka: Sumitomo Bank Limited
    Sumitomo Bank. 1965. Sumitomo Bank History (Continued). Osaka: Sumitomo Bank Limited
    Sumitomo Bank. 1979. History of 80 Years. Osaka: Sumitomo Bank Limited
    Suzuki, Yoshio. 1987. The Japanese Financial System. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press
    Suzuki, Yumiko. 2001. “Last of Six Failed Insurers Find Firms to Bail Them OutNikkei Weekly, February 26
    Taira, Koji and Solomon Levine. 1985. “Japan's Industrial Relations: A Social Compact Emerges.” Pp. 247–300 in Industrial Relations in a Decade of Economic Change, edited by Harvey Juris, Mark Thompson, and Wilbur Daniels. Madison, WI: Industrial Relations Research Association Series
    Takahashi, Kamekichi. 1930. Nihon zaibatsu no kaibo. Tokyo: Chuo Koronsha
    Takahashi, Peggy K. 1995. Strategic Spin-offs and Organizational Change in the Japanese Electric and Electronic Equipment Industry. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley
    Teece, David J. 1986. “Transactions Cost Economics and the Multinational-Enterprise — an AssessmentJournal of Economic Behavior & Organization 7:21–45
    Teece, David J. and Winter, Sidney 1984. “The Limits of Neoclassical Theory in Management EducationAmerican Economic Review 74:116–21
    Teikoku Databank America. 2003. Bankruptcy Report. Tokyo: Teikoku; Databank
    Teranishi, J. 1986. “Economic-Growth and Regulation of Financial-Markets — Japanese Experience during Postwar High Growth PeriodHitotsubashi Journal of Economics 27:149–65
    Tett, Gillian. 1997. “Fuji Bank: A Commitment ProblemFinancial Times, November 22
    Thompson, James D. 1967. Organizations in Action. New York: McGraw-Hill
    Thornton, Emily. 1999. “Mystery at Toyota's Top: An Executive Shuffle Doesn't Clear Anything UpBusiness Week Online, April 26
    Thurow, Lester C. 1993. Head to Head: The Coming Economic Battle among Japan, Europe, and America. New York: Warner Books
    Tokyo Stock Exchange. 2002. Shareownership Survey of the National Conference of Stock Exchanges. Tokyo: Tokyo Stock Exchange
    Toyo Keizai. Various years. Kigyo keiretsu soran (Enterprise Keiretsu Survey). Tokyo: Toyo Keizai Ltd
    Treece, James B. 1998. “When Times Get Tough, Toyota Goes ShoppingAutomotive News, November 30
    Tushman, Michael and Anderson, Philip. 1986. “Technological Discontinuities and Organizational EnvironmentsAdministrative Science Quarterly 31:439–65
    Useem, Michael. 1984. The Inner Circle. New York: Oxford University Press
    Useem, Michael 1996. Investor Capitalism: How Money Managers Are Changing the Face of Corporate America. New York: Basic Books/ HarperCollins
    Uzzi, Brian. 1996. “The Sources and Consequences of Embeddedness for the Economic Performance of Organizations: The Network EffectAmerican Sociological Review 61:674–98
    Uzzi, Brian and Gillespie, James J.. 2002. “Knowledge Spillover in Corporate Financing Networks: Embeddedness and the Firm's Debt PerformanceStrategic Management Journal 23:595–618
    van Wolferen, Karel. 1989. The Enigma of Japanese Power. London: MacMillan
    von Mehren, Arthur T. 1963. Law in Japan. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
    Walker, Gordon B., Kogut, Bruce, and , W. J. Shan. 1997. “Social Capital, Structural Holes and the Formation of an Industry NetworkOrganization Science 8:109–25
    Wallich, Henry C. and Mable I. Wallich. 1976. “Banking and Finance.” In Asia's New Giant: How the Japanese Economy Works, edited by Hugh Patrick and Henry Rosovsky. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution
    Wasserman, Stanley and Joseph Galaskiewicz. 1994. Advances in Social Network Analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications
    Weinstein, David E and Yafeh, Yishay. 1995. “Japan's Corporate Groups: Collusive or Competitive? An Empirical Investigation of Keiretsu BehaviorJournal of Industrial Economics 43:359–76
    Wellman, Barry and S. D. Berkowitz. 1987. Social Structures: A Network Approach, edited by Barry Wellman and S. D. Berkowitz. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press
    Westney, D. Eleanor. 1987. Imitation and Innovation: The Transfer of Western Organizational Patterns to Meiji Japan. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
    White, Harrison C. 1992. Identity and Control: A Structural Theory of Social Action. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
    White, Harrison C., Boorman, S. A., and Breiger, R. L.. 1976. “Social-Structure from Multiple Networks. 1. Blockmodels of Roles and PositionsAmerican Journal of Sociology 81:730–80
    Whittaker, D. H. 1997. Small Firms in the Japanese Economy. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press
    Williamson, O. E. 1970. Corporate Control and Business Behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall
    Williamson, O. E. 1975. Markets and Hierarchies. New York: Free Press
    Williamson, O. E. 1985. The Economic Institutions of Capitalism. New York: Free Press
    Williamson, O. E. 1991. “Comparative Economic Organization: The Analysis of Discrete Structural AlternativesAdministrative Science Quarterly 36:269–96
    Williamson, O. E. 1994. “Transaction Cost Economics and Organizational Theory.” Pp. 77–107 in Handbook of Organizational Sociology, edited by Neil Smelser and Richard Swedberg. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
    Wolff, Kurt H. 1950. The Sociology of Georg Simmel. Glencoe, IL: Free Press
    Womack, J. P, D. T. Jones, and D. Roos. 1990. The Machine That Changed the World. New York: Rawson Associates
    Wray, William D. 1984. Mitsubishi and the N.Y.K. 1870–1914: Business Strategy in the Japanese Shipping Industry. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
    Yasui, Takahiro. 1999. “Corporate Governance in Japan.” In Corporate Governance in Asia: A Comparative Perspective. Paris: OECD
    Yokei, Tatsuya and Kanno, Kennichi. 1999. “Young Mazda President Comes with Strings Attached: Former Boss Wallace Likely to Call Shots from Ford Head OfficeNikkei Weekly, December 20
    Yoshihara, Hideki, Akimatsu Sakuma, Hiryoyuki Itami, and Tadao Kagono. 1981. Nihon kigyo no takaku-ka senryaku (The Diversification Strategy of Japanese Firms: A Managerial Resource Approach). Tokyo: Nihon Keizai Shinbunsha
    Yoshihara, Hideki and Shin-ichi Yonekawa. 1987. Business History of General Trading Companies: Proceedings of the Fuji Conference. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press
    Yoshino, M. Y. and Thomas B. Lifson. 1986. The Invisible Link: Japan's Sogo Shosha and the Organization of Trade. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
    Zajac, Edward J. 1988. “Interlocking Directorates as an Organizational Strategy: A Test of Critical AssumptionsAcademy of Management Journal 31:428–38
    Zielinski, Robert and Nigel Holloway. 1992. Unequal Equities: Power and Risk in Japan's Stock Market. New York: McGraw-Hill

    Metrics

    Altmetric attention score

    Full text views

    Total number of HTML views: 0
    Total number of PDF views: 0 *
    Loading metrics...

    Book summary page views

    Total views: 0 *
    Loading metrics...

    * Views captured on Cambridge Core between #date#. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

    Usage data cannot currently be displayed.

    Accessibility standard: Unknown

    Why this information is here

    This section outlines the accessibility features of this content - including support for screen readers, full keyboard navigation and high-contrast display options. This may not be relevant for you.

    Accessibility Information

    Accessibility compliance for the PDF of this book is currently unknown and may be updated in the future.