Abelson, Robert P., and Levi, Ariel. 1985. “Decision Making and Decision Theory.” In Gardner Lindzey and Elliot Aronson (eds.), Handbook of Social Psychology (Volume I, 3rd edition, pp. 231–309). New York: Random House
Abramowitz, Alan I. 1989. “Viability, Electability, and Candidate Choice in a Presidential Primary Election: A Test of Competing Models.” Journal of Politics 51(November): 977–992
Abramson, Paul R., Aldrich, John H., Paolino, Phil, and Rhode, David W.. 1992. “‘Sophisticated’ Voting in the 1988 Presidential Primaries.” American Political Science Review 86(March): 55–69
Achen, Christopher H. 1975. “Mass Political Attitudes and the Survey Response.”American Political Science Review 69 (December): 1218–1231
Alba, Joseph W., and Marmorstein, Howard. 1987. “The Effects of Frequency Knowledge on Consumer Decision Making.” Journal of Consumer Research 14(June): 14–25
Aldrich, John H. 1980. Before the Convention: Strategies and Choices in Presidential Nomination Campaigns.Chicago:University of Chicago Press
Aldrich, John H. 1993. “Rational Choice and Turnout.” American Journal of Political Science 37(February): 246–276
Aldrich, John H., and Alvarez, R. Michael. 1994. “Issues and the presidential primary voter.”Political Behavior 16(September): 289–317
Alexander, Herbert E. 1975. Financing the 1972 Election. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books
Alexander, Herbert E. 1979. Financing the 1976 Election. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly
Alexander, Herbert E. 1983. Financing the 1980 Election. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books
Alexander, Herbert E., and Bauer, Monica. 1991. Financing the 1988 Election. Boulder, CO: Westview Press
Alexander, Herbert E., and Corrado, Anthony. 1995. Financing the 1992 Election. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe
Alexander, Herbert E., and Haggerty, Brian A.. 1987. Financing the 1984 Election. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books
Allison, Graham T. 1971. Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis. Boston:Little, Brown
Allison, Graham T., and Zelikow, Philip D.. 1999. Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis (2nd edition). New York:Longman
Anderson, John R. 1983. The Architecture of Cognition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Anderson, John R.. 1973. Human Associative Memory. New York:Wiley
Anderson, John R., Byrne, Michael D., Douglass, Scott, Lebiere, Christian, and Qin, Yulin. 2004. “An Integrated Theory of the Mind.” Psychological Review 111(4): 1036–1060
Anderson, Norman H. 1965. “Primacy Effects in Personality Impression Formation Using a Generalized Order Effect Paradigm.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2: 1–9
Anderson, Norman H. 1981 . Foundations of Information Integration Theory. New York: Academic Press
Ansolabehere, Stephen, and Iyengar, Shanto. 1995. Going Negative: How Political Advertisements Shrink and Polarize the Electorate. New York:Free Press
Arrow, Kenneth J. 1951. Social Choice and Individual Values. New York: John Wiley and Sons
Aschenbrenner, K. M., Bockenholt, U., Albert, D., and Schmalhofer, F.. 1986. “The Selection of Dimensions When Choosing Between Multiattribute Alternatives.” In R. W. Scholz (ed.), Current Issues in West German Decision Research (pp. 63–78). Frankfurt: Lang
Bargh, John A. 1989. “Preconscious and Postconscious Automaticity in Social Perception.” In J. S. Uleman and J. A. Bargh (eds.), Unintended Thought (pp. 3–51). New York: Guilford Press
Bargh, John A., and Thein, R. R.. 1985. “Individual Construct Accessibility, Person Memory, and the Recall-judgment Link: the Case of Information Overload.”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 49: 1129–1146
Bartels, Larry M. 1988. Presidential Primaries and the Dynamics of Public Choice.Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
Bartels, Larry M. 1996. “Uninformed Votes: Information Effects in Presidential Elections.” American Journal of Political Science 40(February): 194–230
Bassili, John N. 1995. “Response Latency and the Accessibility of Voting Intentions: What Contributes to Accessibility and How It Affects Vote Choice.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 21(July): 686–695
Belmore, S. M. 1987. “Determinants of Attention during Impression Formation.” Journal of Experiment Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 13: 480–489
Ben Zur, Hasida, and Breznitz, Shlomo J.. 1981. “The Effects of Time Pressure on Risky Choice Behavior.” Acta Psycologica 47(February): 89–104
Bennett, W. Lance. 1988. News: The Politics of Illusion (2nd ed.). New York:Longman
Bennett, W. Lance. 1992. The Governing Crisis: Media, Money, and Marketing in American Elections.New York:St. Martin's Press
Berleson, Bernard R., Lazarsfeld, Paul F., and McPhee, William. 1954. Voting: A Study of Opinion Formation in a Presidential Campaign. Chicago:University of Chicago Press
Berns, Walter. 1962. “Voting Studies.” In Herbert Storing, Essays on the Scientific Study of Politics (pp. 1–62). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston
Bettman, James R., Johnson, Eric J., Luce, M. F., and Payne, John W.. 1993. “Correlation, Conflict, and Choice.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory & Cognition 19(July): 931–951
Bhaskar, Roy. 1997. A Realist Theory of Science. New York: Verso
Biggs, Stanley F., Bedard, Jean C., Gaber, Brian G., and Linsmeier, Thomas J.. 1985. “The Effects of Task Size and Similarity on the Decision Behavior of Bank Loan Officers.” Management Science 31(August): 970–987
Billings, Robert S., and Marcus, Stephen A.. 1983. “Measures of Compensatory and Noncompensatory Models of Decision Behavior: Process Tracing versus Policy Capturing.” Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 31(June): 331–352
Billings, Robert S., and Scherer, Lisa L.. 1988. “The Effects of Response Mode and Importance on Decision-making Strategies: Judgment vs. Choice.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 41(1): 1–19
Bockenholt, Ulf, Albert, Dietrich, Aschenbrenner, Michael, and Schmalhofer, Franz. 1991. “The Effects of Attractiveness, Dominance and Attribute Differences on Information Acquisition in Multiattribute Binary Choice.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 49(August): 258–281
Brady, Henry E. 1985. “The Perils of Survey Research: Inter-Personally Incomparable Responses.” Political Methodology 11(3): 269–291
Brady, Henry E., and Sniderman, Paul M.. 1985. “Attitude Attribution: A Group Basis for Political Reasoning.” American Political Science Review 79(December): 1061–1078
Brunswik, E. 1957. “Scope and Aspects of the Cognitive Problem.” In H. Gruber, K. R. Hammond, and R. Jessor (eds.), Contemporary Approaches to Cognition (pp. 5–31). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Buchanan, Bruce. 1987. The Citizen's Presidency: Standards of Choice and Judgment. Washington, DC:Congressional Quarterly Press
Buchanan, Bruce. 1988. “Sizing up Candidates in Private Lives and Public Careers.” PS: Political Science and Politics 21(Spring): 250–256
Burnham, Walter Dean. 1965. “The Changing Shape of the American Political Universe.”American Political Science Review 59(March): 7–28
Burnham, Walter Dean. 1974. “Theory and Voting Research: Some Reflections on Converse's ‘Change in the American Electorate.’” American Political Science Review 68(December): 1002–1023
Bystrom, Dianne G., Mary, Christine Banwart, Lynda, Lee Kaid, and Terry, A. Robertson. 2004. Gender and Candidate Communication: Videostyle, Webstyle, Newsstyle. New York:Routledge
Campbell, Angus, Gurin, Gerald, and Miller, Warren E.. 1954. The Voter Decides. Evanston, IL: Row, Peterson & Company
Campbell, Angus, Converse, Philip E., Miller, Warren E., and Stokes, Donald E.. 1960. The American Voter. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Campbell, Donald T., and Stanley, Julian C.. 1963. Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research. Chicago:Rand McNally
Cantor, Nancy, and Mischel, Walter. 1979. “Prototypes in Person Perception.” In Leonard Berkowitz (ed.),Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Volume 12, pp. 3–25). New York: Academic Press
Carlston, Donal E. 1980. “The Recall and Use of Traits and Events in Social Inference Processes.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 16(3): 303–328
Carmines, Edward G., and Kuklinski, James H.. 1990. “Incentives, Opportunities, and the Logic of Public Opinion in American Political Representation.” In John A. Ferejohn and James H. Kuklinski (eds.), Information and Democratic Processes (pp. 240–268). Urbana: University of Illinois Press
Carmines, Edward G., and Stimson, James A.. 1980. “The Two Faces of Issue Voting.” American Political Science Review 74, 78–91
Carroll, John S., and Johnson, Eric J.. 1990. Decision Research: A Field Guide. Beverly Hills, CA:Sage
Chase, William G., and Simon, Herbert A.. 1973. “Perception in Chess.” Cognitive Psychology 4(January): 55–81
Connolly, William E. 1972. “On ‘Interests’ in Politics.” Politics and Society 2(Summer): 459–477
Conover, Pamela J., and Feldman, Stanley. 1984. “How People Organize Their Political World: A Schematic Model.” American Journal of Political Science 28(February): 95–126
Conover, Pamela J., and Feldman, Stanley. 1986. “The Role of Inference in the Perception of Political Candidates.” In Richard R. Lau and David O. Sears (eds.), Political Cognition: The 19th Annual Carnegie Symposium on Cognition (pp. 127–158). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
Conover, Pamela J., and Feldman, Stanley. 1989. “Candidate Perception in an Ambiguous World: Campaigns, Cues, and Inference Processes.” American Journal of Political Science 33 (November): 912–940
Conover, Pamela Johnston, Virginia, Gray, and Steven, Coombs. 1982. “Single-Issue Voting: Elite-Mass Linkages.” Political Behavior 4 (December): 309–331
Converse, Philip E. 1964. “Attitudes and Non-Attitudes: Continuation of a Dialogue.” In Edward Tufte (ed.), The Quantitative Analysis of Social Problems. (pp. 206–261). Reading, MA:Addison-Wesley
Converse, Philip E. 1975. “Public Opinion and Voting Behavior.” In Fred Greenstein and Nelson Polsby (eds.), Handbook of Political Science (Volume 4, pp. 75–170). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley
Converse, Philip E., and Gregory B. Markus. 1979. “Plus ca Change: The New CPS Election Study.”American Political Science Review 73(March): 32–49
Corrado, Anthony. 1997. “Financing the 1996 Elections.” In Gerald M. Pomper (ed.), The Election of 1996 (pp. 135–172). Chatham, NJ: Chatham House Publishers
Corrado, Anthony. 2001. “Financing the 2000 Elections.” In Gerald M. Pomper (ed.), The Election of 2000 (pp. 92–124). Chatham, NJ: Chatham House Publishers
Corrado, Anthony, and Firestone, Charles M. (eds.). 1996. Elections in Cyberspace: Toward a New Era in American Politics. Washington, DC:Aspen Institute
Crawford, Mary E. 1995. Talking Difference: On Gender ad Language. Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage Publications
Czerlinski, Jean, Gerd, Gigerenzer, and Goldstein, Daniel G.. 1999. “How Good Are Simple Heuristics?” In Gerd Gigerenzer, Peter M. Todd, and the ABC Research Group (eds.), Simple Heuristics that Make Us Smart (pp. 97–118). New York: Oxford University Press
Dahl, Robert A. 1961. Who Governs? Democracy and Power in an American City.New Haven, CT: Yale University Press
Dahl, Robert A. 1989. Democracy and Its Critics. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press
Davis, Otto A., Hinich, Melvin J., and Ordeshook, Peter C.. 1970. “An Expository Development of a Mathematical Model of the Electoral Process.” American Political Science Review 64(June): 426–448
Dawes, Robyn M. 1979. “The Robust Beauty of Improper Linear Models in Decision Making.” American Psychologist 34(July): 571–582
Dawes, Robyn M. 1988. Rational Choice in an Uncertain World.New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich
Dawes, Robyn M. 1998. “Behavioral Decision Making and Judgment.” In Daniel T. Gilbert, Susan T. Fiske, and Gardner Lindzey (eds.), The Handbook of Social Psychology (Volume I, 4th edition, pp. 497–548). Boston: McGraw-Hill
DeClercq, Eugene, Hurley, Thomas L., and Luttberg, Norman. 1976. “Voting in American Presidential Elections: 1956–1972.” In Samuel A. Kirkpatrick (ed.), American Electoral Behavior: Change and Stability. Beverly Hills, CA:Sage
Delli Carpini, Michael, and Keeter, Scott. 1996. What Americans Know About Politics and Why It Matters. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press
Downs, Anthony. 1957. An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper and Row
Druckman, James N., and Lupia, Arthus. 2000. “Preference Formation.”Annual Review of Political Science 3: 1–24
Easton, David. 1953. The Political System: An Inquiry into the State of Political Science. New York:Knopf
Easton, David. 1965. A Systems Analysis of Political Life. New York: Wiley
Einhorn, Hillel J. 1970. “The Use of Nonlinear, Noncompensatory Models in Decision Making.” Psychological Bulletin 73: 211–230
Einhorn, Hillel J., and Hogarth, Robin M.. 1975. “Unit Weighting Schemes for Decision Making.” Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 13(April): 171–192
Einhorn, Hillel J., and Hogarth, Robin M.. 1981. “Behavioral Decision Theory: Processes of Judgment and Choice.” Annual Review of Psychology 32: 53–88
Enelow, James M., and Hinich, Melvin J.. 1984. The Spatial Theory of Voting: An Introduction. New York:Cambridge University Press
Ericsson, K. Anders, and Simon, Herbert A.. 1980. Protocol Analysis: Verbal Reports as Data. Cambridge, MA:MIT Press
Ferejohn, John A., and Fiorina, Morris P.. 1974. “The Paradox of Not Voting: A Decision Theoretic Analysis.” American Political Science Review 68(June): 525–536
Festinger, Leon. 1957. A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press
Finnigan, Simon, Humphreys, Michael S.., Dennis, Simon, and Geffen, Gina. 2002. “ERP ‘Old/New’ Effects: Memory Strength and Decisional Factors.” Neuropsychologia 40: 2288–2304
Fiorina, Morris P. 1976. “The Voting Decision: Instrumental and Expressive Aspects.” Journal of Politics 38(May): 390–413
Fiorina, Morris P. 1981. Retrospective Voting in American National Elections. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press
Fischer, Gregory W., and Hawkins, Scott A.. 1993. “Strategy Compatibility, Scale Compatibility, and the Prominence Effect.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 19(June): 580–597
Fischer, Gregory W., and Johnson, Eric J.. 1986. “Behavioral Decision Theory.” In Richard R. Lau and David O. Sears (eds.), Political Cognition (pp. 55–65). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
Fischoff, Baruch, Slovic, Paul, and Lichtenstein, Sarah. 1978. “Fault Trees: Sensitivity of Estimated Failure Probabilities to Problem Representation.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 4(May): 330–344
Fishman, Mark. 1980. Manufacturing the News. Austin: University of Texas Press
Fiske, Susan T., Kinder, Donald R., and Larter, W. Michael. 1983. “The Novice and the Expert: Knowledge-Based Strategies in Political Cognition.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 19(July): 381–400
Fiske, Susan T., Lau, Richard R., and Smith, Richard A.. 1990. “On the Variety and Utility of Political Knowledge Structures.” Social Cognition 8(Spring): 31–48
Fiske, Susan T., and Pavelchak, Mark A.. 1986. “Category-Based versus Piecemeal-Based Affective Responses: Developments in Schema-Triggered Affect.” In Richard M. Sorrentino and E. Tory Higgins (eds.), The Handbook of Motivation and Cognition: Foundations of Social Behavior (pp. 167–203). New York:Guilford
Fiske, Susan T., and Taylor, Shelley E.. 1991. Social Cognition (2nd edition). New York: McGraw-Hill
Flanigan, William H., and Zingale, Nancy H. 1983. Political Behavior of the American Electorate (5th edition). Boston: Allyn and Bacon
Ford, Gary T., and Smith, Ruth Ann. 1987. “Inferential Beliefs in Consumer Evaluations: An Assessment of Alternative Processing Strategies.” Journal of Consumer Research 14(December): 363–371
Ford, Kevin J., Schmitt, Neal, Schechtman, Susan L., Hults, Brian M., and Doherty, Mary L.. 1989. “Process Tracing Methods: Contributions, Problems, and Neglected Research Questions.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 43(February): 75–117
Frank, Thomas. 2004. What's the Matter with Kansas? How Conservatives Won the Heart of America. New York: Metropolitan Books
Frankenberger, Kristina D., and Albaum, Gerald S.. 1997. “Using Behavioral Decision Theory to Assess Advertisement Recognition Tasks by Level of Difficulty.” Psychology & Marketing 14(March): 145–162
Franklin, Mark N. 1996. “Electoral Participation.” In Lawrence LeDuc, Richard G. Niemi, and Pippa Norris (eds.), Comparing Democracies: Elections and Voting in Global Perspective (pp. 216–235). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Friedman, Jeffrey (ed.). 1995. The Rational Choice Controversy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press
Friedman, Milton. (ed.). 1953. Essays in Positive Economics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Gabrielcik, Adele, and Fazio, Russel H.. 1984. “Priming and Frequency Estimation: A Strict Test of the Availability Heuristic.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 10(March): 85–89
Gans, Herbert. 1979. Deciding What's News. New York: Vintage Books
Gant, Michael M., and Davis, Dwight F.. 1984. “Mental Economy and Voter Rationality: The Informed Citizen Problem in Voting Research.” Journal of Politics 46(February): 132–153
Gerber, Alan, and Green, Donald. 1999. “Misperceptions about Perceptual Bias.”Annual Review of Political Science 2: 189–210
Gettys, Charles F., Pliske, Rebecca M., Manning, Carol, and Casey, Jeff T.. 1987. “An Evaluation of Human Act Generation Performance.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 39(February): 23–51
Geva, Nehemia, and Mintz, Alex (eds.). 1997. Decisionmaking on War and Peace: The Cognitive-Rational Debate. Boulder, CO:Lynne Rienner
Gigerenzer, Gerd, and Goldstein, Daniel G.. 1999. “Betting on One Good Reason: The Take the Best Heuristic.” In Gerd Gigerenzer, Peter M. Todd, and the ABC Research Group (eds.), Simple Heuristics that Make Us Smart (pp. 75–95). New York: Oxford University Press
Gigerenzer, Gerd, and Todd, Peter M.. 1999. “Fast and Frugal Heuristics: The Adaptive Toolbox.” In Gerd Gigerenzer, Peter M. Todd, and the ABC Research Group (eds.), Simple Heuristics that Make Us Smart (pp. 3–34). New York: Oxford University Press
Gilbert, Daniel T. 1998. “Ordinary Personology.” In Daniel Gilbert, Susan T. Fiske, and Gardner Lindzey (eds.), The Handbook of Social Psychology (Volume 2, 4th edition, pp. 89–150). Boston: McGraw Hill
Gilliland, Stephen W., and Schmitt, Neal. 1993. “Information Redundancy and Decision Behavior: a Process Tracing Investigation.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 54(2): 157–180
Goldstein, Daniel G., and Gigerenzer, Gerd. 1999. “The Recognition Heuristic: How Ignorance Makes Us Smart.” In Gerd Gigerenzer, Peter M. Todd, and the ABC Research Group (eds.), Simple Heuristics that Make Us Smart (pp. 37–58). New York: Oxford University Press
Graber, Doris A. 1984. Processing the News: How People Tame the Information Tide. New York:Longman
Green, Donald P., and Shapiro, Ian. 1994. Pathologies of Rational Choice Theory: A Critique of Applications in Political Science.New Haven, CT:Yale University Press
Guterbock, Thomas M. 1980. “Social Class and Voting Choices in Middletown.” Social Forces 58(June): 1044–1056
Hamill, Ruth,. 1986. “Cognitive consequences of political sophistication.” In Richard R. Lau and David O. Sears (eds.), Political Cognition: The 19th Annual Carnegie Symposium on Congnition (pp. 69–93) Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
Hamill, Ruth, Lodge, Milton, and Blake, Fredrick. 1985. “The Breadth, Depth, and Utility of Class, Partisan, and Ideological Schemata.” American Journal of Political Science 29(August): 850–870
Hastie, Reid. 1986. “A Primer of Information Processing Theory for the Political Scientist.” In Richard R. Lau and David O. Sears (eds.), Political Cognition: The 19th Annual Carnegie Symposium on Cognition (pp. 11–39). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
Hastie, Reid. 2001. “Problems for Judgment and Decision Making.” Annual Rev-iew of Psychology (Volume 52, pp. 653–683). Stanford, CA: Annual Reviews
Hastie, Reid, and Robyn, M. Dawes. 2001. Rational Choice in an Uncertain World. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Hastie, Reid, and Kumar, Purohit A.. 1979. “Person Memory: Personality Traits as Organizing Principles in Memory for Behavior.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 37(January): 25–38
Hastie, Reid, Ostrom, Thomas M., Ebbesen, Ebbe B., Wyer, Jr., Robert S., Hamilton, David L., and Carlston, Donal E. (eds.). 1980. Person Memory: The Cognitive Basis of Social Perception. Hillsdale, NJ:Erlbaum
Hastie, Reid, and Park, Bernadette. 1986. “The Relationship Between Memory and Judgment Depends on Whether the Task Is Memory-based or On-line.”Psychological Review 93(2): 258–268
Hastie, Reid, and Pennington, Nancy. 1988. “Notes on the Distinction Between Memory-based and On-line Judgments.” In John N. Bassili (ed.), On-line Cognition in Person Perception (pp. 1–19). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
Heider, Fritz. 1958. The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations. New York: Wiley
Hempel, Carl G. 1965. Aspects of Scientific Explanations. New York: Free Press
Henshel, Richard L. 1980. “The Purposes of Laboratory Experimentation and the Virtues of Deliberate Artificiality.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 16(September): 466–478
Herek, Gregory M., Janis, Irving L., and Huth, Paul. 1987. “Decision Making During International Crises.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 31(June): 203–226
Herstein, John A. 1981. “Keeping the Voter's Limits in Mind: A Cognitive Process Analysis of Decision Making in Voting.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 40(May): 843–861
Higgins, E. Tory, and King, G.. 1981. “Accessibility of Social Constructs: Information Processing Consequences of Individual and Contextual Variability.” In Nancy Cantor and John F. Kihlstrom (eds.), Personality, Cognition, and Social Interaction (pp. 69–122). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
Hinich, Melvin J., and Munger, Michael C.. 1994. Ideology and the Theory of Political Choice. Ann Arbor:University of Michigan Press
Hinich, Melvin J., and Munger, Michael C.. 1997. Analytical Politics. New York:Cambridge University Press
Hogarth, Robin M. 1975. “Cognitive Processes and the Assessment of Subjective Probability Distributions.” Journal of the American Statistical Association 70(June): 271–289
Hogarth, Robin M. 1987. Judgment and Choice (2nd edition). New York: Wiley
Holbrook, Thomas M. 1996. “Reading the Political Tea Leaves: A Forecasting Model of Contemporary Presidential Elections.” American Politics Quarterly 24(October): 506–519
Huang, Li-Ning. 2000. “Examining Candidate Information Search Processes: The Impact of Processing Goals and Sophistication.” Journal of Communication 50(Winter): 93–114
Huang, Li-Ning, and Vincent Price. 2001. “Motivations, Goals, Information Search, and Memory about Political Candidates.”Political Psychology 22: 665–692
Huntington, Samuel P. 1968. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press
Jacobson, Gary C. 1987. The Politics of Congressional Elections (2nd edition). Boston: Little, Brown
Jacobson, Gary C., and Kernell, Samuel. 1981. Strategy and Choice in Congressional Elections. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press
Jacoby, Jacob, Kohn, Carol, and Speller, Donald E.. 1974. “Brand Choice Behavior as a Function of Information Load.” Journal of Marketing Research 11(February): 63–69
Jacoby, J., Speller, Donald E., and Berning, C. Kohn. 1974. “Brand Choice Behavior as a Function of Information Load: Replication and Extension.” Journal of Consumer Research 1(February): 33–40
Jacoby, Jacob, Chestnut, R. W., Weigl, K. C., and Fischer, W.. 1976. “Pre-Purchasing Information Acquisition: Description of a Process Methodology, Research Paradigm, and Pilot Investigation.” Advances in Consumer Research 5(6): 546–554
Jacoby, Jacob, Jaccard, James, Kuss, Alfred, Troutman, Tracy, and Mazursky, David. 1987. “New Directions in Behavioral Process Research: Implications for Social Psychology.”Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 23(March): 146–175
Janis, Irvine L. 1972. Victims of Groupthink.Boston: Houghton Mifflin
Janis, Irvine L., and Mann, Leon. 1977. Decision Making: A Psychological Analysis of Conflict, Choice, and Commitment. New York: The Free Press
Jervis, Robert. 1976. Perception and Misperception in International Politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
Johnson, Eric J., and Russo, J. E.. 1984. “Product Familiarity and Learning New Information.” Journal of Consumer Research 11(August): 542–550
Johnson, Michael D. 1984. “Consumer Choice Strategies for Comparing Noncomparable Alternatives.” Journal of Consumer Research 11(December): 741–753
Johnson, Michael D. 1986. “Modeling Choice Strategies for Noncomparable Alternatives.” Marketing Sciences 5(Winter): 37–54
Johnson, Mitzi M. S. 1993. “Thinking about Strategies During, Before, and After Making a Decision.” Psychology and Aging 8(3): 231–241
Jones, Bryan D. 1994. Reconceiving Decision-Making in Democratic Politics: Attention, Choice, and Public Policy. Chicago:University of Chicago Press
Jones, Bryan D. 1999. “Bounded Rationality.” Annual Review of Political Science 2: 297–321
Just, Marion R., Crigler, Ann N., Alger, Dean E., Cook, Timothy E., Kern, Montaque, and West, Darrell M.. 1996. Crosstalk: Citizens, Candidates, and the Media in a Presidential Campaign. Chicago:University of Chicago Press
Kahneman, Daniel. 1994. “New Challenges to the Rationality Assumption.” Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics 15(1): 18–36
Kahneman, Daniel, and Tversky, Amos. 1972. “Subjective Probability: A Judgment of Representativeness.” Cognitive Psychology 3(July): 430–454
Kahneman, Daniel, and Tversky, Amos. 1973. “On the Psychology of Prediction.” Psychological Review 80(March): 237–251
Kahneman, Daniel, and Tversky, Amos. 1979. “Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision Under Risk.” Econometrica 47(May): 263–291
Kahneman, Daniel, and Tversky, Amos. 1982. “The Psychology of Preferences.” Scientific American 246(February): 160–173
Kahneman, Daniel, and Tversky, Amos. 1984. “Choices, Values, and Frames.” American Psychologist 39(April): 341–350
Kahneman, Daniel, Slovic, Paul, and Tversky, Amos. 1982. Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. New York:Cambridge University Press
Keller, Kevin L., and Staelin, Richard. 1987. “Effects of Quality and Quantity of Information on Decision Effectiveness.” Journal of Consumer Research 14(September): 200–213
Keller, L. R., and Ho, J. L.. 1988. “Decision Problem Structuring: Generating Options.” IEEE Transactions on System, Man, and Cybernetics 18: 715–728
Kelley, Stanley Jr. 1983. Interpreting Elections. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
Kelley, Stanley Jr., and Mirer, Thad W.. 1974. “The Simple Act of Voting.” American Political Science Review 68(June): 572–591
Kerstholt, Jose H. 1992. “Information Search and Choice Accuracy as a Function of Task Complexity and Task Structure.” Acta Psychologica 80: 185–197
Kessel, John H. 1972. “Comment: The Issues in Issue Voting.” American Political Science Review 66(June): 459–465
Key, V. O., Jr. 1966. The Responsible Electorate. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press
Kinder, Donald R. 1998. “Communication and Opinion.” Annual Review of Political Science (Volume 1, pp. 167–197). Stanford, CA: Annual Reviews
Kinder, Donald R., Adams, G. S., and Gronke, Paul W.. 1989. “Economics and Politics in the 1984 American Presidential Election.” American Journal of Political Science 33(May): 491–515
Kinder, Donald R., and Kiewiet, D. Roderick. 1979. “Economic Discontent and Political Behavior: The Role of Personal Grievances and Collective Economic Judgments in Congressional Voting.” American Journal of Political Science 23(May): 495–527
Kinder, Donald R., and Palfrey, Thomas (eds.). 1993. Experimental Foundations of Political Science. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press
Kinder, Donald R., and Sanders, Lynn. 1990. “Mimicking Political Debate with Survey Questions: The Case of White Opinion on Affirmative Action for Blacks.” Social Cognition 8(1): 73–103
Kirkpatrick, Samuel A. (ed.). 1976. American Electoral Behavior: Change and Stability. Beverly Hills, CA:Sage
Kirkpatrick, Samuel A., Lyons, William, and Fitzgerald, Michael R.. 1976. “Candidates, Parties, and Issues in the American Electorate: Two Decades of Change.” In Samuel A. Kirkpatrick (ed.), American Electoral Behavior: Change and Stability. Beverly Hills, CA:Sage
Klayman, J. 1985. “Children's Decision Strategies and Their Adaptation to Task Characteristics.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 35(April): 179–201
Kleinmuntz, Don N., and Schkade, David A. 1993. “Information Displays and Decision Processes.” Psychological Science 4(July): 221–227
Krosnick, Jon. A. 1990. “Government Policy and Citizen Passion: A Study of Issue Publics in Contemporary America.” Political Behavior 12(March): 59–92
Kuklinski, James H., and Hurley, Norman L.. 1994. “On Hearing and Interpreting Political Messages: A Cautionary Tale of Citizen Cue Taking.”Journal of Politics 56(August): 729–751
Kuklinski, James H., and Quirk, Paul J.. 2001. “Conceptual Foundations of Citizen Competence.” Political Behavior 23(September): 285–311
Kuklinski, James H., Luskin, Robert C., and Bolland, James. 1991. “Where is the Schema? Going Beyond the ‘S’ Word in Political Psychology.” American Political Science Review 85(December): 1341–1356
Kunda, Z. 1987. “Motivated Inference: Self-Serving Generation and Evaluation of Causal Theories.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 53(4): 636–647
Kunda, Z. 1990. “The Case for Motivated Reasoning.” Psychological Bulletin 1083: 480–498
Lakatos, Imre. 1970. “Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes.” In Imre Lakatos and Alan Musgrave (eds.), Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge (pp. 91–196). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Lane, Robert E. 1962. Political Ideology: Why the American Common Man Believes as He Does. New York:The Free Press
Langley, P., Simon, Herbert A., Bradshaw, G. L., and Zytkow, J. M.. 1987. Scientific Discovery (Volume 1). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
Lau, Richard R. 1982. “Negativity in Political Perception.” Political Behavior 4(December): 353–378
Lau, Richard R. 1986. “Political Schemata, Candidate Evaluations, and Voting Behavior.” In R. R. Lau and D. O. Sears (eds.), Political Cognition (pp. 95–126). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
Lau, Richard R. 1989. “Construct Accessibility and Electoral Choice.” Political Behavior 11(March): 5–32
Lau, Richard R. 1992. Searchable Information during an Election Campaign. Unpublished manuscript, Rutgers University
Lau, Richard R. 1995. “Information Search During an Election Campaign: Introducing a Process Tracing Methodology for Political Scientists.” In M. Lodge and K. McGraw (eds.), Political Judgment: Structure and Process (pp. 179–205). Ann Arbor:University of Michigan Press
Lau, Richard R. 2003. “Models of Decision Making.” In David O. Sears, Leonie Huddy, and Robert Jervis (eds.), Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology (pp. 19–59). New York: Oxford University Press
Lau, Richard R., and Erber, Ralph. 1985. “An Information Processing Perspective on Political Sophistication.” In Sidney Kraus and Richard Perloff (eds.), Mass Media and Political Thought (pp. 17–39). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage
Lau, Richard R., Patel, Parina, Fahmy, Dalia F., and Kaufman, Robert R.. 2005. “Correct Voting Across 30 Democracies.” Paper presented at the 2005 annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, IL, April 7–10
Lau, Richard R., and Redlawsk, David P.. 1992. “How Voters Decide: A Process Tracing Study of Decision Making During Political Campaigns.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, IL
Lau, Richard R., and Redlawsk, David P.. 1997. “Voting Correctly.” American Political Science Review 91(September): 585–599
Lau, Richard R., and Redlawsk, David P.. 2001a. “An Experimental Study of Information Search, Memory, and Decision Making During a Political Campaign.” In J. Kuklinski (ed.), Political Psychology and Public Opinion (pp. 136–159). New York: Cambridge University Press
Lau, Richard R., and Redlawsk, David P.. 2001b. “Advantages and Disadvantages of Cognitive Heuristics in Political Decision Making.” American Journal of Political Science 45(October): 951–971
Lau, Richard R., and Sears, David O.. 1986. “Social Cognition and Political Cognition.” In Richard R. Lau and David O. Sears (eds.), Political Cognition: The 19th Annual Carnegie Symposium on Cognition (pp. 347–366). Hillsdale, NJ:Erlbaum
Lau, Richard R., Sears, David O., and Centers, Richard. 1979. “The ‘Positivity Bias’ in Evaluations of Public Figures: Evidence Against Instrument Artifacts.” Public Opinion Quarterly 43(Fall): 347–358
Lazarsfeld, Paul F., Berelson, Bernard R., and Gaudet, Hazel. 1944. The People's Choice. New York: Columbia University Press
Levy, Jack S. 2003. “Political Psychology and Foreign Policy.” In David O. Sears, Leonie Huddy, and Robert Jervis (eds.), Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology (pp. 253–284). New York: Oxford University Press
Lewin, Kurt. 1939. “Field Theory and Experiment in Social Psychology: Concepts and Methods.” American Journal of Sociology 44(3): 868–896
Lewin, Kurt. 1946. “Action Research and Minority Problems.” Journal of Social Issues 2(1): 34–46
Lewin, Kurt. 1951. Field Theory in Social Science. New York: Harper & Brothers
Lewis-Beck, Michael S., and Rice, Tom W.. 1992. Forecasting Elections. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press
Lichtenstein, Sarah, and Slovic, Paul. 1971. “Reversals of Preference between Bids and Choices in Gambling Decisions.” Journal of Experimental Psychology 89(July): 46–55
Lichtenstein, Meryl, and Srull, Thomas K.. 1987. “Processing Objectives as a Determinant of the Relationship Between Recall and Judgment.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 23(March): 93–118
Lindberg, Eric, Garling, Tommy, and Montgomery, Henry. 1989. “Differential Predictability of Preferences and Choices.” Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 2(October–December): 205–219
Lindblom, Charles E. 1965. The Intelligence of Democracy. New York: Free Press
Lippmann, Walter. 1955. Essays in the Public Philosophy. Boston: Little, Brown
Lodge, Milton. 1995. “Toward a Procedural Model of Candidate Evaluation.” In M. Lodge and K. McGraw (eds.), Political Information Processing (pp. 111–139). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press
Lodge, Milton, and Hamill, Ruth. 1986. “A Partisan Schema for Political Information Processing.” American Political Science Review 80(June): 505–519
Lodge, Milton, and McGraw, Kathleen M. (eds.). 1995. Political Judgment: Structure and Process. Ann Arbor:University of Michigan Press
Lodge, Milton, McGraw, Kathleen M., and Stroh, Patrick. 1989. “An Impression Driven Model of Candidate Evaluation.” American Political Science Review 83(June): 399–419
Lodge, Milton, and Stroh, Patrick. 1993. “Inside the Mental Voting Booth.” In S. Iyenger and R. McGuire (eds.), Political Psychology (pp. 225–263). Durham, NC: Duke University Press
Lodge, Milton, Stroh, Patrick, and Wahlke, John. 1990. “Black-box Models of Candidate Evaluation.”Political Behavior 12(March): 5–18
Lodge, Milton, Steenbergen, Marco R., and Brau, Shawn. 1995. “The Responsive Voter: Campaign Information and the Dynamics of Candidate Evaluation.” American Political Science Review 89(June): 309–326
Lodge, Milton, and Taber, Charles. 2000. “Three Steps Toward a Theory of Motivated Political Reasoning.” In Arthur Lupia, Mathew D. McCubbins, and Samuel L. Popkin (eds.), Elements of Reason (pp. 183–213). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Luce, R. Duncan, and Raiffa, Howard. 1957. Games and Decisions: Introduction and Critical Survey. New York:Wiley
Lodge, Milton, Charles Taber, and Christopher Weber, . Forthcoming. “First Steps Towards a Dual-Process Accessibility Model of Political Beliefs, Attitudes, and Behavior.” In David P. Redlawsk (ed.), Feeling Politics: Emotion in Political Information Processing.New York:Palgrave-Macmillan
Lupia, Arthur. 1992. “Busy Voters, Agenda Control, and the Power of Information.” American Political Science Review 86(June): 390–403
Lupia, Arthur. 1994. “Shortcuts Versus Encyclopedias: Information and Voting Behavior in California Insurance Reform Elections.” American Political Science Review 88(March): 63–76
Lupia, Arthur, and McCubbins, Mathew D.. 1998. The Democratic Dilemma: Can Citizens Learn What They Really Need to Know? New York:Cambridge University Press
Lupia, Arthur, McCubbins, Mathew D., and Popkin, Samuel L.. 2000. “Beyond Rationality: Reason and the Study of Politics.” In Arthur Lupia, Mathew D. McCubbins, and Samuel L. Popkin (eds.), Elements of Reason: Cognition, Choice, and the Bounds of Rationality (pp. 1–20). New York:Cambridge University Press
Lynd, Robert S., and Lynd, Helen Merrell. 1929. Middletown. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World
Lynd, Robert S., and Lynd, Helen Merrell. 1937. Middletown in Transition. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World
Macaluso, Theodore F. 1975. “Candidate Image: Personal Attribute and Issue Content.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Southern Political Science Association, Nashville, TN
MacDonald, Paul K. 2003. “Useful Fiction or Miracle Maker: The Competing Epistemological Foundations of Rational Choice Theory.” American Political Science Review 97 (November): 551–565
Mackelprang, A. J., Grofman, Bernard, and Keith, Thomas N.. 1976. “Electoral Change and Stability: Some New Perspectives.” In Samuel A. Kirkpatrick (ed.), American Electoral Behavior: Change and Stability. Beverly Hills, CA:Sage
Malhotra, Naresh K. 1982. “Information Load and Consumer Decision Making.” Journal of Consumer Research 8(March): 419–430
Mansbridge, Jane J. 1983. Beyond Adversary Democracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
March, James G. 1978. “Bounded Rationality, Ambiguity, and the Engineering of Choice.” Bell Journal of Economics 9(Autumn): 578–608
March, James G. 1988. Decisions and Organizations. Oxford: Blackwell
March, James G. 1994. A Primer on Decision Making. New York: Free Press
March, James G., and Olson, Johan P.. 1989. Rediscovering Institutions: The Organizational Basis of Politics. New York:Free Press
March, James G., and Simon, Herbert A.. 1958. Organizations. New York: Wiley
Marcus, George E. 1988. “The Structure of Emotional Response: 1984 Presidential Candidates.” American Political Science Review 82(September): 737–761
Marcus, George E., and MacKuen, Michael B.. 1993. “Anxiety, Enthusiasm, and the Vote: The Emotional Underpinnings of Learning and Involvement During Presidential Campaigns.” American Political Science Review 87(September): 672–685
Marcus, George E., W. Russell Neuman, and Michael MacKuen, . 2000. Affective Intelligence and Political Judgment.Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Markus, Gregory B., and Converse, Philip E.. 1979. “A Dynamic Simultaneous Equation Model of Electoral Choice.” American Political Science Review 73(December): 1055–1070
McClosky, Herbert. 1964. “Consensus and Ideology in American Politics.” American Political Science Review 58(June): 361–382
McDermott, Rose. 2002. “Experimental Methods in Political Science.” Annual Review of Political Science 5(1): 31–61
McGinniss, Joe. 1969. The Selling of the President. New York: Trident Press
McGraw, Kathleen M. 2000. “Contributions of the Cognitive Approach to Political Psychology.” Political Psychology 21(December): 805–832
McGraw, Kathleen M., Fischle, Mark, and Stenner, Karen. 2000. “What Politicians ‘Know’ Depends on How They are Asked.” Unpublished manuscript
McGraw, Kathleen M., Lodge, Milton, and Stroh, Patrick. 1990. “On-line Processing in Candidate Evaluation: The Effects of Issue Order, Issue Salience, and Sophistication.” Political Behavior 12(March): 41–58
McGraw, Kathleen M., and Pinney, Neil. 1990. “The Effects of General and Domain-specific Expertise on Political Memory and Judgment.” Social Cognition 8(Spring): 9–30
McKelvey, Richard D., and Ordeshook, Peter C.. 1986. “Information, Electoral Equilibria, and the Democratic Ideal.” Journal of Politics 48(November): 909–37
McPhee, William. 1961. “Note on a Campaign Simulator.” Public Opinion Quarterly 25(Summer): 184–193
Meehl, Paul E, . 1954. Clinical versus Statistical Predictions: A Theoretical Analysis and Review of the Evidence.Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press
Meehl, Paul E. 1977. “The Selfish Voter and the Thrown-Away Vote Argument.”American Political Science Review 71(March): 11–30
Mellers, Barbara A., Schwartz, Alan, and Cooke, Alan. 1998. “Judgment and Decision Making.” Annual Review of Psychology 49: 447–477
Milech, Dan, and Finucane, Melissa. 1998. “Decision Support and Behavioral Decision Theory.” In Kim Kirsner and Craig Speelman (eds.), Implicit and Explicit Mental Processes (pp. 291–307). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
Miller, Arthur H., Wattenberg, Martin P., and Malanchuk, Oksana. 1986. “Schematic Assessments of Presidential Candidates.” American Political Science Review 80(June): 521–540
Miller, George A. 1956. “The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing Information.” Psychological Review 63(1): 81–97
Miller, Warren E. 1976. “The Challenges of Electoral Research.” In Samuel A. Kirkpatrick (ed.), American Electoral Behavior: Change and Stability. Beverly Hills, CA:Sage
Miller, Warren E., and Shanks, J. Merrill. 1996. The New American Voter. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Mills, Charles W. 1971. The Power Elite. London: Oxford University Press
Mintz, Alex. 1997. “The Decison to Attack Iraq: A Noncompensatory Theory of Decisionmaking.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 37(December): 595–618
Mintz, Alex, and Geva, Nehemia. 1997. “The Poliheuristic Theory of Foreign Policy Decisionmaking.” In Nehemia Geva and Alex Mintz (eds.), Decisionmaking on War and Peace: The Cognitive-Rational Debate (pp. 81–101). Boulder, CO:Lynne Rienner Publishers
Mintz, Alex, Geva, Nehemia, Redd, Steven B., and Carnes, Amy. 1997. “The Effects of Dynamic and Static Choice Sets on Decision Strategy.” American Political Science Review 91(September): 553–566
Mondak, Jeffrey J. 1993. “Public Opinion and Heuristic Processing of Source Cues.”Political Behavior 15(June): 167–192
Morrell, Holly E. R., Gaitan, Santino, and Wixted, John T.. “On the Nature of the Decision Axis in Signal-Detection-Based Models of Recognition Memory.”Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition. 28(November): 1095–1110.
Mueller, John E. 1970. “Presidential Popularity from Truman to Johnson.”American Political Science Review 64(March): 18–34
Mueller, John. 1992. “Democracy and Ralph's Pretty Good Grocery: Elections, Equality, and Minimal Human Beings.”American Journal of Political Science 36(November): 983–1003
Mutz, Diana C. 1997. “Mechanisms of Momentum: Does Thinking Make it So?” Journal of Politics 59(February): 104–125
Nicholson, Stephen P. 2005. Voting the Agenda: Candidates, Elections and Ballot Propositions. Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press
Nicholson, Stephen P., Pantoja, Adrian, and Segura, Gary M.. 2002. “Ich bin ein Latino: Sophistication, Symbolism, Heuristics and Latino Preferences in the 2000 Presidential Election.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston, MA, August 29–September 1
Nie, Norman H., and Kristi, Andersen. 1974. “Mass Belief Systems Revisited: Political Change and Attitude Structure.”Journal of Politics 36(August): 541–591
Nie, Norman H., Verba, Sidney, and Petrocik, John R.. 1976. The Changing American Voter. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Niemi, Richard G., and Bartels, Larry M.. 1985. “New Measures of Issue Salience: An Evaluation.” The Journal of Politics 47(November): 1212–1220
Nisbett, Richard E., and Ross, Lee. 1980. Human Inference: Strategies and Shortcomings of Social Judgment. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice-Hall
Nisbett, Richard E., and Wilson, Timothy D.. 1977. “Telling More Than We Can Know: Verbal Reports on Mental Processes.” Psychological Review 84(March): 231–259
Norman, Donald A. 1976. Memory and Attention: An Introduction to Human Information Processing. New York:Wiley
Norman, Donald A. 1982. Learning and Memory. San Francisco: Freeman
Norusis, Marija J. 1994. SPSS for Windows Advanced Statistics Release 6. Chicago: SPSS
Olshavsky, Richard W. 1979. “Task Complexity and Contingent Processing in Decision Making: A Replication and Extension.” Organization Behavior and Human Performance 24(December): 300–316
Page, Benjamin I., and Robert Y. Shapiro. 1992. The Rational Public: Fifty Years of Trends in Americans' Policy Preferences.Chicago:University of Chicago Press
Patterson, Thomas E., 1980. The Mass Media Election: How Americans Choose Their President.New York:Praeger
Payne, John W. 1976. “Task Complexity and Contingent Processing in Decision Making: An Information Search and Protocol Analysis.” Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 16(August): 366–387
Payne, John. W. 1980. “Information Processing Theory: Some Concepts and Methods Applied to Decision Research.” In T. S. Wallsten (ed.), Cognitive Processes in Choice and Decision Behavior. Hillsdale, NJ:Erlbaum
Payne, John W., Bettman, James R., and Johnson, Eric J.. 1988. “Adaptive Strategy Selection in Decision Making.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 14(July): 534–552
Payne, John W., Bettman, James R., and Johnson, Eric J.. 1992. “Behavioral Decision Research: A Constructive Processing Perspective.” Annual Review of Psychology 43: 87–131
Payne, John W., Bettman, James R., and Johnson, Eric J.. 1993. The Adaptive Decision Maker.New York: Cambridge University Press
Payne, John W., and Braunstein, Myron L.. 1978. “Risky Choice: An Examination of Information Acquisition Behavior.” Memory & Cognition 6(September): 554–561
Payne, John W., Braunstein, Myron L., and Carroll, John S.. 1978. “Exploring Predecisional Behavior: An Alternative Approach to Decision Research.” Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 22(August): 17–44
Perlmutter, Marvon. 1983. “Learning and Memory Through Adulthood.” In Matilda White Riley, Beth B. Hess, and Kathleen Bond (eds.), Aging in Society: Selected Reviews of Recent Research (pp. 219–241). Hillsdale, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum
Pitz, Gordon, and Sachs, Natalie. 1984. “Judgment and Decision: Theory and Application.” Annual Review of Psychology 35: 139–163
Plutzer, Eric, and Zipp, John F.. 1996. “Identity Politics, Partisanship, and Voting for Women Candidates.” Public Opinion Quarterly 60(Spring): 30–57
Pomper, Gerald M. 1972. “From Confusion to Clarity: Issues and American Voters, 1956–1968.” American Political Science Review 66(June): 415–428
Pomper, Gerald M. 1976. “Impacts on the Political System.” In Kirkpatrick, Samuel A. (ed.), American Electoral Behavior: Change and Stability.Beverly Hills, CA:Sage
Pomper, Gerald M. 2001. The Election of 2000.New York: Chatham House
Pool, Ithiel de Sola, and Robert Abelson. 1961. “The Simulmatics Project.” The Public Opinion Quarterly 25(Summer):167–183
Popkin, Samuel L. 1991 . The Reasoning Voter: Communication and Persuasion in Presidential Campaigns.Chicago:University of Chicago Press
Popper, Karl. 1959. The Logic of Scientific Discovery. New York: Basic Books
Prothro, James W., and Grigg, Charles W.. 1960. “Fundamental Principles of Democracy: Bases of Agreement and Disagreement.” Journal of Politics 22(May): 276–294
Purkitt, Helen E., and Dyson, James W.. 1988. “An Experimental Study of Cognitive Processes and Information in Political Problem Solving.” Acta Psychologica 68(September): 329–342
Putnam, Hillary. 1982. “Three Kinds of Scientific Realism.” Philosophical Quarterly 32(April): 195–200
Quadrel, Marilyn J., Baruch Fischfoff, and William David, . 1993. “Adolescent (In)vulnerability.” American Psychologist 48(February): 102–116
Rabinowitz, George, and Stuart Elaine MacDonald. 1989. “A Directional Theory of Issue Voting.” American Political Science Review 83(March): 93–121
Rahn, Wendy M. 1993. “The Role of Partisan Stereotypes in Information Processing about Political Candidates.” American Journal of Political Science 37(May): 472–496
Rahn, Wendy M., Aldrich, John H., and Borgida, Eugene. 1994. “Individual and Contextual Variations in Political Candidate Appraisal.” American Political Science Review 88(March): 193–199
Rahn, Wendy M., Aldrich, John H., Borgida, Eugene, and Sullivan, John L.. 1990. “A Social-Cognitive Model of Candidate Appraisal.” In John A. Ferejohn and James H. Kuklinski (eds.), Information and Democratic Processes.Chicago: University of Illinois Press
Rahn, Wendy M., Krosnick, Jon A., and Breuning, Marijke. 1994. “Rationalization and Derivation Processes in Survey Studies of Political Candidate Evaluation.” American Journal of Political Science 38(August): 582–600
Raiffa, Howard. 1968. Decision Analysis: Introductory Lectures on Choices Under Uncertainty. Reading, MA:Addison-Wesley
Reder, Lynn M., and Anderson, John R.. 1980. “A Partial Resolution of the Paradox of Interference: The Role of Integrating Knowledge.” Cognitive Psychology 12(October): 447–472
Redlawsk, David P. 1992. “Using Hypermedia to Develop a Political Science Simulation.” Paper presented at the 25th annual meeting of the Association of Small Computer Users in Education (ASCUE), Myrtle Beach, SC
Redlawsk, David P. 1995a. “Conducting Political Science Research Using Multimedia.” Paper prepared for the 28th annual meeting of the Association of Small Computer Users in Education (ASCUE), Myrtle Beach, SC
Redlawsk, David P. 1995b. “How voters use campaign information.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago
Redlawsk, David P. 2001a. “You Must Remember This: A Test of the On-line Voting Model.” Journal of Politics 63(February): 29–58
Redlawsk, David P. 2001b. “Implications of Motivated Reasoning for Voter Information Processing.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, and at the annual meeting of the International Society for Political Psychology, Cuernavaca, Mexico
Redlawsk, David P. 2002. “Hot Cognition or Cool Consideration? Testing the Effects of Motivated Reasoning on Political Decision Making.” Journal of Politics 64(November): 1021–1044
Redlawsk, David P. 2004. “What Voters Do: Information Search During Election Campaigns.”Political Psychology 25(4): 595–610
Redlawsk, David P., and Lau, Richard R.. 1995. “The Miserly Voter: Heuristics and Rational Voting Behavior.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago
Redlawsk, David P., and Lau, Richard R.. 2003. “Do Voters Want Candidates They Like of Candidates They Agree With? Affect vs. Cognition in Voter Decision Making.” Paper presented at the Shambaugh Conference on Affect and Cognition in Political Action, University of Iowa, March 6–9, and the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, April 3–6
Reyes, R. M., Thompson, W. C., and Bower., Gordon H. 1980. “Judgmental Biases Resulting from Differing Availabilities of Arguments.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 39(July): 2–12
Riggle, Ellen D. B., Mitzi, M. S. Johnson, and Hickey, Scot. 1996. “Information Monitoring of Strategic Decision Making: a Process Tracing Demonstration.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago
Riggle, Ellen D., Ottati, Victor, Wyer, Robert S., Kuklinski, James, and Schwartz, Norbert. 1992. “Bases of Political Judgments: The Role of Stereotypic and Nonstereotypic Information.” Political Behavior 14(March): 67–87
Riker, William H., and Ordeshook, Peter C.. 1968. “A Theory of the Calculus of Voting.” American Political Science Review 62(March): 25–42
Riker, William H., and Ordeshook, Peter. 1973. An Introduction to Positive Political Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall
Rosch, Ellen. 1978. “Principles of Categorization.” In Ellen Rosch and B. B. Lloyd (eds.), Cognition and Categorization (pp. 28–50). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
Rosenberg, Shawn W., Kahn, Shulamit, and Tran, Thuy. 1991. “Creating a Political Image: Shaping Appearance and Manipulating the Vote.” Political Behavior 13(December): 345–367
Rosenstone, Steven J. 1983. Forecasting Presidential Elections. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press
Rossi, Peter H. 1959. “Four Landmarks in Voting Research.” In Eugene Burdick and Arthur J Brodbeck (eds.), American Voting Behavior. New York: Free Press
Rothkopf, Ernst Z., Dashen, Monica, and Teft, Kim. “Aggregation in Memory of Episodic Influences on Rule-Guided Decisions.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition 28(September): 983–998
Rubenstein, Albert H. 1998. Modeling Bounded Rationality. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
Russo, J. Edward. 1977. “The Value of Unit Price Information.” Journal of Marketing Research 14(May): 193–201
Russo, J. Edward, and Dosher, Barbara A.. 1983. “Strategies for Multiattribute Binary Choice.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition 17(September): 676–696
Sargent, T. J. 1993. Bounded Rationality in Macroeconomics. Oxford: Clarendon Press
Savage, Leonard J. 1954. The Foundations of Statistics. New York: Wiley
Schattschneider, Elmer E. 1960. The Semi-Sovereign People: A Realist's View of Democracy in America.New York:Holt
Sears, David O, . 1975. “Political Socialization.” In Fred I. Greenstein and Nelson W. Polsby (eds.), Handbook of Political Science (Vol. 2, pp. 93–127). Menlo Park, CA:Addison-Wesley
Sears, David O. 1986. “College Sophomores in the Laboratory: Influences of a Narrow Database on Social Psychology's View of Human Nature.”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51: 515–530
Sears, David O., and , Carolyn Funk. 1991. “The Role of Self-Interest in Social and Political Attitudes.” In L. Berkowitz (ed.) Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 24, pp. 1–91). New York: Academic Press
Sears, David O., Lau, Richard R., Tyler, Tom R., and Allen, Jr., Harris M. 1980. “Self-Interest versus Symbolic Politics in Policy Attitudes and Presidential Voting.” American Political Science Review 74(September): 670–684
Shaffer, William R. 1972. Computer Simulations of Voting Behavior. New York: Oxford University Press
Shanteau, J. 1988. “Psychological Characteristics and Strategies of Expert Decision Makers.” Acta Psychological 68(2): 203–215
Shanteau, J. 1992. “How Much Information Does an Expert Use? Is It Relevant?”Acta Psychologica 81(1): 75–86
Shugan, Steven M. 1980. “The Cost of Thinking.” Journal of Consumer Research 7(September): 99–111
Simon, Herbert A. 1947. Administrative Behavior. New York: Macmillan
Simon, Herbert. 1955. “A Behavioral Model of Rational Choice.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 69(February): 99–108
Simon, Herbert. 1956. “Rational Choice and the Structure of the Environment.”American Psychologist 63(February): 129–138
Simon, Herbert A. 1957. Models of Man: Social and Rational. New York:Wiley
Simon, Herbert A. 1979. “Information Processing Models of Cognition.” Annual Review of Psychology 30: 363–396
Simon, Herbert A. 1985. “Human Nature in Politics: The Dialogue of Psychology with Political Science.” American Political Science Review 79(June): 293–304
Simon, Herbert A. 1995. “Rationality in Political Behavior.” Political Psychology 16(March): 45–61
Slovic, Paul, Fischhoff, Baruch, and Lichtenstein, Sara. 1977. “Behavioral Decision Theory.” Annual Review of Psychology 28: 1–39
Slovic, Paul, Fischhoff, Baruch, and Lichtenstein, Sara. 1982. “Response Mode, Framing, and Information Processing Effects in Risk Assessment.” In Robin Hogarth (ed.), New Directions for Methodology of Social and Behavioral Science: The Framing of Questions and the Consistency of Response (pp. 21–36). San Francisco:Jossey-Bass
Slovic, Paul, and Lichtenstein, Sara. 1971. “Comparison of Bayesian and Regression Approaches to the Study of Information Processing in Judgment.” Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 6(4): 649–744
Smith, Elliot. 1989. The Unchanging American Voter. Berkeley: University of California Press
Smith, Elliott R. 1998. “Mental Representation and Memory.” In Daniel T. Gilbert, Susan T. Fiske, and Gardner Lindzey (eds.), The Handbook of Social Psychology (Volume I, 4th edition, pp. 391–445). Boston: McGraw-Hill
Sniderman, Paul M. 1993. “The New Look in Public Opinion Research.” In Ada W. Finifter (ed.), Political Science: The State of the Discipline II (pp. 219–245). Washington, DC:American Political Science Association
Sniderman, Paul M., Brody, Richard A., and Tetlock, Philip E.. 1991. Reasoning and Choice: Explorations in Political Psychology. New York:Cambridge University Press
Sniderman, Paul M., Hagen, Michael G., Tetlock, Philip E., and Brady, Henry E.. 1986. “Reasoning Chains: Causal Models of Policy Reasoning in Mass Publics.” British Journal of Political Science 16(July): 405–430
Squire, Pevrill. 1992. “Challenger Quality and Voting Behavior in U.S. Senate Elections.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 17(May): 247–263
Srull, Thomas K. 1981. “Person Memory: Some Tests of Associative Storage and Retrieval Models.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory 7(November): 440–463
Staelin, Richard, and Payne, John W.. 1976. “Studies of the Information-Seeking Behavior of Consumers.” In J. S. Carroll and J. W. Payne (eds.), Cognition and Social Behavior. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
Steenbergen, Marco. 2001. “The Reverend Bayes Meets John Q. Public: Patterns of Political Belief Updating in Citizens.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Society of Political Psychology, Cuernavaca, Mexico
Steenbergen, Marco, and Lodge, Milton. 1998. “Process Matters: Cognitive Models of Candidate Evaluations.” Paper presented a the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston, MA
Stigler, George J. 1961. “The Economics of Information” Journal of Political Economy 69(2): 213–225
Stokes, Donald E., Campbell, Angus, and Miller, Warren E.. 1958. “Components of Electoral Decision.” American Political Science Review 52(June): 367–387
Svenson, Ola. 1979. “Process Descriptions of Decision Making.” Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 23(February): 86–112
Taber, Charles S., and Steenbergen, Marco R.. 1995. “Computational Experiments in Electoral Behavior.” In Milton Lodge and Kathleen M. McGraw (eds.), Political Judgment: Structure and Process (pp. 141–178). Ann Arbor:University of Michigan Press
Tannen, Deborah., 1990. You Just Don't Understand: Women and Men in Conversation.New York:Morrow
Taylor, Shelley E. 1981. “The Interface of Cognitive and Social Psychology.” In John Harvey (ed.), Cognition, Social Behavior, and the Environment (pp. 189–211). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
Tetlock, Philip E. 1993. “Cognitive Structural Analysis of Political Rhetoric: Methodological and Theoretical Issues.” In Shanto Iyengar and William J. McGuire (eds.), Explorations in Political Psychology (pp. 380–405). Durham, NC:Duke University Press
Trilling, Richard J. 1976. “Party Image and Electoral Behavior.” In Samuel A. Kirkpatrick (ed.), American Electoral Behavior: Change and Stability. Beverly Hills, CA:Sage
Tversky, Amos. 1969. “Intransitivity of Preferences.” Psychological Review 76(January): 31–48
Tversky, Amos. 1972. “Elimination by Aspects: A Theory of Choice.” Psychological Review 79(May): 281–299
Tversky, Amos, and Kahneman, Daniel. 1973. “Availability: A Heuristic for Judging Frequency and Probability.” Cognitive Psychology 5(April): 207–232
Tversky, Amos, and Kahneman, Daniel. 1974. “Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases.” Science 185(4157): 1124–1131
Tversky, Amos, and Daniel Kahneman. 1981. “The Framing of Decisions and the Psychology of Choice.” Science 211(4481): 453–463
Tversky, Amos, and Kahneman, Daniel. 1986. “Rational Choice and the Framing of Decisions.” Journal of Business 59(October): S251–S278
Tversky, Amos, and Kahneman, Daniel. 1992. “Advances in Prospect Theory: Cumulative Representation of Uncertainty.” Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 5(October): 297–323
Tversky, Amos, and Sattath, Shmuel. 1979. “Preference Trees.” Psychological Review 86(September): 542–573
Tversky, Amos, Sattath, Shmuel, and Slovic, Paul. 1988. “Contingent Weighting in Judgment and Choice.” Psychological Review 95(July): 371–384
Neuman, John, and Morgenstern, Oscar. 1947. Theory of Games and Economic Behavior. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
Vriend, Nicolaas J. 1996. “Rational Behavior and Economic Theory.”Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 29(March): 263–285
Wahlke, John C. 1979. “Pre-Behavioralism in Political Science.” American Political Science Review 73(March): 9–31
Wattenberg, Martin P. 1981. “The Decline of Political Partisanship in the United States: Negativity or Neutrality?” American Political Science Review 75(December): 941–950
Weir, Blair T. 1975. “The Distortion of Voter Recall.” American Journal of Political Science 19(February): 53–62
Williams, Daniel C., Weber, Stephen J., Haaland, Gordon A., Mueller, Ronald H., and Craig, Robert E.. 1976. “Voter Decisionmaking in a Primary Election: An Evaluation of Three Models of Choice.”American Journal of Political Science 20(February): 37–49
Winneg, Kenneth, and Jomini, Talia. 2004. “The Internet as a Source of Campaign Information: An Analysis of its use in the 2004 Democratic Presidential Primary Campaign.” Paper presented at the annual conference of the American Association for Public Opinion Research, Phoenix, AZ
Winter, S. G. 1975. “Optimization and Evolution in the Theory of the Firm.” In R. H. Day and T. Groves (eds.), Adaptive Economic Models (pp. 73–118). New York: Academic Press
Wright, P. 1975. “Consumer Choice Strategies: Simplifying vs. Optimizing.” Journal of Marketing Research 12(February): 60–67
Wyer, Robert S., and Srull, Thomas K.. 1980. “The Processing of Social Stimulus Information: A Conceptual Integration.” In Reid Hastie, Thomas M. Ostrom, Ebbe E. Ebbesen, Robert S. Wyer, Jr., David L. Hamilton, and Donal E. Carlston (eds.), Person Memory: The Cognitive Basis of Social Perception. Hillsdale, NJ:Erlbaum
Wyer, Robert S., and Srull, Thomas K.. 1986. “Human Cognition in its Social Context.”Psychological Review 93(July): 322–359
Wyer, Robert S., and Srull, Thomas K.. 1988. “Understanding Social Knowledge: If Only the Data Could Speak for Themselves.” In Daniel Bar-Tal and Arie W. Kruglanski (eds.), The Social Psychology of Knowledge. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press
Zajonc, Robert B. 1968. “Attitudinal Effects of Mere Exposure.”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 9(January): 1–27
Zaller, John R. 1992. The Nature and Origin of Mass Opinion. New York: Cambridge University Press
Zimmermann, Manfred. 1989. “The Nervous System in the Context of Information Theory.” In R. F. Schmidt and G. Thews (eds.), Human Physiology (2nd edition, pp. 166–173). Berlin:Springler-Verlag
