References
Agerholm, H. (2017, 1 February). Taiwan on verge of becoming first Asian country to allow same sex marriage. The Independent. http://bit.ly/4fcCN9a. Ambrogio, S. (2017). Moral education and ideology: The revival of Confucian values and the harmonious shaping of the new Chinese man. Asian Studies 5, 113–135.
Anagnost, A., and Comaroff, J. L. (1997). National Past-Times: Narrative, Representation, and Power in Modern China. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Bakhtin, M. M. (1986 [1979]). Speech Genres and Other Late Essays. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Bao, H. (2020) Queer China: Lesbian and Gay Literature and Visual Culture under Postsocialism. London: Routledge.
Bao, H. (2018). Queer Comrades: Gay Identity and Tongzhi Activism in Postsocialist China. Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Advanced Studies Press.
Berry, C., Martin, F. and Yue, A. (eds.). (2003). Mobile Cultures: New Media in Queer Asia. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Bi, L., and D’Agostino, F. (2004). The doctrine of filial piety: A philosophical analysis of the concealment case. Journal of Chinese Philosophy 31(4), 451–467.
Block, D. (2022). Innovations and Challenges in Identity Research. London: Routledge.
Blommaert, J. (2005). Discourse: A Critical Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Boellstorff, T. D. (2011). But do not identify as gay: A proleptic genealogy of the MSM category. Cultural Anthropology 26(2), 287–312.
Bucholtz, M., and Hall, K. (2005). Identity and interaction: A sociocultural linguistic approach. Discourse Studies 7(4–5), 585–614.
Bucholtz, M., and Hall, K. (2004). Theorizing identity in language and sexuality research. Language in Society 33, 469–515.
Butler, J. (1990). Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. London: Routledge.
Cao, J., and Lu, X. (2014). A preliminary exploration of the gay movement in mainland China: Legacy, transition, opportunity, and the new media. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 39(4), 840–848.
Carrillo, H. (2007). Imagining modernity: Sexuality, policy and social change in Mexico. Sexuality Research and Social Policy 4(3), 74–91.
Chang, J., and Ren, H. (2017). Keep silent, keep sinful: Mainstream newspapers’ representation of gay men and lesbians in contemporary China. Indian Journal of Gender Studies 24(3), 317–340.
Chen, K.-H. (2010) Asia as Method: Toward Deimperialization. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Chen, X., and Ang, P. (2011). The internet police in China: Regulation, scope and myths. In Herold, D. and Marolt, P. (eds.), Online Society in China: Creating, Celebrating and Instrumentalising the Online Carnival (pp. 40–52). London: Routledge.
Cheng, Y. A., Wu, F. C. F. and Adamczyk, A. (2016). Changing attitudes toward homosexuality in Taiwan, 1995–2012. Chinese Sociological Review 48(4), 317–345.
Chiang, H., and Heinrich, A. L. (eds.). (2013). Queer Sinophone Cultures. London: Routledge.
Chiang, H., and Wong, A. K. (eds.). (2020). Keywords in Queer Sinophone Studies. London: Routledge.
Chun, A. (2017). Forget Chineseness: On the Geopolitics of Cultural Identification. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Chun, A. (1996). Fuck Chineseness: On the ambiguities of ethnicity as culture as identity. Boundary 2(23), 111–138.
Chou, W.-S. (2000). Tongzhi: Politics of Same-Sex Eroticism in Chinese Societies. Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press.
Cui, L. (2023) ‘Chinese academia wouldn’t be tolerant of my research’: Gay academics’ concerns about conducting queer research in China. Culture, Health and Sexuality 25(4), 459–474. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2022.2053750. Cummings, J. (2022). The Everyday Lives of Gay Men in Hainan Sociality, Space and Time. London: Springer Nature.
Damm, J. (2005). Same sex desire and society in Taiwan, 1970–1987. The China Quarterly 181, 67–81.
Davis, D. S. (2014). Privatization of marriage in post-socialist China. Modern China 40(6), 551–577.
Davis, J. A., Smith, T. W. and Marsden, P. V. (2005). General Social Surveys, 1972–2004 [Computer file]. 2nd ICPSR Version. Chicago, IL: National Opinion Research Center.
De Fina, A. (2013). Positioning level 3: Connecting local identity displays to macro social processes. Narrative Inquiry 23(1), 40–61.
De Fina, A., and Georgakopoulou, A. (2012). Analyzing Narrative: Discourse and Sociolinguistic Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
De Fina, A., Schiffrin, D. and Bamberg, M. (eds.). (2006). Discourse and Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Decena, C. U. (2008). Tacit subjects. GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies 14(2–3), 339–359.
Ding, R., and Song, L. (2023). Queer cultures in digital Asia|digital sexual publics: Understanding do-it-yourself gay porn and lived experiences of sexuality in China. International Journal of Communication, 17, 2463–2478.
Engebretsen, E. L. (2014). Queer Women in Urban China: An Ethnography. London: Routledge.
Erni, J. N., and Spires, A. J. (2001). Glossy subjects: GandL Magazine and ‘tonghzi’ cultural visibility in Taiwan. Sexualities 4(1), 25–49.
Esarey, A., and Xiao, Q. (2011). Digital communication and political change in China. International Journal of Communication 5(22), 5298–5319.
Forrest, D. (1994). ‘We’re here, we’re queer and we’re not going shopping’: Changing gay male identities in contemporary Britain. In Cornwall, A. and Lindisfarne, N. (eds.), Dislocating Masculinity: Comparative Ethnographies (pp. 97–110). London: Routledge.
Foucault, M. (1972). The Archaeology of Knowledge: And the Discourse on Language (Sheridan Smith, A. M., trans.). New York: Pantheon (original work published 1969).
Foucault, M. (1978). The History of Sexuality (Vols. 1 and 2). New York: Pantheon.
Freestone, P. (2023). Do ‘Chinese gays come out?’ A discursive-sociocultural approach to queer visibility amongst same-gender-attracted men in Chengdu, China. Journal of Language and Sexuality 12(2), 200–226. https://doi.org/10.1075/jls.21009.fre. Freestone, P. (2024). The sociolinguistic navigation of sexual normativities among same-gender-attracted men in contemporary Chengdu, China. Gender and Language 18(1), 28–47.
Gee, J. P. (2014[1999]). An Introduction to Discourse Analysis: Theory and Method. 4th edition. London: Routledge.
Goffman, E. (1959). The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. London: Harmondsworth.
Graff, A. (2010). Looking at pictures of gay men: Political uses of homophobia in contemporary Poland. Public Culture 22(3), 583–603.
Hagström, L., and Nordin, A. H. (2020). China’s ‘politics of harmony’ and the quest for soft power in international politics. International Studies Review 22(3), 507–525.
Hall, S., and Du Gay, P. (eds.) (1996). Questions of Cultural Identity. London: Sage.
Halverson, J. R., Goodall, H. L. and Corman, S. R. (2011). What is a master narrative? In Master Narratives of Islamist Extremism (pp. 11–26). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Hinsch, B. (1990). Passions of the Cut Sleeve: The Male Homosexual Tradition in China. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Ho, J. C.-J. (2008). Is global governance bad for East Asian queers? GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies 14(4), 457–479.
Ho, L. W. W. (2010). Gay and Lesbian Subculture in Urban China. Abingdon: Routledge.
Ho, P. S. Y., Jackson, S., Cao, S., and Kwok, C. (2018). Sex with Chinese characteristics: Sexuality research in/on 21st-century China. Journal of Sex Research 55(4–5), 486–521.
Hsu, C.-Y., and Yen, C.-F. (2017). Taiwan: Pioneer of the health and well-being of sexual minorities in Asia. Archives of Sexual Behavior 46(6), 1577–1579.
Hu, X., and Wang, Y. (2013). LGB identity among young Chinese: The influence of traditional culture. Journal of Homosexuality 60(5), 667–684.
Huang, H. T.-M. (2011). Queer Politics and Sexual Modernity in Taiwan. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
Huang, S., and Brouwer, D. C. (2018). Coming out, coming home, coming with: Models of queer sexuality in contemporary China. Journal of International and Intercultural Communication 11(2), 97–116.
Jackson, P., Martin, F., McLelland, M. and Yue, A. (2008). Asia PacifiQueer: Rethinking Genders and Sexualities. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
Jeffreys, E., and Yu, H. (2015). Sex in China. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Jones, L. (2018). ‘I’m not proud, I’m just gay’: Lesbian and gay youths’ discursive negotiation of otherness. Journal of Sociolinguistics 22(1), 55–76.
Jones, R. H. (2016). Spoken Discourse. London: Bloomsbury.
Kam, L. Y. L. (2013). Shanghai Lalas: Female Tongzhi Communities and Politics in Urban China. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
King, G., Pan, J. and Roberts, M. E. (2013). How censorship in China allows government criticism but silences collective expression. American Political Science Review 107(2), 326–343.
Kong, T. S. K. (2011). Chinese Male Homosexualities: Memba, Tongzhi and Golden Boy. Oxford: Routledge.
Kong, T. S. K. (2016). The sexual in Chinese sociology: Homosexuality studies in contemporary China. Sociological Review 64(3), 495–514.
Kong, T. S. K. (2023). Sexuality and the Rise of China: The Post-1990s Gay Generation in Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Mainland China. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Kong, T. S. K. (2019). Transnational queer sociological analysis of sexual identity and civic‐political activism in Hong Kong, Taiwan and mainland China. British Journal of Sociology 70(5): 1904–1925. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-4446.12697. Landry, R., and Bourhis, R. Y. (1997). Linguistic landscape and ethnolinguistic vitality: An empirical study. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 16(1), 23–49.
Le Page, R., and Tabouret-Keller, A. (1985). Acts of Identity: Creole-based Approaches to Language and Ethnicity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lee, P. H. (2016). LGBT rights versus Asian values: De/re-constructing the universality of human rights. International Journal of Human Rights 20(7), 978–992.
Lee, P. H. (2017). Queer activism in Taiwan: An emergent rainbow coalition from the assemblage perspective. Sociological Review, 65(4), 682–698.
Li, C. (2013). The Confucian Philosophy of Harmony. London: Routledge.
Li, Y. [Yinhe] (1998). Tongxinglian yawenhua [The Subculture of Homosexuality]. Beijing: Jinri Zhongguo Chubanshe.
Li, Y. [Yinhe], and Wang, X. (1992). Tamen de shijie: Zhongguo nan tongxinglian qunluo toushi [Their World: Looking into the Male Homosexual Community in China]. Hong Kong: Cosmos Books.
Liu, P. (2007). Queer Marxism in Taiwan. Inter-Asia Cultural Studies, 8(4), 517–539.
Liu, P. (2015). Queer Marxism in Two Chinas. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Liu, P. (2010). Why does queer theory need China? Positions: East Asia Cultures Critique 18(2), 291–320.
Liu, P., and Rofel, L. (2010). Beyond the strai(gh)ts: Transnationalism and queer Chinese politics. Positions: East Asia Cultures Critique 18(2), 281–289.
Liu, X. (2021). Homonationalist and homocolonialist discourses in Hong Kong’s anti-extradition protests: Online evaluations and representations of LGBT rights. Discourse, Context and Media 40, 100465.
Martin, F. (2003). Situating Sexualities: Queer Representation in Taiwanese Fiction, Film and Public Culture. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
Martin, F. (2014). Transnational queer Sinophone cultures. In McLelland, M. and Mackie, V. (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Sexuality Studies in East Asia (pp. 35–48). Abingdon: Routledge.
Miller, C. J. (2023). Inside the Circle: Queer Culture and Activism in Northwest China. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Motschenbacher, H. (2020). Coming out and normative shifts: Investigating usage patterns of gay and homosexual in a corpus of news reports on Ricky Martin. Sociolinguistic Studies 14(1–2), 61–84.
Motschenbacher, H. (2021). Language and sexuality studies today: Why ‘homosexual’ is a bad word and why ‘queer linguist’ is not an identity. Journal of Language and Sexuality 10(1), 25–36.
Motschenbacher, H. (2011). Taking queer linguistics further: Sociolinguistics and critical heteronormativity research. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 212, 149–179.
Motschenbacher, H., and Stegu, M. (2013). Queer linguistic approaches to discourse. Discourse and Society 24(5), 519–535.
National Election Study (2004). The 2004 National Election Study [Computer file]. Ann Arbor: Center for Political Studies, University of Michigan.
Oswin, N. (2006). Decentering queer globalization: Diffusion and the ‘global gay’. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 24(5), 777–790.
Rofel, L. (2007). Desiring China: Experiments in Neoliberalism, Sexuality, and Public Culture. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Roseneil, S., and Stoilova, M. (2016 [2011]). Heteronormativity, intimate citizenship and the regulation of same-sex sexualities in Bulgaria. In Kulpa, R. and Mizielińska, J. (eds.), De-centring Western Sexualities: Central and Eastern European Perspectives (pp. 167–190). Abingdon: Routledge.
Russell, E. L. (2021). Alpha Masculinity: Hegemony in Language and Discourse. Palgrave Macmillan.
Russell, S. T., Clarke, T. J. and Clary, J. (2009). Are teens ‘post-gay’? Contemporary adolescents’ sexual identity labels. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38, 884–890.
Savin-Williams, R. C. (2005). The New Gay Teenager. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Scollon, R., Scollon, S. W. and Jones, R. H. (2012). Intercultural Communication: A Discourse Approach (3rd ed.). Oxford: John Wiley and Sons.
Shaw, G., and Zhang, X. (2018). Cyberspace and gay rights in a digital China: Queer documentary filmmaking under state censorship. China Information 32(2), 270–292.
Shih, S. M. (2007). Visuality and Identity: Sinophone Articulations across the Pacific. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Song, L. (2021). Queering Chinese Kinship: Queer Public Culture in Globalizing China. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
Sunderland, J. (2004). Gendered Discourses. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Tamney, J. B., and Chiang, L. H.-L. (2002). Modernization, Globalization, and Confucianism in Chinese Societies. Westport, CT: Praeger.
Tan, C. K. (2001). Transcending sexual nationalism and colonialism: Cultural hybridisation as process of sexual politics in ’90s Taiwan. In Hawley, J. C. (ed.), Postcolonial, Queer: Theoretical Intersections (pp. 123–138). New York: State University of New York Press.
Tudor, M. (2018). Desire Lines: Towards a Queer Digital Media Phenomenology. Stockholm: Södertörns högskola.
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and United States Agency for International Development (USAID) (2014). Being LGBT in Asia: China Country Report. Bangkok: United Nations Development Programme.
Wang, F. T. Y., Bih, H.-D. and Brennan, D. J. (2009). Have they really come out? Gay men and their parents in Taiwan. Culture, Health and Sexuality, 11(3), 285–296.
Wang, G., and Ma, X. (2020). Representations of LGBTQ+ issues in China in its official English-language media: A corpus-assisted critical discourse study. Critical Discourse Studies 18(3), 1–19.
Wei, W. (2018). The normalization project: The progress and limitations of promoting LGBTQ research and teaching in mainland China. Journal of Homosexuality 67(3), 335–345.
Wei, W. (2021). Queering the rise of China: Gay parenthood, transnational ARTs, and dislocated reproductive rights. Feminist Studies 47(2), 312–340.
Wei, W. (2007). ‘Wandering men’ no longer wander around: The production and transformation of local homosexual identities in contemporary Chengdu, China. Inter-Asia Cultural Studies 8(4), 572–588.
Whyte, M. K. (1997). The fate of filial obligations in urban China. China Journal, 38, 1–31.
Wong, A. D. (2005b). Language, cultural authenticity, and the tongzhi movement. In Finch, S., Ikeda, T., Shetty, M., and Sunakawa, C. (eds.), Texas Linguistic Forum (Vol. 48). Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual Symposium about Language and Society, held at University of Texas, Austin, 2004, April 16–18 (pp. 209–215). Austin: University of Texas Press.
Wong, A. D. (2008a). On the actuation of semantic change: The case of tongzhi. Language Sciences 30(4), 423–449.
Wong, A. D. (2005a). The reappropriation of tongzhi. Language in Society 34(5), 763–793.
Wong, A. D. (2008b). The trouble with tongzhi: The politics of labelling among gay and lesbian Hongkongers. Pragmatics 18(2), 277–301.
Xie, Y., and Peng, M. (2018). Attitudes toward homosexuality in China: Exploring the effects of religion, modernizing factors, and traditional culture. Journal of Homosexuality 65(13), 1758–1787.
Yang, Y. (2019). Bargaining with the state: The empowerment of Chinese sexual minorities/LGBT in the social media era. Journal of Contemporary China 28(118), 662–677.
Yuen, S. (2015). Friend or foe? The diminishing space of China’s civil society. China Perspectives, 3, 51–56.
Zhang, B. (1994). Tongxing’ai. Jinan: Shandong Science and Technology Press.
Zhang, B., and Chu, Q. (2005). MSM and HIV/AIDS in China. Cell Research 15(11), 858–864.
Zhang, B., Li, X., Chu, Q. et al. (2008). A survey of HIV/AIDS related behaviors among 2250 MSM in nine major cities of China. Chinese Journal of AIDS & STD 14(6), 541–547.
Zheng, T. (2015). Tongzhi Living: Men Attracted to Men in Postsocialist China. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Zhou, T. (2018). Jack’d, Douban Group, and Feizan.com: The impact of cyberqueer technopractice on the Chinese gay male experience. In Grider, J. T. and van Reenen, D. (eds.), Exploring Erotic Encounters (pp. 27–43). At the Interface/Probing the Boundaries 93. London: Brill.
Zhou, Z. B. (2022). ‘Besides tongzhi: Tactics for constructing and communicating sexual identities in China.’ Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 32(2), 282–300.