Crimes against Humanity: A Normative Account

Larry May

doi:10.1017/CBO9780511607110

References

Bibliography

Advisory Opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, 1997 I.L.M. 814, International Court of Justice, July 8, 1996

Advisory Opinion on Reparations for Injuries Suffered in the Service of the United Nations, International Court of Justice, April 11, 1949

Advisory Opinion on Reservations to the Genocide Convention, ICJ Reports 16, International Court of Justice, 1951

Alvarez, Jose E. “Crimes of States/Crimes of Hate: Lessons from Rwanda,” Yale Journal of International Law, vol. 24, pp. 365–437, 1999

Anderson-Gold, Sharon. “Crimes Against Humanity: A Kantian Perspective on International Law,” in Autonomy and Community, Jane Kneller and Sidney Axinn, eds., Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1998

Arend, Anthony Clark, and Robert J. Beck. International Law and the Use of Force, New York: Routledge, 1993

Arendt, Hannah. Eichmann in Jerusalem, New York: Viking Press, 1963

Arendt, Hannah. “Organized Guilt and Universal Responsibility,” Jewish Frontiers, 1948, reprinted in Collective Responsibility, Larry May and Stacey Hoffman, eds., Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1991, p. 278

Arendt, Hannah. “Personal Responsibility Under Dictatorship,” The Listener, vol. 72, no. 1845, August 6, 1964

Arendt, Hannah. “Thinking and Moral Considerations,” Social Research, August 1971, pp. 417–46

Aristotle, The Athenian Constitution, H. Rachham, trans., Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1935

Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, W. D. Ross, trans., New York: Oxford University Press, 1925

Askin, Kelly Dawn. War Crimes Against Women, The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 1997

Austin, John. The Province of Jurisprudence Determined, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1832

Azanian Peoples Organization, Ms. N. M. Biko, Mr. C. H. Mxenge, and Mr. C. Ribeiro v. President of the Republic of South Africa … and the Chairperson of the Commission, in the Constitutional Court, 1 Case No. CCT 17/96, reported in Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, presented to President Nelson Mandela on October 29, 1998, Cape Town: Groves Press, 1999, vol. 1, p. 175

Babic, Jovan. “War Crimes: Moral, Legal, or Simply Political?” in War Crimes and Collective Wrongdoing, Aleksandar Jokic, ed., London: Blackwell, 2001

Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Co., Limited, Second Phase, Belgium v. Spain, I.C.J. 3, International Court of Justice, 1970

Barkir, Lawrence, and William Strauss, Reconciliation After Vietnam, Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1977

Bassiouni, M. Cherif. Crimes Against Humanity in International Criminal Law, The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 1992

Bassiouni, M. Cherif. Crimes Against Humanity in International Criminal Law, The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2nd ed. 1999

Bassiouni, M. Cherif. “International Crimes: Jus Cogens and Obligatio Erga Omnes,” Law and Contemporary Problems, vol. 59, 1996, pp. 63–74

Bassiouni, M. Cherif. “The Sources and Content of International Criminal Law: A Theoretical Framework,” in International Criminal Law, Vol. I, Crimes, 2nd ed., M. Cherif Bassiouni, ed., NJ: Transaction Press, 1999

Bassiouni, M. Cherif., Richard Falk, and Yasuaki Onuma, in “Forty Years After The Nuremberg and Tokyo Tribunals: The Impact of the War Crimes Trials on International and National Law,” Proceedings of the 80th Annual Meeting, American Society of International Law, Washington, D.C., April 9–12, 1986

Bassiouni, M. Cherif, and Edward M. Wise. Aut Dedere Aut Judicare: The Duty to Prosecute or Extradite in International Law, Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1995

Bayles, Michael D. Hart's Legal Philosophy, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1992

Bell-Fialkoff, Andrew. Ethnic Cleansing, New York: St. Martin's, 1996

Bentham, Jeremy. An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (1789), J. H. Burns and H. L. A. Hart, eds., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996

Biggs, John Jr., The Guilty Mind, Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1955

Blackburn, Simon. Ruling Passions, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998

Blum, Lawrence. Moral Perception and Particularity, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994

Boxill, Bernard. Blacks and Social Justice, Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield, 1984

Brierly, J. L. The Law of Nations, 6th ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1963

Browning, Christopher. Ordinary Men, New York: Harper Collins, 1992

Buchanan, Allen. Justice, Legitimacy and Self-Determination, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004

Burgess-Jackson, Keith. “A Crime Against Women: Calhoun on the Wrongness of Rape,” Journal of Social Philosophy, vol. 31, pp. 286–93, 2000

Calley v. Callaway, 519 F.2d 184, 1975

Calley v. Callaway, 382 F.Supp. 650, 1974

Cigar, Norman. Genocide in Bosnia: The Policy of Ethnic Cleansing, College Station, TX: Texas A & M University Press, 1995

Chaffe, Zachariah, and Edward D. Re, Cases and Materials on Equity, Brooklyn, NY: Foundation Press, 5th ed. 1967

Charlesworth, Hilary, and Chinkin, Christine, “The Gender of Jus Cogens,” Human Rights Quarterly, vol. 15, 1993

Charter of the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg and Agreement for the Prosecution and Punishment of the Major War Criminals of the European Axis Powers, Annex to the London Agreement, 8 Aug. 1945, 59 Stat. 1544, 82 U.N.T.S. 279

Charter of the United Nations, T.S. 993, 59 Stat. 1031, 1976, Y.B.U.N. 1043, 1945

Cleckley, Hervey. The Mask of Sanity: An Attempt to Reinterpret the So-Called Psychopathic Personality, St. Louis, MO: Mosby Publishers, 1941

Commission on the Responsibility of the Authors of the War and on Enforcement of Penalties, “Report Presented to the Preliminary Peace Conference,” March 29, 1919, reprinted in American Journal of International Law, vol 14, 1929

Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, adopted Dec. 9, 1948, entered into force Jan. 12, 1951, 78 U.N.T.SW. 277

Cooper, David. “Responsibility and the System,” in Peter French, ed., Individual and Collective Responsibility: The Massacre at My Lai, Cambridge, MA: Schenkman Publishing, 1972

Crocker, David. “Truth Commissions, Transitional Justice and Civil Society,” in Truth v. Justice, Robert I. Rotberg and Dennis Thompson, eds., Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000

Damico, Alfonso. Democracy and the Case for Amnesty, Gainesville, FL: University Presses of Florida, 1975

Dorjahn, Alfred. Political Forgiveness in Old Athens: The Amnesty of 403 B.C., Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1946

Dorris, Jonathan. Pardon and Amnesty Under Lincoln and Johnson, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1953

Du Toit, André. “The Moral Foundations of the South African TRC: Truth as Acknowledgement and Justice as Recognition,” in Truth v. Justice, Robert I. Rotberg and Dennis Thompson, eds., Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000

Engelberg, Stephen. “Panel Seeks U.S. Pledge on Bosnia War Criminals,” The New York Times, November 3, 1995, p. A1

Eskridge, William S. Jr., and John Ferejohn, “Politics, Interpretation, and the Rule of Law,” NOMOS XXXVI: The Rule of Law, New York: New York University Press, 1994

Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure 29

Feinberg, Joel. The Moral Limits of the Criminal Law, Vol. I: Harm to Others, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984

Feinberg, Joel. The Moral Limits of the Criminal Law, Vol. IV, Harmless Wrongdoing, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988

Final Report of the Commission of Experts Established Pursuant to Security Council Resolution 780 (1992), May 27, 1994, UN Doc. S/1994/674

Fisher, Ian. “Where Justice Takes a Back Seat to Just Ending War,” The New York Times, Sunday, July 15, 2001, p. A1

Fiss, Owen. “Against Settlement,” Yale Law Journal, vol. 93, 1984, pp. 1073–90

Fisse, Brent, and John Braithwaite, The Impact of Publicity on Corporate Offenders, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1983

Friedrich, Jorg. “Nuremberg and the Germans,” in War Crimes: The Legacy of Nuremberg, Belinda Cooper, ed., New York: TV Books, 1984

Fuller, Lon. The Morality of Law, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1964, 1969

Galey, Margaret E. “International Enforcement of Women's Rights,” Human Rights Quarterly, vol. 6, pp. 463–90, 1984

Gardner, Martin R. “The Mens Rea Enigma: Observations on the Role of Motive in the Criminal Law Past and Present,” Utah Law Review, 1993, pp. 635–81

Gibeaut, John. “Deadly Choices,” ABA Journal, May 2001, pp. 38–45

Gilbert, Margaret. “Group Wrongs and Guilt Feelings,” The Journal of Ethics, vol. 1, no. 1, 1997, pp. 65–84

Goldstone, Richard. For Humanity: Reflections of a War Crimes Investigator, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000

Gould, Carol. Rethinking Democracy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988

Govier, Trudy. Forgiveness and Revenge, NY: Routledge, 2002

Gray, J. Glenn. The Warriors: Reflection on Men in Battle, New York: Harcourt Brace, 1959

Greenawalt, Alexander K. A. “Rethinking Genocidal Intent: The Case for a Knowledge-Based Interpretation,” Columbia Law Review, vol. 99, no. 8, December 1999

Greenawalt, Kent. “Amnesty's Justice,” in Truth v. Justice, Robert I. Rotberg and Dennis Thompson, eds., Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000

Grotius, Hugo. The Law of War and Peace (1625), Francis W. Kelsey, trans., Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1925

Guttman, Amy, and Dennis Thompson, “The Moral Foundations of Truth Commissions,” in Truth v. Justice, Robert I. Rotberg and Dennis Thompson, eds., Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000

Hague Convention (No. IV) Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land, With Annex of Regulations, Preamble, 36 Stat. 2277, T.S. No. 539, 1 Bevans 631, Oct. 18, 1907

Hammer, Richard. The Court Martial of Lt. Calley, New York: Coward, McCann, and Geoghegan, 1971

Hampton, Jean. “Democracy and the Rule of Law,” in NOMOS XXXVI: The Rule of Law, Ian Shapiro, ed., New York: New York University Press, 1994

Hare, R. M. Moral Thinking, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1973

Hart, H. L. A. “Are There Any Natural Rights?” in Political Philosophy, Anthony Quinton, ed., Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1967

Hart, H. L. A. Law, Liberty, and Morality, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1962

Hart, H. L. A. Essays in Jurisprudence and Philosophy, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1983

Hart, H. L. A. The Concept of Law, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2nd ed., 1991

Hartland, E. Sidney. Primitive Law, New York: Kennikat Press, 1924

Hecht Co. v. Bowles, 321 U.S. 321, 329–30 (1944)

Hegel, G. W. F. Philosophy of Right (1821), T. M. Knox, trans., 1952

Henry, Yazir. “Where Healing Begins,” in Charles Villa-Vicencio and Wilhelm Verwoerd, Looking Back, Reaching Forward, Cape Town: University of Cape Town Press, 2000

Hobbes, Thomas. A Dialogue Between a Philosopher and a Student of the Common Laws of England (1681), Joseph Cropsey, ed., Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971

Hobbes, Thomas. Leviathan (1651), The English Works of Thomas Hobbes, London: John Bohn. Second reprint, Scientia Verlag Aalen, 1966

Hoffer, Peter Charles. The Law's Conscience: Equitable Constitutionalism in America, Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1990

Holmes, Oliver Wendell. “The Path of the Law,” Harvard Law Review, vol. 10, 1897

Honore, Tony. Making Law Bind, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987

Hoogh, Andre de. Obligations Erga Omnes and International Crimes, The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 1996

Horne, William W. “The Real Trial of the Century,” in War Crimes in International Law, Yoram Dinstein and Mala Taroy, eds., The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1996

Hume, David. “Of the Original Contract,” in Hume's Ethical Writings, Alasdair MacIntyre, ed., Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1979

Husak, Douglas N. “Motive and Criminal Law,” Criminal Justice Ethics, vol. 3, 1989, pp. 3–14

Husak, Douglas. “The ‘But-Everyone-Does-That!’ Defense,” Public Affairs Quarterly, vol. 10, no. 4, October 1996, pp. 307–34

Hwang, Phyllis. “Defining Crimes Against Humanity,” Fordham International Law Journal, vol. 22, 1998, pp. 457–504

Jackson, Robert H. Opening Statement for the United States, November 21, 1945, reprinted in The Nuremberg War Crimes Trial 1945–46: A Documentary History, Michael R. Marrus, ed., 1997

Jackson, Robert H. Report of United States Representative to the International Conference on Military Trials 50, June 6, 1945, reprinted in Nuremberg War Crimes Trial

Janis, Mark. “The Nature of Jus Cogens,” Connecticut Law Review, vol. 3, 1988

Janis, Mark. An Introduction to International Law, New York: Aspen Law, 1993

Jaspers, Karl. The Question of German Guilt, New York: Capricorn Books, 1947

Kanstroom, Daniel. “Judicial Review of Amnesty Denials: Must Aliens Bet Their Lives to Get into Court?” Harvard Civil Rights – Civil Liberties Law Review, vol. 25, 1990, pp. 53–100

Kant, Immanuel. Metaphysical Elements of Justice (1797), John Ladd, trans., 2nd ed., 1999

Kavka, Gregory. Hobbesian Moral and Political Theory, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986

Kirgis, Frederick J. International Organizations, St. Paul, MN: West Publishing, 2nd ed., 1993

Kiss, Elizabeth. “Moral Ambition Within and Beyond Political Constraints: Reflections on Restorative Justice,” in Truth v. Justice, Robert I. Rotberg and Dennis Thompson, eds., Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000

Kogawa, Joy. The Rain Ascends, Toronto: Vintage Canada, 1995

Komarow, Gary. “Individual Responsibility Under International Law: The Nuremberg Principles in Domestic Legal Systems,” International and Comparative Law Quarterly, vol. 29, 1980, pp. 21–37

Kutz, Christopher. Complicity, New York/Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000

Kuwait v. Aminoil, 21 International Legal Materials 976, 1982

Ladd, John. “Custom,” in The Encyclopedia of Philosophy, New York: Macmillan, vol. 2, 1967

LaFave, Wayne R., and Austin W. Scott, Jr., Criminal Law, 2nd ed., St. Paul, MN: West Publishing, 1986

Lattin, Norman D. On Corporations, Mineola, NY: The Foundation Press, 2nd ed., 1971

Lazo-Majano v. INS, 813 F.2d 1432, 1987

Leaf, Karen. “Legalizing the Illegals,” Columbia Human Rights Law Review, vol. 12, 1980, pp. 65–89

Lerner, Natan. “Ethnic Cleansing,” in War Crimes in International Law, Yoram Dinstein and Mala Taroy, eds., The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1996

Lewis, Anthony. “U.S. Denied its Heritage in Failing to Embrace World Court,” The St. Louis Post-Dispatch, July 21, 1998, p. B1

Lewy, Guenther. “Superior Orders, Nuclear Warfare, and the Dictates of Conscience,” American Political Science Review, vol. 55, 1961

Liamco v. Libya, 20 International Legal Materials, 1, 1981

Lippman, Matthew “Crimes Against Humanity,” Boston College Third World Law Journal, vol. 17, pp. 171–273. 1997

Lovo, Mario M. “Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act ‘NACARA,’” Immigration Briefings, vol. 1, November 1998

MacCormick, Neil. H. L. A. Hart, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1981

Stephen Macedo, “The Rule of Law, Justice, and the Politics of Moderation,” NOMOS XXXVI: The Rule of Law, New York: New York University Press, 1994

MacKinnon, Catherine. “Crimes of War, Crimes of Peace,” in On Human Rights, Stephen Shute and Susan Hurley, eds., Boston: Basic Books, 1993

Matsuda, Mari J., Charles R. Lawrence III, Richard Delgado, and Kimberle Williams Crenshaw, Words That Wound, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1993

May, Larry. “Collective Responsibility,” The Encyclopedia of Ethics, Lawrence Becker and Charlotte Becker, eds., 2nd ed., New York: Garland, 2001

May, Larry. “Hobbes,” in Ethics in the History of Western Philosophy, R. J. Cavalier, J. Guinlock, and J. P. Sterba, eds., New York: Macmillan, 1989

May, Larry. “Hobbes on Equity and Justice,” in Hobbes's Science of Natural Justice, C. Walton and P. J. Johnson, eds., Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1987

May, Larry. “Hobbes on Fidelity to Law,” Hobbes Studies, vol. 5, 1992, pp. 77–89

May, Larry. “Hobbes on the Attitude of Pacifism,” Thomas Hobbes: De La Metaphysique A La Politique, M. Bertman and M. Malherbe, eds., Paris: J. Vrin, 1989

May, Larry. “Hobbes's Contract Theory,” Journal of the History of Philosophy, vol. 18, 1980, pp. 195–208

May, Larry. “Interview with Larry May,” Corporate Crime Reporter, vol. 2, 1988

May, Larry. “Jus Cogens Norms and International Criminal Law” (translated into Italian), Ars Interpretandi, vol. 6, 2001, pp. 223–248

May, Larry. “Negligence and Corporate Criminality,” in Shame, Responsibility, and the Corporation, Hugh Curtler, ed., New York: Haven Publications

May, Larry. “On Conscience,” American Philosophical Quarterly, vol. 20, 1, 1983

May, Larry. “Professional Action and Liabilities of Professional Associations: ASME v. Hydrolevel,” Business and Professional Ethics Journal, vol. 2, no. 1, Fall 1982

May, Larry. Sharing Responsibility, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992

May, Larry. “Socialization and Institutional Evil,” in Hannah Arendt: Twenty Years Later, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, Jerome Kohn and Larry May, eds., 1996

May, Larry. The Morality of Groups, Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1987

May, Larry. The Socially Responsive Self, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996

May, Larry, and Friedman, Marilyn, “Harming Women as a Group,” Social Theory and Practice, vol. 11, no. 2, Summer 1985

May, Larry, and Stacey Hoffman, eds., Collective Responsibility, Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1991

McDougal, Myres, Harold Lasswell, and Lung-Chu Chen, Human Rights and World Public Order, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1976

McGinn, Colin. Ethics, Evil and Fiction, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997

McGinn, Colin. “Moral Vocabulary,” The New York Times, Arts and Ideas Section, Saturday, December 28, 2002, p. A17

Meron, Theodor. “Rape as a Crime Under International Humanitarian Law,” American Journal of International Law, vol. 87, 1993, pp. 424–28

Milgram, Stanley. Obedience to Authority, New York: Harper & Row, 1974

Mill, John Stuart. On Liberty, Stefan Collini, ed., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989

Milo, Ronald. Immorality, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984

Minow, Martha. Between Vengeance and Forgiveness, Boston: Beacon Press, 1998

Murphy, Jeffrie G., and Jean Hampton, Forgiveness and Mercy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988

Mydans, Seth. “New Rule of Law in Thailand May be a Leader's Downfall,” The New York Times, July 30, 2001, p. A8

Neier, Aryeh. War Crimes, New York: Times Books, 1998

Nicaragua v. United States, Concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua, I.C.J. 14, International Court of Justice, 1986

Nickel, James. “What's Wrong With Ethnic Cleansing?” Journal of Social Philosophy, vol. 26, 1995, p. 15

Nino, Carlos Santiago. Radical Evil on Trial, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996

North Sea Continental Shelf Cases, ICJ. Reports 3, International Court of Justice, 1969

Nussbaum, Martha C. “Equity and Mercy,” Philosophy and Public Affairs, vol. 22, 1993, pp. 83–125

Osiel, Mark J. Mass Atrocity, Ordinary Evil, and Hannah Arendt, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001

Osiel, Mark J. Obeying Orders, New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Press, 1999

Patel, Krishna R. “Recognizing the Rape of Bosnian Women as Gender-Based Persecution,” Brooklyn Law Review, vol. 60, 1994, pp. 929–58

Pangilinan v. I.N.S., 796 F.2d 1091, 1986

Paust, Jordan J., M. Cherif Bassiouni, Michael Scharf, Jimmy Gurule, Leila Sadat, Bruce Zagaris, and Sharon A. Williams, International Criminal Law: Cases and Materials, Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2nd ed., 2000

Payne v. Tennessee, 501 U.S. 808, 1991

Plato, The Apology, in Collected Dialogues, Edith Hamilton and Huntington Cairns, eds., Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1961

Pluncknett, Theodore F.T. A Concise History of the Common Law, 5th ed., Boston: Little Brown, 1956

Podgers, James. “War Crimes Court Under Fire,” ABA Journal, September 1998, pp. 64–9

Pollock, Frederick, and Frederic William Maitland, History of English Law, vol. 2, Boston: Little Brown, 1909

Preliminary Remarks of the International Committee of the Red Cross, 22 February 1993, reproduced in Virginia Morris and Michael Scharf, An Insider's Guide to the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, vol. 2, 1995

Prosecutor v. Akayesu, International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, Case No. ICTR-96-4, Judgment of the Trial Chamber, September 2, 1998

Prosecutor v. Anto Furundzija, Case No. IT-9517/1-T, International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Trial Chamber, December 1998

Prosecutor v. Delalic et al., Case No. IT-96-21-T, Judgment, International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, November 16, 1998

Prosecutor v. Dusko Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-T, Decision of the Appeals Chamber on the Defense Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on Jurisdiction, International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Appeals Chamber, October 2, 1995

Prosecutor v. Dusko Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-T, Opinion and Judgment, International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Trial Chamber, May 7, 1997

Prosecutor v. Erdemovic, Judgment. Case No. IT-96-22-A. International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Appeals Chamber, October 7, 1997

Prosecutor v. Goran Jelisic, International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Judgment of the Trial Chamber, December 14, 1999

Prosecutor v. Musema, Trial Chamber, Case No. ICTR-96-13-T, International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, January 27, 2000

Prosecutor v. Rutaganda, International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, Case No. ICTR-96-3, Judgment and Sentence, December 6, 1999

Prosecutor v. Touvier, 100 I.L.R. 341, 358, Court of Cassation, Criminal Chamber, 1992

Quigley, John. “State Responsibility for Ethnic Cleansing,” U.C. Davis Law Review, vol. 32, 1999, pp. 341–87

Ragazzi, Maurizio. The Concept of International Obligations Erga Omnes, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997

Ratner, Steven R., and Jason S. Abrams, Accountability for Human Rights Atrocities in International Law, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997

Rawls, John. The Law of Peoples, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999

Regina v. Bartle and the Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis and Others Ex Parte Pinochet (on appeal from a Divisional Court of the Queen's Bench Division) and Regina v. Evans and another and the Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis and others Ex Parte Pinochet (on appeal from a Divisional Court of the Queen's Bench Division), November 25, 1998

Regina v. Bartle and the Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis and Others, Ex Parte Pinochet, House of Lords, March 24, 1999

Regina v. Finta, 1 S.C.R. 701, 813 (Can.), 1994

Report of the International Law Commission on the Work of its 48th Session, U.N.GAOR, 51st Sess., Supp. No. 10, at 87, U.N. Doc. A/51/10, 1996

Report of the Secretary-General Pursuant to Paragraph 15 of Security Council Resolution 757, 1992, and Paragraph 10 of Security Council Resolution 758, 1992, S/24100, 15 June 1992, reprinted in The “Yugoslav” Crisis in International Law: General Issues, Daniel Bethlehem and Marc Wheeler, ed., 1997

Robinson, Darryl. “Defining ‘Crimes Against Humanity’ at the Rome Conference,” American Journal of International Law, vol. 93, 1999, pp. 43–57

Roht-Arriaza, Naomi, and Gibson, Lauren, “The Developing Jurisprudence on Amnesty,” Human Rights Quarterly, vol. 20, 1998, pp. 843–85

Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, Adopted by the U.N. Diplomatic Conference, July 17, 1998

Rostow, Eugene. “Until What? Enforcement Action or Collective Self-Defense,” American Journal of International Law, vol. 85, July 1991, pp. 506–16

Rubin, Alfred. Ethics and Authority in International Law, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997

Schabas, William A. Genocide in International Law, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000

Schabas, William A. “International Sentencing: From Leipzig (1923) to Arusha (1996),” International Criminal Law, 2nd ed., vol. III, Enforcement, M. Cherif Bassiouni, ed., Ardsley, NY: Transnational Publishers, 1999

Schabas, William A. The Abolition of the Death Penalty in International Law, 2nd ed., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997

Schabas, William A. “Was Genocide Committed in Bosnia and Herzegovina? First Judgments of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia,” Fordham International Law Journal, vol. 25, no. 1, November 2001

Scharf, Michael. Balkan Justice, Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 1997

Scharf, Michael. “Swapping Amnesty for Peace: Was There a Duty to Prosecute International Crimes in Haiti,” Texas International Law Journal, vol. 31, 1996, pp. 1–38

Shue, Henry. Basic Rights: Subsistence, Affluence, and U.S. Foreign Policy, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980

Slye, Ronald. “Justice and Amnesty,” in Looking Back, Reaching Forward: Reflections on the Truth and Reconciliation Commission in South Africa, Charles Villa-Vicencio and Wilhelm Verwoerd, eds., Cape Town: University of Cape Town Press, 2000

Slye, Ronald C. “Apartheid as a Crime Against Humanity,” Michigan Journal of International Law, vol. 20, 1999, pp. 267–300

Smithson v. Garth, 3 Lev. 324, 38 Eng. Rep. 1150, 1601

Solum, Lawrence. “Equity and the Rule of Law,” NOMOS XXXVI: The Rule of Law, New York: New York University Press, 1994

Solum, Lawrence. “Learning Our Limits: The Decline of Textualism in Statutory Cases,” Wisconsin Law Review, 1997, pp. 235–83

Socolovsky, Jerome. “Landmark Rape Case Opens Today at Yugoslav Tribunal on War Crimes,” The St. Louis Post-Dispatch, March 20, 2000, pp. A1, A7

St. Germaine, Christopher. Doctor and Student, 1535, quoted in Steven J. Prall, “The Development of Equity in Tudor England,” American Journal of Legal History, vol. 8, 1964

State v. Ferguson, 20 SW 3rd 485, 2000

Statute for the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Annex to the Report of the Secretary-General Pursuant to Paragraph 2 of Security Council Resolution 808 (1993), UN Doc. S/25704, 3 May 1993, Annex, at 36–48. 32 I.L.M. 1192–1201, 1993

Statute for the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Genocide and Other Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of Rwanda, S.C. Res. 955, art. 3(g), Nov. 8, 1994, reprinted in 33 I.L.M. 1598, 1994

Sunstein, Cass R. Legal Reasoning and Political Conflict, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996

Swaak-Goldman, Olivia. “Note on Erdemovic Case,” The American Journal of International Law, vol. 92, 1998, pp. 283–87

Sztucki, Jerzy. Jus Cogens and the Vienna Convention on the Law Of Treaties, Vienna: Springer Verlag, 1974

Taylor, Telford. The Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials, Boston: Little Brown, 1992

Teitel, Ruth. “Nuremberg and Its Legacy: Fifty Years Later,” in War Crimes in International Law, Yoram Dinstein and Mala Taroy, eds., The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1996

Texaco v. Libya, 17 International Legal Materials 1 (1978)

Thalberg, Irving, and Pellow, Deborah. “Imagining Alternatives,” Philosophical. Forum, vol. 11, 1979, pp. 1–17

Todorov, Tzvetan. “In Search of Lost Crime: Tribunals, Apologies, Reparations, and the Search for Justice,” The New Republic, January 29, 2001, pp. 29–36

Tunkin, Grigory I. “Jus Cogens in Contemporary International Law,” Toledo Law Review, Fall/Winter, pp. 107–18. 1971

Tunkin, Grigory I. “The Contemporary Soviet Theory of International Law,” Current Legal Problems, 1978, pp. 177–88

United Nations World Conference on Human Rights: Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, U.N. Doc. A/Conf. 157/24, Part I, 1993, reprinted in I.L.M. 1661, 1993

Universal Declaration of Human Rights, GA Res. 217 A (III), U.N. Doc. A/810, December 10, 1948

United States v. Carroll Towing Co., 159 F.2d 169, 2d Cir. 1947

U.S. v. Park, 421 U.S. 658, 660, 1975

Schaack, Beth. “The Definition of Crimes Against Humanity: Resolving the Incoherence,” Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, vol. 37, pp. 787–850, 1999

Verdirame, Guglielmo. “The Genocide Definition in the Jurisprudence of the Ad Hoc Tribunals,” International and Comparative Law Quarterly, vol. 49, no. 3, July 2000

Verdross, Alfred. “Forbidden Treaties in International Law,” American Journal of International Law, vol. 31, 1937, pp. 571–92

Vernon, Richard. “What Is Crime Against Humanity,” Journal of Political Philosophy, vol. 10, no. 3, Sept. 2002, pp. 231–49

Verwoerd, Wilhelm. “Toward the Recognition of Our Past Injustices,” in Looking Back, Reaching Forward: Reflections on the Truth and Reconciliation Commission in South Africa, Charles Villa-Vicencio and Wilhelm Verwoerd, eds., Cape Town: University of Cape Town Press, 2000

Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, UN doc A/CONF. 39/27, May 23, 1969

Vukovar Hospital Rule 61 Decision, U.N. Doc. International Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia, IT-95-13-R61, 1996

Walzer, Michael. On Toleration, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997

Walzer, Michael. “The Legal Codes of Ancient Israel,” NOMOS XXXVI: The Rule of Law, New York: New York University Press, 1994

Wang, Lu-in. “The Transforming Power of ‘Hate’: Social Cognition Theory and the Harms of Bias-Related Crime,” Southern California Law Review, 1997

Wertheimer, Allen. “Unconscionability and Contracts,” Business Ethics Quarterly, vol. 2, no. 4, October 1992

Wilkins, Burleigh. “Responsibility for the My Lai Massacre,” in his book Terrorism and Collective Responsibility, New York: Routledge, 1992

Crimes against Humanity

A Normative Account

This Book has been cited by the following publications. This list is generated based on data provided by Crossref.

Book description

Reviews

Refine List

Actions for selected content:

Contents

Frontmatter
pp i-vi

Contents
pp vii-x

Acknowledgments
pp xi-xiv

A - UNIVERSAL NORMS AND MORAL MINIMALISM
pp 1-2

1 - Introduction
pp 3-23

2 - Jus Cogens Norms
pp 24-39

3 - Custom, Opinio Juris, and Consent
pp 40-60

B - PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW
pp 61-62

4 - The Security Principle
pp 63-79

5 - The International Harm Principle
pp 80-95

6 - International Crime: The Case of Rape
pp 96-112

C - PROSECUTING INTERNATIONAL CRIMES
pp 113-114

7 - Prosecuting “Minor Players” for Crimes Against Humanity
pp 115-138

8 - Prosecuting State Leaders for Crimes Against Humanity
pp 139-156

9 - Prosecuting Genocide Amidst Widespread Complicity
pp 157-176

D - DEFENSES AND ALTERNATIVES
pp 177-178

10 - Superior Orders, Duress, and Moral Perception
pp 179-200

11 - The International Rule of Law
pp 201-219

12 - Victims and Convictions
pp 220-234

13 - Reconciliation and Amnesty Programs
pp 235-253

Conclusions
pp 254-258

Notes
pp 259-294

Bibliography
pp 295-304

Index
pp 305-310

Metrics

Altmetric attention score

Full text views

Book summary page views

Accessibility standard: Unknown

Why this information is here

Accessibility Information