Section 2 - Specific Challenges in Preventing Suicide
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 18 December 2025
Information
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Preventing SuicideAn Evidence-Based Approach, pp. 49 - 164Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2026
References
References
Ward, SP. Thalidomide and congenital abnormalities. BMJ. 1962; 2(5305): 646–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rose, S, Bisson, J, Wessely, S. A systematic review of single-session psychological interventions (‘debriefing’) following trauma. Psychother Psychosom 2003; 72(4): 176–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
UK Ministry of Justice. A Guide to Coronial Services. 2020. www.gov.uk/government/publications/guide-to-coroner-services-and-coroner-investigations-a-short-guide.Google Scholar
Benne, Gunnell Dwith O, Simkin, S, Cooper, J, Klineberg, E, Rodway, C, Sutton, L, Steeg, S, Wells, C, Hawton, K, Kapur, N. Time trends in coroners’ use of different verdicts for possible suicides and their impact on officially reported incidence of suicide in England: 1990–2005. Psychological Medicine. 2013; 43(7): 1415–22.Google Scholar
Gunnell, D, Hawton, K, Kapur, N. Coroners’ verdicts and suicide statistics in England and Wales. BMJ. 2011; 343: d6030.10.1136/bmj.d6030CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hawton, K, Bergen, H, Cooper, J, Turnbull, P, Waters, K, Ness, J, Kapur, N. Suicide following self-harm: Findings from the multicentre study of self-harm in England, 2000–2012. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2015; 175: 147–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Safety in Mental Health. Annual Report: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. University of Manchester. 2021. https://sites.manchester.ac.uk/ncish/reports/annual-report-2021-england-northern-ireland-scotland-and-wales/.Google Scholar
Office for Health and Disparities Near to Real Time Suspected Suicide Surveillance (NRTSSS) for England. Statistical Report: NRTSSS for England for a 15-Month Period to August 2023. 2024. www.gov.uk/government/statistics/near-to-real-time-suspected-suicide-surveillance-nrtsss-for-england/statistical-report-near-to-real-time-suspected-suicide-surveillance-nrtsss-for-england-for-the-15-months-to-august-2023.Google Scholar
Appleby, L, Richards, N, Ibrahim, S, Turnbull, P, Rodway, C, Kapur, N. Suicide in England in the COVID-19 pandemic: Early observational data from real time surveillance. Lancet Regional Health – Europe. 2021; 4: 100110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hunt, IM, Windfuhr, K, Shaw, J, Appleby, L, Kapur, N. Ligature points and ligature types used by psychiatric inpatients who die by hanging: a national study. Crisis. 2012; 33(2): 87–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kapur, N, Hunt, IM, Windfuhr, K, Rodway, C, Webb, R, Rahman, MS, Shaw, J, Appleby, L. Psychiatric in-patient care and suicide in England, 1997 to 2008: A longitudinal study. Psychological Medicine. 2013; 43(1): 61–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rose, SC, Bisson, J, Churchill, R, Wessely, S. Psychological debriefing for preventing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2002; 2: CD000560.Google Scholar
Dror, IE. Cognitive and human factors in expert decision making: Six fallacies and the eight sources of bias. Analytical Chemistry. 2020; 92(12): 7998–8004.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Price, A, McCormack, R, Wiseman, T, Hotopf, M. Concepts of mental capacity for patients requesting assisted suicide: A qualitative analysis of expert evidence presented to the Commission on Assisted Dying. BMC Med Ethics. 2014; 15: 32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poole, R, Higgo, R. Clinical Skills in Psychiatric Treatment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Priebe, S, Bhatti, N, Barnicot, K, Bremner, S, Gaglia, A, Katsakou, C, Molosankwe, I, McCrone, P, Zinkler, M. Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of dialectical behaviour therapy for self-harming patients with personality disorder: A pragmatic randomised controlled trial. Psychother Psychosom. 2012; 81(6): 356–65.10.1159/000338897CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McHugo, GJ, Drake, RE, Whitley, R, Bond, GR, Campbell, K, Rapp, CA, Goldman, HH, Lutz, WJ, Finnerty, MT. Fidelity outcomes in the national implementing evidence-based practices project. Psychiatric Services. 2007; 58: 1279–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jain, D, Sharma, R, Reddy, S. Surgery checklist: Barriers to universal acceptance. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol. 2018. 34(1); 7–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andreotti, ET, Ipuchima, JR, Cazella, SC, Beria, P, Bortoncello, CF, Silveira, RC, Ferrão, YA. Instruments to assess suicide risk: A systematic review. Trends Psychiatry Psychother. 2020 Jul–Sep; 42(3): 276–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hawton, K, Bergen, H, Cooper, J, Turnbull, P, Waters, K, Ness, J, Kapur, N. Suicide following self-harm: Findings from the Multicentre Study of Self-Harm in England, 2000–2012. Journal of Affective Disorder. 2015; 175: 147–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Safety in Mental Health. The Assessment of Clinical Risk in Mental Health Services. Manchester: University of Manchester; 2018. https://sites.manchester.ac.uk/ncish/reports/the-assessment-of-clinical-risk-in-mental-health-services/.Google Scholar
Hawton, K, Bergen, H, Simkin, S, Dodd, S, Pocock, P, Bernal, W, Gunnell, D, Kapur, N. Long term effect of reduced pack sizes of paracetamol on poisoning deaths and liver transplant activity in England and Wales: Interrupted time series analyses. BMJ. 2013; 346: f403.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, YY, Chisholm, D, Eddleston, M, Gunnell, D, Fleischmann, A, Konradsen, F, Bertram, MY, Mihalopoulos, C, Brown, R, Santomauro, DF, Schess, J, van Ommeren, M. The cost-effectiveness of banning highly hazardous pesticides to prevent suicides due to pesticide self-ingestion across 14 countries: An economic modelling study. Lancet Glob Health. 2021; 9: e291–300.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rhee, P, Prabhakaran, K, Joseph, B, Simely, A, Okumura, K, Klein, J, Policastro, A, Lombardo, G, Latifi, R. Firearm deaths are increasing and endemic in the USA: It is a problem of suicides and not homicides. World J Surg. 2021; 45: 1323–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Homant, RJ, Kennedy, DB. Suicide by police: A proposed typology of law enforcement officer‐assisted suicide. Policing: An International Journal. 2024; 23(3): 339–55.Google Scholar
Hansard. Interest Rates. Thursday, 16 May 1993. https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/1991-05-16/debates/bc7daf42-76d1-4c4b-b5d9-881c3d48a1f4/InterestRates?highlight=price%20worth%20paying.Google Scholar
Wilson, JF. Finland pioneers international suicide prevention. Ann Intern Med. 2004; 140: 853–6.10.7326/0003-4819-140-10-200405180-00037CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jiang, H, Niu, L, Hahne, J, Hu, M, Fang, J, Shen, M, Xiao, S. Changing of suicide rates in China, 2002–2015. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2018; 240: 165–70. www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165032718303768.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
References
Pirkis, J, Blood, RW. Suicide and the News and Information Media: A Critical Review. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia; 2010.Google Scholar
Sisask, M, Värnik, A. Media roles in suicide prevention: A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2012; 9(1): 123–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Niederkrotenthaler, T, Voracek, M, Herberth, A, et al. Role of media reports in completed and prevented suicide: Werther v. Papageno effects. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2010; 197(3): 234–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pew Research Center. More than eight-in-ten Americans get news from digital devices. 2021.Google Scholar
Robinson, J, Cox, G, Bailey, E, et al. Social media and suicide prevention: A systematic review. Early Intervention in Psychiatry. 2016; 10(2): 103–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bandura, A. Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review. 1977; 84: 191–215.10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gould, MS, Kleinman, MH, Lake, AM, Forman, J, Midle, JB. Newspaper coverage of suicide and initiation of suicide clusters in teenagers in the USA, 1988–96: A retrospective, population-based, case-control study. Lancet Psychiatry. 2014; 1(1): 34–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fink, DS, Santaella-Tenorio, J, Keyes, KM. Increase in suicides the months after the death of Robin Williams in the US. PLoS One. 2018; 13(2): e0191405-e.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pirkis, J, Currier, D, Too, LS, et al. Suicides in Australia following media reports of the death of Robin Williams. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2020; 54(1): 99–104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Till, B, Strauss, M, Sonneck, G, Niederkrotenthaler, T. Determining the effects of films with suicidal content: A laboratory experiment. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2015; 207(1): 72–8.10.1192/bjp.bp.114.152827CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niederkrotenthaler, T, Till, B. Effects of suicide awareness materials on individuals with recent suicidal ideation or attempt: Online randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2020; 217(6): 693–700.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pirkis, JE, Burgess, PM, Francis, C, Blood, RW, Jolley, DJ. The relationship between media reporting of suicide and actual suicide in Australia. Social Science and Medicine. 2006; 62(11): 2874–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Niederkrotenthaler, T, Braun, M, Pirkis, J, et al. Association between suicide reporting in the media and suicide: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2020; 368: m575.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Centre for Injury Prevention and Control. 10 Leading Causes of Death by Age Group, United States 2014: Centre for Disease Control and Prevention. 2014. www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/pdf/leading_causes_of_death_by_age_group_2014-a.pdf.Google Scholar
Whitley, R, Fink, DS, Santaella-Tenorio, J, Keyes, KM. Suicide mortality in Canada after the death of Robin Williams, in the context of high-fidelity to suicide reporting guidelines in the Canadian media. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 2019; 64(11): 805–12.10.1177/0706743719854073CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pitman, A, Fink, DS, Whitley, R. Patterns of suicide mortality in England and Wales before and after the suicide of the actor Robin Williams. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 2021; 56(10): 1801–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sinyor, M, Williams, M, Zaheer, R, et al. The association between Twitter content and suicide. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2021; 55(3): 268–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Niederkrotenthaler, T, Kirchner, S, Till, B, et al. Systematic review and meta-analyses of suicidal outcomes following fictional portrayals of suicide and suicide attempt in entertainment media. eClinicalMedicine. 2021; 36: 100922.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spangler, T. Netflix’s Marvel’s The Defenders Poised for Binge-Viewing Pop, Data Indicates. Variety. 2017. https://variety.com/2017/digital/news/netflix-marvel-thedefenders-binge-viewing-data-ratings-1202532453.Google Scholar
Seventeen. ‘13 Reasons Why’ Just Broke a Netflix Record. 2017. www.seventeen.com/celebrity/movies-tv/news/a46406/13-reasons-why-netflixbroke-record/.Google Scholar
Sinyor, M, Williams, M, Tran, US, et al. Suicides in young people in Ontario following the release of ‘13 Reasons Why’. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 2019; 64(11): 798–804.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niederkrotenthaler, T, Stack, S, Till, B, et al. Association of increased youth suicides in the United States with the release of 13 Reasons Why. JAMA Psychiatry. 2019; 76(9): 933–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sinyor, M, Mallia, E, de Oliveira, C, et al. Emergency department visits for self-harm in adolescents after release of the Netflix series ‘13 Reasons Why’. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2022; 56(11): 1434–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sinyor, M, Schaffer, A, Nishikawa, Y, et al. The association between suicide deaths and putatively harmful and protective factors in media reports. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2018; 190(30): E900–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Niederkrotenthaler, T, Laido, Z, Gould, M, et al. Associations of suicide-related media reporting characteristics with help-seeking and suicide in Oregon and Washington. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2022: 48674221146474.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niederkrotenthaler, T, Till, B, Kirchner, S, et al. Effects of media stories of hope and recovery on suicidal ideation and help-seeking attitudes and intentions: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Public Health. 2022; 7(2): e156–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Till, B, Tran, US, Niederkrotenthaler, T. The impact of educative news articles about suicide prevention: A randomized controlled trial. Health Communication. 2020: 1–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niederkrotenthaler, T, Gould, M, Sonneck, G, Stack, S, Till, B. Predictors of psychological improvement on non-professional suicide message boards: Content analysis. Psychological Medicine. 2016; 46(16): 3429–42.10.1017/S003329171600221XCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Niederkrotenthaler, T, Tran, US, Gould, M, et al. Association of Logic’s hip hop song ‘1-800-273-8255’ with Lifeline calls and suicides in the United States: Interrupted time series analysis. BMJ. 2021; 375: e067726.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stack, S. Celebrities and suicide: A taxonomy and analysis, 1948–1983. American Sociological Review. 1987; 52(3): 401–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health Organization and International Association for Suicide Prevention. Preventing Suicide: A Resource for Media Professionals – Update 2017. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017.Google Scholar
Everymind. Reporting Suicide and Mental Ill-Health: A Mindframe Resource for Media Professionals. Newcastle, Australia: Everymind; 2020.Google Scholar
Sinyor, M, Schaffer, A, Heisel, MJ, et al. Media Guidelines for Reporting on Suicide: 2017 Update of the Canadian Psychiatric Association Policy Paper. Canadian Psychiatric Association; 2017.Google Scholar
Tomandl, G, Sonneck, G, Stein, C, Niederkrotenthaler, T. Leitfaden zur Berichterstattung über Suizid. Vienna: Krisen interventionszenterum; 2019.Google Scholar
Machlin, A, Skehan, J, Sweet, M, et al. Reporting suicide: Interpreting media guidelines. Australian Journalism Review. 2012; 34: 45–56.Google Scholar
Skehan, J, Greenhalgh, S, Hazell, T, Pirkis, J. Reach, awareness and uptake of media guidelines for reporting suicide and mental illness: An Australian perspective. International Journal of Mental Health Promotion. 2006; 8(4): 29–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skehan, J, Paton, E, Tynan, R. The uptake of evidence-informed guidelines for reporting suicide into media codes of practice and policies in Australia. Health Promotion Journal of Australia. 2020; 31(3): 482–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duncan, S, Luce, A. Using the responsible suicide reporting model to increase adherence to global media reporting guidelines. Journalism. 2020: 1464884920952685.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Utterson, M, Daoud, J, Dutta, R. Online media reporting of suicides: Analysis of adherence to existing guidelines. BJPsych Bull. 2017; 41(2): 83–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arafat, SMY, Khan, MM, Niederkrotenthaler, T, Ueda, M, Armstrong, G. Assessing the quality of media reporting of suicide deaths in Bangladesh against World Health organization guidelines. Crisis. 2020; 41(1): 47–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fu, K-W, Chan, Y-Y, Yip, PSF. Newspaper reporting of suicides in Hong Kong, Taiwan and Guangzhou: Compliance with WHO media guidelines and epidemiological comparisons. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2011; 65(10): 928–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armstrong, G, Vijayakumar, L, Niederkrotenthaler, T, et al. Assessing the quality of media reporting of suicide news in India against World Health Organization guidelines: A content analysis study of nine major newspapers in Tamil Nadu. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2018; 52(9): 856–63.10.1177/0004867418772343CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bohanna, I, Wang, X. Media guidelines for the responsible reporting of suicide. Crisis. 2012; 33(4): 190–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pirkis, J, Dare, A, Blood, RW, et al. Changes in media reporting of suicide in Australia between 2000/01 and 2006/07. Crisis. 2009; 30(1): 25–33.10.1027/0227-5910.30.1.25CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niederkrotenthaler, T, Sonneck, G. Assessing the impact of media guidelines for reporting on suicides in Austria: Interrupted time series analysis. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2007; 41(5): 419–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robinson, J, Rodrigues, M, Fisher, S, Bailey, E, Herrman, H. Social media and suicide prevention: Findings from a stakeholder survey. Shanghai Archives of Psychiatry. 2015; 27(1): 27–35.Google ScholarPubMed
Robinson, J, Hill, NTM, Thorn, P, Battersby, R, Teh, Z, Reavley, NJ, Pirkis, J, Lamblin, M, Rice, S, Skehan, J. The #chatsafe project. Developing guidelines to help young people communicate safely about suicide on social media: A Delphi study. PLoS One. 2018; 13(11): e0206584.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Orygen. Chatsafe: Tools and Tips to Help Young People Communicate Safely Online about Suicide. Melbourne, Australia: Orygen. www.orygen.org.au/chatsafe.Google Scholar
Robinson, J, Teh, Z, Lamblin, M, Hill, NTM, La Sala, L, Thorn, P. Globalization of the #chatsafe guidelines: Using social media for youth suicide prevention. Early Intervention in Psychiatry. 2021; 15: 1409–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robinson, J, Thorn, P, McKay, S, et al. #chatsafe 2.0: Updated guidelines to support young people to communicate safely online about self-harm and suicide – A Delphi study. PLoS One. 2023 Aug; 18(8): e0289494.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thorn, P, Hill, NTM, Lamblin, M, et al. Developing a suicide prevention social media campaign with young people (The #chatsafe Project): Co-design approach. JMIR Mental Health. 2020; 7(5): e17520.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
La Sala, L, Teh, Z, Lamblin, M, et al. Can a social media intervention improve online communication about suicide? A feasibility study examining the acceptability and potential impact of the #chatsafe campaign. PLoS One. 2021; 16(6): e0253278.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
La Sala, L, Pirkis, J, Cooper, C, Hill, NT, Lamblin, M, Rajaram, G, Rice, S, Teh, Z, Thorn, P, Zahan, R, Robinson, J. Acceptability and potential impact of the #chatsafe suicide postvention response among young people who have been exposed to suicide: Pilot study. JMIR Human Factors. 2023 May; 10: e44535.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luxton, DD, June, JD, Fairall, JM. Social media and suicide: A public health perspective. American Journal of Public Health. 2012; 102(Suppl 2): S195–200.10.2105/AJPH.2011.300608CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ftanou, M, Cox, G, Nicholas, A, et al. Suicide prevention public service announcements (PSAs): Examples from around the world. Health Commun. 2017; 32(4): 493–501.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pirkis, J, Rossetto, A, Nicholas, A, Ftanou, M, Robinson, J, Reavley, N. Suicide prevention media campaigns: A systematic literature review. Health Communication. 2019; 34(4): 402–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nicholas, A, Niederkrotenthaler, T, Reavley, N, Pirkis, J, Jorm, A, Spittal, M. Belief in suicide prevention myths and its effect on helping: A nationally representative survey of Australian adults. BMC Psychiatry. 2020; 20(303).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nicholas, A, Pirkis, J, Jorm, A, Spittal, MJ, Reavley, N. Helping actions given and received in response to suicide risk: Findings from an Australian national survey. SSM-Population Health. 2019; 9: 100483.10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100483CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nicholas, A, Pirkis, J, Reavley, N. Helpful and unhelpful responses to communications of suicide risk: An online questionnaire study. Journal of Mental Health. 2022; 1(4): 496–505.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nicholas, A, Pirkis, J, Rosetto, A, Jorm, A, Spittal, M, Reavley, N. Confidence and intentions to help a person at risk of suicide: A nationally representative telephone survey. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior. 2020; 50(1): 138–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nicholas, A, Rossetto, A, Jorm, A, Pirkis, J, Reavley, N. Importance of messages for a suicide prevention media campaign: An expert consensus study. Crisis. 2018; 39(6): 438–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beyond Blue. The Research behind Suicide Prevention Campaign #YouCanTalk. https://australianrotaryhealth.org.au/research/the-research-behind-suicide-prevention-campaign-youcantalk/.Google Scholar
King, KE, Schlichthorst, M, Spittal, MJ, Phelps, A, Pirkis, J. Can a documentary increase help-seeking intentions in men? A randomised controlled trial. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2018; 72(1): 92–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
References
Etienne, G, Krug, LLD, Mercy, JA, Zwi, JA, Lozano, R. World Report on Violence and Health. Geneva; 2002. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/42495/9241545615_eng.pdf?sequence=1.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. Global Health Estimates 2016: Deaths by Cause, Age, Sex, by Country and by Region, 2000–2016. Geneva; 2018. www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates/en/.Google Scholar
The Global Health Observatory. nMx – Age-Specific Death Rate between Ages x and x+n: World Health Organization.www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates/en.Google Scholar
Department of Information Evidence and Research. WHO Methods and Data Sources for Country-Level Causes of Death 2000–2016. World Health Organization; 2018. www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GlobalDALY_method_2000_2016.pdf.Google Scholar
UK Department of Health. Preventing Suicide in England. 2012. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/430720/Preventing-Suicide-.pdf.Google Scholar
UK Government HM. Serious Violence Strategy. 2018. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/698009/serious-violence-strategy.pdf.Google Scholar
Morgan, N, Shaw, O, Mailley, J, Channing, R, Sweiry, A, Kruithof, K, et al. Trends and Drivers of Homicide. 2020. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/870188/trends-and-drivers-of-homicide-main-findings-horr113.pdf.Google Scholar
Appleby, L, Kapur, N, Shaw, J, Hunt, IM, Ibrahim, S, Turnbull, P, et al. The National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Safety in Mental Health. Annual Report: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. Manchester University; 2019. http://documents.manchester.ac.uk/display.aspx?DocID=46558.Google Scholar
The National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Homicide by People with Mental Illness. Annual Report: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. Manchester University; 2017. http://documents.manchester.ac.uk/display.aspx?DocID=37560 .Google Scholar
The National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Safety in Mental Health. Annual Report: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales. Manchester University; 2018. http://documents.manchester.ac.uk/display.aspx?DocID=38469.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. World Health Statistics 2019: Monitoring Health for the SDGs, Sustainable Development Goals. Geneva; 2019. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/324835.Google Scholar
Rastogi, A. Burns: National Health Portal of India. 2020. www.nhp.gov.in/disease/skin/burns.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. Burns: World Health Organisation. 2023. www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/burns.Google Scholar
Sanghavi, P, Bhalla, K, Das, V. Fire-related deaths in India in 2001: A retrospective analysis of data. Lancet. 2009; 373: 1282–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ganesamoni, S, Kate, V, Sadasivan, J. Epidemiology of hospitalized burn patients in a tertiary care hospital in South India. Burns. 2010; 36: 422–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kumar, N, Kanchan, T, Unnikrishnan, B, Rekha, T, Mithra, P, Venugopal, A, et al. Clinico-epidemiological profile of burn patients admitted in a tertiary care hospital in coastal South India. J Burn Care Res. 2012; 33: 660–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Natarajan, M. Differences between intentional and non-intentional burns in India: Implications for prevention. Burns. 2014; 40: 1033–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Daruwalla, N, Belur, J, Kumar, M, Tiwari, V, Sarabahi, S, Tilley, N, et al. A qualitative study of the background and in-hospital medicolegal response to female burn injuries in India. BMC Women’s Health. 2014; 14: 142.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Belur, J, Tilley, N, Daruwalla, N, Kumar, M, Tiwari, V, Osrin, D. The social construction of ‘dowry deaths’. Social Science and Medicine. 2014; 119: 1–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gilmartin, S. The sati, the bride, and the widow: Sacrificial women in the nineteenth century. Victorian Literature and Culture. 1997; 25: 141–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sutherland, SJ. Suttee, sati, and sahagamana: An epic misunderstanding? Economic and Political Weekly. 1994; 29: 1595–605.Google Scholar
Khan, H. India’s last known case of Sati: ‘She ceased to be a woman … was a Goddess’. The Indian Express. 2019. https://indianexpress.com/article/india/she-ceased-to-be-a-woman-was-a-goddess-6016915/.Google Scholar
Evans, L. A Radical Approach to Tackling Knife Crime in Scotland. Gov.uk; 2019. https://quarterly.blog.gov.uk/2019/07/04/a-radical-approach-to-tackling-knife-crime-in-scotland/.Google Scholar
Wu, B. Testing the stream analogy for lethal violence: A macro study of suicide and homicide. Western Criminology Review. 2003; 4: 15–25.Google Scholar
Bills, CB, Li, G. Correlating homicide and suicide. Int J Epidemiol. 2005; 34: 837–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rezaeian, M. An analysis of WHO data on lethal violence: Relevance of the New Western Millennium. Asia Pac J Public Health. 2011; 23: 163–70.10.1177/1010539509338393CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rezaeian, M. Suicide/homicide ratios in countries of the Eastern Mediterranean region. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal. 2008; 14: 1459–65.Google ScholarPubMed
The World Bank. World Bank Country and Lending Groups. https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. WHO’s Eastern Mediterranean Region. www.emro.who.int/countries.html.Google Scholar
Charara, R, El Bcheraoui, CC, Khalil, I, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Afshin, A, Kassebaum, NJ, et al. The burden of mental disorders in the Eastern Mediterranean region, 1990–2015: Findings from the global burden of disease 2015 study. International Journal of Public Health. 2018; 63: 25–37.Google Scholar
Rezaeian, M. Suicide among young Middle Eastern Muslim females. Crisis. 2010; 31: 36–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rezaie, L, Hosseini, SA, Rassafiani, M, Najafi, F, Shakeri, J, Khankeh, HR. Why self-immolation? A qualitative exploration of the motives for attempting suicide by self-immolation. Burns. 2014; 40: 319–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health Organization. Suicide in the World: Global Health Estimates. Geneva; 2019.www.who.int/publications/i/item/suicide-in-the-world.Google Scholar
Rezaeian, M, Khan, MM. Suicide prevention in the Eastern Mediterranean region. Crisis. 2020; 41: S72–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marmot, M, Allen, J, Boyce, T, Goldblatt, P, Morrison, J. Health Equity in England: The Marmot Review 10 Years On. London: Institute of Health Equity; 2020. www.health.org.uk/publications/reports/the-marmot-review-10-years-on.Google Scholar
Runyan, CW. Using the Haddon matrix: Introducing the third dimension. Injury Prevention. 1998; 4: 302.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eddleston, M, Buckley, N, Gunnell, D, Dawson, A, Konradsen, F. Identification of strategies to prevent death after pesticide self-poisoning using a Haddon matrix. Injury Prevention : Journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention. 2006; 12: 333–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hartney, E, Barnard, DK. A framework for the prevention and mitigation of injury from family violence in children of parents with mental illness and substance use problems. Aggression and Violent Behavior. 2015; 25: 354–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
United Nations General Assembly. Background: Taking a Stand against Gender-Based Violence. 2023. www.un.org/en/observances/ending-violence-against-women-day/background.Google Scholar
United Nations General Assembly. Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women. A/RES/48/104; 1993. http://undocs.org/A/RES/48/104.Google Scholar
United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner. Violence against Women. www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Women/WRGS/Pages/VAW.aspx.Google Scholar
United Nations General Assembly. Report of the Special Rapporteur on Violence against Women, Its Causes and Consequences. New York: United Nations; 2011.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. Global and Regional Estimates of Violence against Women: Prevalence and Health Effects of Intimate Partner Violence and Non-partner Sexual Violence. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013.Google Scholar
Crenshaw, K. Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review. 1991; 43: 1241–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manjoo, R. Report of the Special Rapporteur on Violence against Women, Its Causes and Consequences. Addendum: Mission to Kyrgyzstan. A/HRC/14/22/Add2; 2010. https://undocs.org/A/HRC/14/22/Add.2.Google Scholar
Ertürk, Y. Report of the Special Rapporteur on Violence against Women, Its Causes and Consequences. Addendum: Mission to Sweden. A/HRC/4/34/Add3; 2007. www.undocs.org/A/HRC/4/34/Add.3.Google Scholar
Hughes, K, Bellis, MA, Hardcastle, KA, Sethi, D, Butchart, A, Mikton, C, et al. The effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Public Health. 2017; 2: e356–e66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
World Health Organization. Adverse Childhood Experiences International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ) Geneva. www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/activities/adverse_childhood_experiences/en/.Google Scholar
Human Rights Council. Annual Report of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Violence against Children. 2019. https://undocs.org/en/A/HRC/43/39.Google Scholar
Haylock, S, Boshari, T, Alexander, EC, Kumar, A, Manikam, L, Pinder, R. Risk factors associated with knife-crime in United Kingdom among young people aged 10–24 years: A systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2020; 20: 1451.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Appleby, L, Kapur, N, Shaw, J, Hunt, I, Flynn, S, Ibrahim, S, et al. The National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Homicide by People with Mental Illness. Making Mental Health Care Safer: Annual Report and 20-Year Review. 2016. https://documents.manchester.ac.uk/display.aspx?DocID=37580.Google Scholar
Fazel, S, Gulati, G, Linsell, L, Geddes, JR, Grann, M. Schizophrenia and violence: Systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2009; 6: e1000120.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rezaeian, M. The association between natural disasters and violence: A systematic review of the literature and a call for more epidemiological studies. J Res Med Sci. 2013; 18: 1103–7.Google Scholar
John, A, Pirkis, J, Gunnell, D, Appleby, L, Morrissey, J. Trends in suicide during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMJ. 2020; 371: m4352.Google ScholarPubMed
John, A, Eyles, E, Webb, R, Okolie, C, Schmidt, L, Arensman, E, et al. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on self-harm and suicidal behaviour: Update of living systematic review [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations]. F1000Research. 2021; 9. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.25522.2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knipe, D, John, A, Padmanathan, P, Eyles, E, Dekel, D, Higgins, JPT, et al. Suicide and self-harm in low- and middle- income countries during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review. PLoS Global Public Health. 2022; 2: e0000282.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marmot, M, Allen, J, Goldblatt, P, Herd, E, Morrison, J. Build Back Fairer: The COVID-19 Marmot Review. The Pandemic, Socioeconomic and Health Inequalities in England. London: Institute of Health Equity; 2020.Google Scholar
Kourti, A, Stavridou, A, Panagouli, E, Psaltopoulou, T, Spiliopoulou, C, Tsolia, M, et al. Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse. 2023; 24: 719–45.10.1177/15248380211038690CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chandan, JS, Taylor, J, Bradbury-Jones, C, Nirantharakumar, K, Kane, E, Bandyopadhyay, S. COVID-19: A public health approach to manage domestic violence is needed. Lancet Public Health. 2020; 5: e309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rezaeian, M. Epidemiology of suicide after natural disasters: A review on the literature and a methodological framework for future studies. Am J Disaster Med. 2008; 3: 52–6.Google Scholar
Gunnell, D, Appleby, L, Arensman, E, Hawton, K, John, A, Kapur, N, et al. Suicide risk and prevention during the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020; 7: 468–71.10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30171-1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rezaeian, M. The emerging epidemiology of human trafficking and modern slavery. Middle East Journal of Business. 2016; 11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
WF Foundation. Global Slavery Index. 2018. www.globalslaveryindex.org/resources/downloads/.Google Scholar
Rezaeian, M. The frequency of burns among the victims of sex trafficking in some lower-middle-income countries. Burns. 2017; 43: 245–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rezaeian, M. ‘War epidemiology’ versus ‘peace epidemiology’: A personal view. Archives of Iranian Medicine. 2020; 23: S38–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health Organization. National Suicide Prevention Strategies: Progress, Examples and Indicators. Geneva; 2018. www.who.int/mental_health/suicide-prevention/national_strategies_2019/en/.Google Scholar
Platt, S, Niederkrotenthaler, T. Suicide prevention programs. Crisis. 2020; 41: S99–124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
World Health Organization. Preventing Suicide: A Global Imperative. Geneva; 2014. www.who.int/mental_health/suicide-prevention/world_report_2014/en.Google Scholar
References
Hawton, K, Hariss, L, Hall, S, Simkin, S, Bale, E, Bond, A. Deliberate self-harm in Oxford, 1990–2000: A time of change in patient characteristics. Psychological Medicine. 2003; 33: 987–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andover, M, Morris, B, Wren, A, Bruzzese, ME. The co-occurrence of non-suicidal self-injury and attempted suicide among adolescents: Distinguishing risk and psychosocial correlates. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health. 2016; 2012: 11.Google Scholar
De Beurs, D, Vancayseele, N, van Borkulo, C, Portzky, G, van Heeringen, K. The association between motives, perceived problems and current thoughts of self-harm following an episode of self-harm: A network analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2018; 240: 262–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health Organization. Global Health Observatory Data Repository: Suicide Rate Estimates, Crude, 5-Year Age Groups up to 29 Years. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018. https://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.MHSUICIDE5YEARAGEGROUPS?lang=en.Google Scholar
Naghavi, M. Global, regional, and national burden of suicide mortality 1990 to 2016: Systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. British Medical Journal. 2019; 364: 194.Google ScholarPubMed
Glenn, C, Kleiman, E, Kellerman, J, Pollak, O, Cha, C, Esposito, E, et al. Annual research review: A meta-analytic review of worldwide suicide rates in adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2020; 61: 294–308.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pirkis, J, John, A, Shin, S, DelPozo-Banos, M, Arya, V, Analuisa-Aguilar, P, et al. Suicide trends in the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic: An interrupted time-series analysis of preliminary data from 21 countries. Lancet Psychiatry. 2021; 8: 579–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Montenovo, L, Jiang, X, Lozano Rojas, F, Schmutte, I, Simon, K, Weinberg, B, et al. Determinants of Disparities in COVID-19 Job Losses. Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research; 2020. www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w27132/w27132.pdf.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Churchill, B. COVID-19 and the immediate impact on young people and employment in Australia: A gendered analysis. Gender, Work and Organization. 2020; 28: 783–94.Google Scholar
Geulayov, G, Casey, D, McDonald, K, Foster, P, Pritchard, K, Wells, C, et al. Incidence of suicide, hospital-presenting non-fatal self-harm, and community-occurring non-fatal self-harm in adolescents in England (the iceberg model of self-harm): A retrospective study. Lancet Psychiatry. 2018; 5: 167–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lim, K-S, Wong, C, McIntyre, R, Wang, J, Zhang, Z, Tran, B, et al. Global lifetime and 12-month prevalence of suicidal behavior, deliberate self-harm and non-suicidal self-injury in children and adolescents between 1989 and 2018: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16: 4581.10.3390/ijerph16224581CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tørmoen, A, Myhre, M, Walby, F, Grøholt, B, Rossow, I. Change in prevalence of self-harm from 2002 to 2018 among Norwegian adolescents. European Journal of Public Health. 2020; 30: 688–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Griffin, E, McMahon, E, McNicholas, F, Corcoran, P, Perry, I, Arensman, E. Increasing rates of self-harm among children, adolescents and young adults: A 10-year national registry study 2007–2016. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 2018; 53: 663–71.10.1007/s00127-018-1522-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bennardi, M, McMahon, E, Corcoran, P, Griffin, E, Arensman, E. Risk of repeated self-harm and associated factors in children, adolescents, and young adults. BMC Psychiatry. 2016; 16: 421.10.1186/s12888-016-1120-2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGill, K, Hiles, S, Handley, T, Page, A, Lewin, T, Whyte, I, et al. Is the reported increase in young female hospital-treated intentional self-harm real or artefactual? Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2018; 53: 663–72.Google ScholarPubMed
Snowdon, J, Phillips, J, Zhong, B, Yamauchi, T, Chiu, HFK, Conwell, Y. Changes in age patterns of suicide in Australia, the United States, Japan and Hong Kong. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2017; 211: 12–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gillies, D, Christou, MA, Dixon, AC, Featherston, OJ, Rapti, I, Garcia-Anguita, A, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of self-harm in adolescents: Meta-analyses of community-based studies 1990–2015. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2018; 57: 733–41.Google ScholarPubMed
Roh, B, Jung, E, Hong, H. A comparative study of suicide rates among 10–19-year-olds in 29 OECD countries. Psychiatry Investigations. 2018; 15: 376–83.Google ScholarPubMed
Kõlves, K, De Leo, D. Suicide rates in children aged 10–14 years worldwide: Changes in the past two decades. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2014; 205: 283–5.10.1192/bjp.bp.114.144402CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Diggins, E, Kelley, R, Cottrell, D, House, A, Owens, D. Age-related differences in self-harm presentations and subsequent management of adolescents and young adults at the emergency department. Journal of Adolescent Health. 2017; 66: 470–77.Google Scholar
Russon, J, Washington, R, Machado, A, Smithee, L, Dellinger, J. Suicide among LGBTQIA+ youth: A review of the treatment literature. Aggression and Violent Behavior. 2020; 64: 101578.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, RT, Sheehan, AE, Walsh, RFL, Sanzari, CM, Cheek, SM, Hernandez, EM. Prevalence and correlates of non-suicidal self-injury among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender individuals: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review. 2019; 74: 101783.10.1016/j.cpr.2019.101783CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skerrett, DM, Kõlves, K, De Leo, D. Suicides among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender populations in Australia: An analysis of the Queensland Suicide Register. Queensland Suicide Register 2014; 6: 440–6.Google ScholarPubMed
Carroll, R, Metcalfe, C, Gunnell, D. Hospital presenting self-harm and risk of fatal and non-fatal repetition: Systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2014; 9: e89944.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hawton, K, Saunders, K, O’Connor, R. Self-harm and suicide in adolescents. Lancet. 2012; 379: 2373–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, K, Li, C, Chang, K, Lu, T, Chen, Y. Age at exposure to parental suicide and the subsequent risk of suicide in young people. Crisis. 2017; 39: 27–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hua, P, Bugeja, L, Maple, M. A systematic review on the relationship between childhood exposure to external cause parental death, including suicide, on subsequent suicidal behaviour. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2019; 257: 723–34.10.1016/j.jad.2019.07.082CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Voracek, M, Loibl, L. Genetics of suicide: A systematic review of twin studies. Wiener klinische Wochenschrift. 2007; 119: 463–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lu, T, Chang, W, Lin, J, Li, C. Suicide method runs in families: A birth certificate cohort study of adolescent suicide in Taiwan. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior. 2011; 41: 685–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Docherty, A, Shabalin, A, Di Blasi, E, Monson, E, Mullins, N, Adkins, D, et al. Genome-wide association study of suicide death and polygenic prediction of clinical antecedents. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2020; 177: 917–27.10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.19101025CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Campos, A, Verweij, K, Statham, D, Madden, P, Maciejewski, D, Davis, K, et al. Genetic aetiology of self-harm ideation and behaviour. Scientific Reports. 2020; 10: 9713.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mann, J. Neurobiology of suicidal behavior. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2003; 4: 819–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Heeringen, K, Mann, J. The neurobiology of suicide. Lancet Psychiatry. 2014; 1: 63–72.10.1016/S2215-0366(14)70220-2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chang, B, Franklin, J, Ribeiro, J, Fox, K, Bentley, K, Kleiman, E, et al. Biological risk factors for suicidal behaviors: A meta-analysis. Translational Psychiatry. 2016; 6: e887.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zahl, D, Hawton, K. Repetition of deliberate self-harm and subsequent suicide risk: Long-term follow-up study of 11, 583 patients. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2004; 185: 70–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Witt, K, Pirkis, J, Scott, D, Smith, K, Lubman, D. Trajectories in suicide attempt method lethality over a five-year period: Associations with suicide attempt repetition, all-cause mortality, and suicide mortality. PLoS One. 2021; 16: e0245780.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Witt, K, Daly, C, Arensman, E, Pirkis, J, Lubman, D. Patterns of self-harm methods over time and the association with methods used at repeat episodes of non-fatal self-harm and suicide: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2019; 245: 250–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Karch, D, Logan, J, McDaniel, D, Floyd, C, Vagi, K. Precipitating circumstances of suicide among youth aged 10–17 years by sex: Data from the national violent death reporting system, 16 States, 2005–2008. Journal of Adolescent Health. 2013; 53: S51–3.10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.06.028CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sheftall, A, Asti, L, Horowitz, L, Felts, A, Fontanella, C, Campo, J, et al. Suicide in elementary school-aged children and early adolescents. Pediatrics. 2016; 138: e20160436.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Witt, K, Milner, A, Spittal, M, Hetrick, S, Robinson, J, Pirkis, J, et al. Population attributable risk of factors associated with the repetition of self-harm behaviour in young people presenting to clinical services: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2019; 28: 5–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Page, A, Morrell, S, Hobbs, C, Carter, G, Dudley, M, Duflou, J, et al. Suicide in young adults: Psychiatric and socio-economic factors from a case–control study. BMC Psychiatry. 2014; 14: 68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Annor, F, Zwald, M, Wilkinson, A, Friedrichs, M, Fondario, A, Dunn, A, et al. Characteristics of and precipitating circumstances surrounding suicide among persons aged 10–17 years – Utah, 2011–2015. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2018; 67: 329–32.Google ScholarPubMed
Houston, K, Hawton, K, Shepperd, R. Suicide in young people aged 15–24: A psychological autopsy study. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2001; 63: 159–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qin, P. The impact of psychiatric illness on suicide: Differences by diagnosis of disorders and by sex and age of subjects. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2011; 45: 1445–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hill, N, Witt, K, Rajaram, G, McGorry, P, Robinson, J. Suicide by young Australians, 2006–2015: A cross-sectional analysis of national coronial data. Medical Journal of Australia. 2020; 214: 133–9.Google Scholar
Serafini, G, Canepa, G, Adavastro, G, Nebbia, J, Belvederi Murri, M, Erbuto, D, et al. The relationship between childhood maltreatment and non-suicidal self-injury: A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2017; 24: 149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castellví, P, Miranda-Mendizábal, A, Parés-Badell, O, Almenara, J, Alonso, I, Blasco, M, et al. Exposure to violence, a risk for suicide in youths and young adults: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2017; 135: 195–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, A, Esposito-Smythers, C, Weismoore, J, Renshaw, K. The relation between child maltreatment and adolescent suicidal behavior: A systematic review and critical examination of the literature. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review. 2013; 16: 146–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, M, D’Arcy, C, Meng, X. Maltreatment in childhood substantially increases the risk of adult depression and anxiety in prospective cohort studies: Systematic review, meta-analysis, and proportional attributable fractions. Psychological Medicine. 2016; 46: 717–30.10.1017/S0033291715002743CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Qin, P, Mortensen, P, Pedersen, C. Frequent change of residence and risk of attempted and completed suicide among children and adolescents. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2009; 66: 628–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jung, S, Lee, D, Park, S, Lee, K, Kweon, Y-S, Lee, E-J, et al. Gender differences in Korean adolescents who died by suicide based on teacher reports. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health. 2019; 13: 12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, D, Jung, S, Park, K, Lee, K, Kweon, Y-S, Lee, E-J, et al. Youth suicide in Korea across the educational stages: A postmortem comparison of psychosocial characteristics of elementary, middle, and high school students. Crisis. 2020; 41: 187–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milner, A, Page, A, LaMontagne, A. Cause and effect in studies on unemployment, mental health and suicide: A meta-analytic and conceptual review. Psychological Medicine. 2013; 44: 909–17.Google ScholarPubMed
Stamates, A. The Bidirectionality of Impulsivity and Alcohol Use: An Ecological Momentary Examination among Emerging Adults. Norfolk, VA: Old Dominion University; 2019.Google Scholar
Simons, J, Emery, N, Simons, R, Wills, T, Webb, M. Effects of alcohol, rumination, and gender on the time course of negative affect. Cognition and Emotion. 2017; 31: 1405–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Witt, K, Lubman, D. Effective suicide prevention: Where is the discussion on alcohol? Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2018; 52: 507–8.10.1177/0004867418774415CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amadi, S, Berman, M, Timmins, M, Guillot, C, Fanning, J, Nadorff, M, et al. Analgesic effect of alcohol mediates the association between alcohol intoxication and deliberate self-harm. Archives of Suicide Research. 2022; 26: 1060–71.10.1080/13811118.2020.1851831CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Norström, T, Rossow, I. Alcohol consumption as a risk factor for suicidal behavior: A systematic review of associations at the individual and at the population level. Archives of Suicide Research. 2016; 20: 489–506.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, J, Chang, SJ, Kim, H, Kim, MH, Ahn, JS, Park, KC, et al. Prolonged risk of suicide reattempts in patients with alcohol use disorder and acute alcohol use: A register-based follow-up study (2010–2015). Psychiatry Investigation. 2019; 16: 145–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Song, J, Park, S, Lee, K, Hong, H. Influence of area-level characteristics on the suicide rate in Korean adolescents. Psychiatry Investigation. 2019; 16: 800–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pollock, N, Naicker, K, Loro, A, Mulay, S, Colman, I. Global incidence of suicide among Indigenous peoples: A systematic review. BMC Medicine. 2018; 16: 145.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Child and adolescent health suicide in indigenous youth: An unmitigated crisis. Lancet Child & Adolescent Health. 2019; 3: 129.10.1016/S2352-4642(19)30034-3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harder, H, Rash, J, Holyk, T, Jovel, E, Harder, K. Indigenous youth suicide: A systematic review of the literature. Pimatisiwin: A Journal of Aboriginal and Indigenous Community Health. 2012; 10: 125–42.Google Scholar
Mitrou, F, Cooke, M, Lawrence, D, Povah, D, Mobilia, E, Guimond, E, et al. Gaps in Indigenous disadvantage not closing: A census cohort study of social determinants of health in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand from 1981–2006. BMC Public Health. 2014; 14: 201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kilian, A, Williamson, A. What is known about pathways to mental health care for Australian Aboriginal young people? A narrative review. International Journal for Equity in Health. 2018; 17: 12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hill, N, Robinson, J, Pirkis, J, Andriessen, K, Krysinska, K, Payne, A, et al. Association of suicidal behavior with exposure to suicide and suicide attempt: A systematic review and multilevel meta-analysis. PLoS Medicine. 2020; 17: e1003074.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hawton, K, Hill, N, Gould, M, John, A, Lascelles, K, Robinson, J. Clustering of suicides in children and adolescents. Lancet Child and Adolescent Health. 2019; 4: 58–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haw, C, Hawton, K, Niedzwiedz, C, Platt, S. Suicide clusters: A review of risk factors and mechanisms. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior. 2013; 43: 97–108.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jordan, J, McNeil, D. Characteristics of persons who die on their first suicide attempt: Results from the National Violent Death Reporting System. Psychological Medicine. 2020; 50: 1390–97.10.1017/S0033291719001375CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rodway, C, Tham, S-G, Ibrahim, S, Turnbull, P, Kapur, N, Appleby, L. Children and young people who die by suicide: Childhood-related antecedents, gender differences and service contact. British Journal of Psychiatry Open. 2020; 6: e49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mrazek, P, Haggerty, R. Reducing Risk for Mental Disorders: Frontiers for Preventive Intervention Research. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1994.Google Scholar
Nordentoft, M. Crucial elements in suicide prevention strategies. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry. 2011; 35: 848–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ftanou, M, Cox, G, Nicholas, A, Spittal, M, Machlin, A, Robinson, J, et al. Suicide prevention Public Service Announcements (PSAs): Examples from around the world. Health Communication. 2017; 32: 493–501.10.1080/10410236.2016.1140269CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Torok, M, Calear, A, Shand, F, Christensen, H. A systematic review of mass media campaigns for suicide prevention: Understanding their efficacy and the mechanisms needed for successful behavioral and literacy change. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior. 2017; 47: 672–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pirkis, J, Rossetto, A, Nicholas, A, Ftanou, M, Robinson, J, Reavley, N. Suicide prevention media campaigns: A systematic literature review. Health Communication. 2019; 34: 402–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klimes-Dougan, B, Klingbeil, D, Meller, S. The impact of universal suicide-prevention programs on the help-seeking attitudes and behaviors of youths. Crisis. 2013; 34: 82–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Atkinson, J, Page, A, Heffernan, M, McDonnell, G, Prodan, A, Campos, B, et al. The impact of strengthening mental health services to prevent suicidal behaviour. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2018; 53: 642–50.Google ScholarPubMed
Mann, J, Michel, C. Prevention of firearm suicide in the United States: What works and what is possible? American Journal of Psychiatry. 2016; 173: 969–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Violano, P, Bonne, S, Duncan, T, Pappas, P, Christmas, A, Dennis, A, et al. Prevention of firearm injuries with gun safety devices and safe storage: An Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma systematic review. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery. 2018; 84: 1003–11.10.1097/TA.0000000000001879CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Okolie, C, Wood, S, Hawton, K, Kandalama, U, Glendenning, A, Dennis, M, et al. Means restriction for the prevention of suicide by jumping. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020; 2: CD013543.Google ScholarPubMed
Zalsman, G, Hawton, K, Wasserman, D, Van Heeringen, K, Arensman, E, Sarchiapone, M, et al. Suicide prevention strategies revisited: 10-year systematic review. Lancet Psychiatry. 2016; 3: 646–59.10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30030-XCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gunnell, D, Knipe, D, Chang, S-S, Pearson, M, Konradsen, F, Lee, W, et al. Prevention of suicide with regulations aimed at restricting access to highly hazardous pesticides: A systematic review of the international evidence. Lancet Global Health. 2017; 5: e1026–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Routley, V. Motor vehicle exhaust gas suicide: Review of countermeasures. Crisis. 2007; 28: 28–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sarchiapone, M, Mandelli, L, Iosue, M, Andrisano, C, Roy, A. Controlling access to suicide means. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2011; 8: 4550–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bateman, D. Limiting paracetamol pack size: Has it worked in the UK? Clinical Toxicology. 2009; 47: 536–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arensman, E, Bennardi, M, Larkin, C, Wall, A, McAuliffe, C, McCarthy, J, et al. Suicide among young people and adults in Ireland: Method characteristics, toxicological analysis and substance abuse histories compared. PLoS One. 2016; 11: e0166881.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, A. Alcohol consumption and suicide rate: A cross-sectional analysis in 183 countries. Psychiatry Research. 2020; 295: 113553.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kõlves, K, Chitty, K, Wardhani, R, Värnik, A, de Leo, D, Witt, K. Impact of alcohol policies on suicidal behavior: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17: 7030.10.3390/ijerph17197030CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Markowitz, S, Chatterji, P, Kaestner, R. Estimating the impact of alcohol policies on youth suicides. Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics. 2003; 6: 37–46.Google ScholarPubMed
Cusimano, M, Sameem, M. The effectiveness of middle and high school-based suicide prevention programmes for adolescents: A systematic review. Injury Prevention. 2011; 17: 43–9.10.1136/ip.2009.025502CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rowe, S, French, R, Henderson, C, Ougrin, D, Slade, M, Moran, P. Help-seeking behaviour and adolescent self-harm: A systematic review. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2014; 48: 1083–95.10.1177/0004867414555718CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Michelmore, L, Hindley, P. Help-seeking for suicidal thoughts and self-harm in young people: A systematic review. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior. 2012; 42: 507–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Menon, V, Subramanian, K, Selvakumar, N, Kattimani, S. Suicide prevention strategies: An overview of current evidence and best practice elements. International Journal of Advanced Medical and Health Research. 2018; 5: 43–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bazley, R, Pakenham, K. Feasibility evaluation of the HOLLY program: An ACT-based suicide prevention program for Christian faith-based organisations. Advances in Mental Health. 2020; 18: 115–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nasir, B, Hides, L, Kisely, S, Ranmuthugala, G, Nicholson, G, Black, E, et al. The need for a culturally tailored gatekeeper training intervention program in preventing suicide among Indigenous peoples: A systematic review. BMC Psychiatry. 2016; 16: 357.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pierret, A, Anderson, J, Ford, T, Burn, A. Education and training interventions, and support tools for school staff to adequately respond to young people who disclose self-harm – a systematic literature review of effectiveness, feasibility and acceptability. Child and Adolescent Mental Health. 2022; 27: 161–72.10.1111/camh.12436CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Torok, M, Calear, A, Smart, A, Nicolopoulos, A, Wong, Q. Preventing adolescent suicide: A systematic review of the effectiveness and change mechanisms of suicide prevention gatekeeping training programs for teachers and parents. Journal of Adolescence. 2019; 73: 100–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Evans, R, Hurrell, C. The role of schools in children and young people’s self-harm and suicide: Systematic review and meta-ethnography of qualitative research. BMC Public Health. 2016; 16: 401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peña, J, Caine, E. Screening as an approach for adolescent suicide prevention. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior. 2006; 36: 614–37.Google Scholar
Robinson, J, Bailey, E, Witt, K, Stefanac, N, Milner, A, Currier, D, et al. What works in youth suicide prevention? A systematic review and meta-analysis. eClinicalMedicine. 2018; 4–5: 52–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
La Sala, L, Teh, Z, Lamblin, M, Rajaram, G, Rice, S, Hill, NTM, et al. Can a social media intervention improve online communication about suicide? A feasibility study examining the acceptability and potential impact of the #chatsafe campaign. PLoS One. 2021; 16(6): e0253278.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
La Sala, L, Pirkis, J, Cooper, C, Hill, NTM, Lamblin, M, Rajaram, G, et al. Acceptability and potential impact of the #chatsafe suicide postvention response among young people who have been exposed to suicide: pilot study. Journal of Medical Internet Research: Human Factors. 2023; 10: e44535.Google ScholarPubMed
Healy, D. Lines of evidence on the risks of suicide with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 2003; 72: 71–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gibbons, R, Brown, C, Hur, K, Marcus, S, Bhaumik, D, Erkens, J, et al. Early evidence on the effects of regulators’ suicidality warnings on SSRI prescriptions and suicide in children and adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2007; 164: 1356–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lu, C, Zhang, F, Lakoma, M, Madden, J, Rusinak, D, Penfold, R, et al. Changes in antidepressant use by young people and suicidal behavior after FDA warnings and media coverage: Quasi-experimental study. British Medical Journal. 2014; 348: j3596.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plöderl, M, Hengartner, M. Antidepressant prescription rates and suicide attempt rates from 2004 to 2016 in a nationally representative sample of adolescents in the USA. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences. 2019; 28: 589–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitely, M, Raven, M, Jureidini, J. Antidepressant prescribing and suicide/self-harm by young Australians: Regulatory warnings, contradictory advice, and long-term trends. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2020; 11: 478.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Witt, KG, Hetrick, SE, Rajaram, G, Hazell, P, Taylor Salisbury, TL, Townsend, E, et al. Interventions for self‐harm in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2021; 3: CD013667.Google ScholarPubMed
Witt, K, Hetrick, S, Rajaram, G, Hazell, P, Taylor Salisbury, T, Townsend, E, et al. Pharmacological interventions for self-harm in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2021; 12: CD013669.Google Scholar
Gjelsvik, B, Heyerdahl, F, Lunn, D, Hawton, K. Change in access to prescribed medication following an episode of deliberate self-poisoning: A multilevel approach. PLoS One. 2014; 9: e98086.10.1371/journal.pone.0098086CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Witt, K, Madsen, T, Berk, M, Dean, O, Chanen, A, McGorry, PD, et al. Trajectories of change in depression symptoms and suicidal ideation over the course of evidence-based treatment for depression: Secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial of cognitive behavioural therapy plus fluoxetine in young people. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2021; 55: 506–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Witt, K, Townsend, E, Arensman, E, Gunnell, D, Hazell, P, Taylor Salisbury, T, et al. Psychosocial interventions for people who self-harm: Methodological issues involved in trials to evaluate effectiveness. Archives of Suicide Research. 2020; 24: S32–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Owens, C, Fox, F, Redwood, S, Davies, R, Foote, L, Salisbury, N, et al. Measuring outcomes in trials of interventions for people who self-harm: Qualitative study of service users’ views. British Journal of Psychiatry Open. 2020; 6: e22.10.1192/bjo.2019.93CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Witt, K, Spittal, M, Carter, G, Pirkis, J, Hetrick, S, Currier, D, et al. Effectiveness of online and mobile telephone applications (‘apps’) for the self-management of suicidal ideation and self-harm: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry. 2017; 17: 297.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Franklin, J, Fox, K, Franklin, C, Kleiman, E, Ribeiro, J, Jaroszewski, A, et al. A brief mobile app reduces nonsuicidal and suicidal self-injury: Evidence from three randomized controlled trials. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2016; 84: 544–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
References
World Health Organization. One in 100 Deaths Is by Suicide. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021. www.who.int/news/item/17-06-2021-one-in-100-deaths-is-by-suicide.Google Scholar
Iemmi, V, Bantjes, J, Coast, E, Channer, K, Leone, T, McDaid, D, Palfreyman, A, Stephens, B, Lund, C. Suicide and poverty in low-income and middle-income countries: A systematic review. Lancet Psychiatry. 2016; 3(8): 774–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Forte, A, Trobia, F, Gualtieri, F, Lamis, DA, Cardamone, G, Giallonardo, V, Fiorillo, A, Girardi, P, Pompili, M. Suicide risk among immigrants and ethnic minorities: A literature overview. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(7): 1438.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tribe, RH, Sendt, KV, Tracy, DK. A systematic review of psychosocial interventions for adult refugees and asylum seekers. Journal of Mental Health. 2019; 28(6): 662–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
International Organization for Migration. Key Migration Terms. Geneva: International Organization for Migration; 2016. www.iom.int/key-migration-terms.Google Scholar
UNHCR. IDP Definition. Geneva: UNHCR; 2020. https://emergency.unhcr.org/protection/legal-framework/idp-definition.Google Scholar
International Organization for Migration. Key Migration Terms. Geneva: International Organization for Migration; 2016. www.iom.int/key-migration-terms.Google Scholar
Arensman, E, Scott, V, De Leo, D, Pirkis, J. Suicide and suicide prevention from a global perspective. Crisis. 2020; 41: S3–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vijayakumar, L, Phillips, MR, Silverman, MM, Gunnell, D, Carli, V. Suicide. In Patel, V, Chisholm, D, Dua, T, Laxminarayan, R, Medina-Mora, ME, eds., Mental, Neurological, and Substance Use Disorders: Disease Control Priorities, vol. 7, 3rd ed. Washington, DC: World Bank; 2016.Google Scholar
Troya, MI, Spittal, MJ, Pendrous, R, Crowley, G, Gorton, HC, Russell, K, Byrne, S, Musgrove, R, Hannam-Swain, S, Kapur, N, Knipe, D. Suicide rates amongst individuals from ethnic minority backgrounds: A systematic review and meta-analysis. eClinicalMedicine. 2022; 47: e1002905.10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101399CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leiler, A, Hollifield, M, Wasteson, E, Bjärtå, A. Suicidal ideation and severity of distress among refugees residing in asylum accommodations in Sweden. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(15): 2751.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Amiri, S. Prevalence of suicide in immigrants/refugees: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Archives of Suicide Research. 2022; 26(2): 370–405.10.1080/13811118.2020.1802379CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKenzie, K, Bhui, K, Nanchahal, K, Blizard, B. Suicide rates in people of South Asian origin in England and Wales: 1993–2003. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2008; 193(5): 406–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Panagioti, M, Gooding, P, Tarrier, N. Post-traumatic stress disorder and suicidal behavior: A narrative review. Clinical Psychology Review. 2009; 29(6): 471–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hollander, AC, Pitman, A, Sjöqvist, H, Lewis, G, Magnusson, C, Kirkbride, JB, Dalman, C. Suicide risk among refugees compared with non-refugee migrants and the Swedish-born majority population. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2020; 217(6): 686–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hermans, MP, Kooistra, J, Cannegieter, SC, Rosendaal, FR, Mook-Kanamori, DO, Nemeth, B. Healthcare and disease burden among refugees in long-stay refugee camps at Lesbos, Greece. European Journal of Epidemiology. 2017; 32: 851–4.10.1007/s10654-017-0269-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cochran, J, Geltman, PL. Suicide and suicidal ideation among Bhutanese refugees – United States, 2009–2012. CDC: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2013; 62: 533–6.Google Scholar
Gargiulo, A, Tessitore, F, Le Grottaglie, F, Margherita, G. Self‐harming behaviours of asylum seekers and refugees in Europe: A systematic review. International Journal of Psychology. 2021; 56(2): 189–98.10.1002/ijop.12697CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Staehr, MA, Munk-Andersen, E. Suicide and suicidal behavior among asylum seekers in Denmark during the period 2001–2003: A retrospective study. Ugeskrift for Laeger. 2006; 168(17): 1650–3.Google ScholarPubMed
Saunders, NR, Lebenbaum, M, Stukel, TA, Lu, H, Urquia, ML, Kurdyak, P, Guttmann, A. Suicide and self-harm trends in recent immigrant youth in Ontario, 1996–2012: A population-based longitudinal cohort study. BMJ Open. 2017; 7(9): e014863.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knipe, D, Williams, AJ, Hannam-Swain, S, Upton, S, Brown, K, Bandara, P, Chang, SS, Kapur, N. Psychiatric morbidity and suicidal behaviour in low-and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Medicine. 2019; 16(10): e1002905.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salama, E, Castaneda, AE, Suvisaari, J, Rask, S, Laatikainen, T, Niemelä, S. Substance use, affective symptoms, and suicidal ideation among Russian, Somali, and Kurdish migrants in Finland. Transcultural Psychiatry. 2022; 59(1): 37–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Breet, E, Goldstone, D, Bantjes, J. Substance use and suicidal ideation and behaviour in low-and middle-income countries: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2018; 18: 1–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rahman, A, Hafeez, A. Suicidal feelings run high among mothers in refugee camps: A cross‐sectional survey. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2003; 108(5): 392–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haroz, EE, Decker, E, Lee, C, Bolton, P, Spiegel, P, Ventevogel, P. Evidence for suicide prevention strategies with populations in displacement: A systematic review. Intervention Journal of Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Conflict Affected Areas. 2020; 18(1): 37–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ingabire, CM, Richters, A. Suicidal ideation and behavior among Congolese refugees in Rwanda: Contributing factors, consequences, and support mechanisms in the context of culture. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2020; 11: 473847.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ertl, V, Pfeiffer, A, Schauer, E, Elbert, T, Neuner, F. Community-implemented trauma therapy for former child soldiers in Northern Uganda: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2011; 306(5): 503–12.10.1001/jama.2011.1060CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parnini, SN. The crisis of the Rohingya as a Muslim minority in Myanmar and bilateral relations with Bangladesh. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 2013; 33(2): 281–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
International Organisation of Migration. Assessment of Suicide Risks and Factors in a Refugee Camp in Thailand. Geneva: International Organisation of Migration; 2017. https://progressivevoicemyanmar.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/IOM-Mission-in-Thailand-Assessment-of-Suicide-Risks-and-Factors-in-a-Refugee-Camp-in-Thailand.pdf.Google Scholar
Ireland, S. The Impact of Displacement on Syrian Refugee and Iraqi Internally Displaced Youth in Iraq. London: Save the Children; 2016. https://resourcecentre.savethechildren.net/pdf/save_the_children_uncertain_futures_iraq.pdf/.Google Scholar
McDonald, A. Invisible Wounds. London: Save the Children UK; 2017. https://resourcecentre.savethechildren.net/document/invisible-wounds-impact-six-years-war-mental-health-syrias-children/.Google Scholar
Caroline, A. A Better Tomorrow: Syria’s Children Have Their Say. London: Save the Children International; 2019. https://resourcecentre.savethechildren.net/document/better-tomorrow-syrias-children-have-their-say/.Google Scholar
Salah, TT, Abdelrahman, A, Lien, L, Eide, AH, Martinez, P, Hauff, E. The mental health of internally displaced persons: an epidemiological study of adults in two settlements in Central Sudan. International Journal of Social Psychiatry. 2013; 59(8): 782–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Colucci, E, Jorm, AF, Kelly, CM, Minas, H. Suicide first aid guidelines for assisting persons from immigrant or refugee background: A Delphi study. Advances in Mental Health. 2018; 16(2): 105–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellis, BH, Winer, JP, Murray, K, Barrett, C. Understanding the mental health of refugees: Trauma, stress, and the cultural context. In Parekh, R, Trinh, NH, eds., The Massachusetts General Hospital Textbook on Diversity and Cultural Sensitivity in Mental Health: Current Clinical Psychiatry. Totowa, NJ: Humana Cham; 2019.Google Scholar
Chu, J, Floyd, R, Diep, H, Pardo, S, Goldblum, P, Bongar, B. A tool for the culturally competent assessment of suicide: The Cultural Assessment of Risk for Suicide (CARS) measure. Psychological Assessment. 2013; 25(2): 424.10.1037/a0031264CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bunney, WE, Kleinman, AM, Pellmar, TC, Goldsmith, SK, eds. Reducing Suicide: A National Imperative. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2002.Google Scholar
Vijayakumar, L, Jotheeswaran, AT. Suicide in refugees and asylum seekers. In Bhugra, D, Craig, T, Kamaldeep, B, eds., Mental Health of Refugees and Asylum Seekers. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2010.Google Scholar
Gopalkrishnan, N. Cultural diversity and mental health: Considerations for policy and practice. Frontiers in Public Health. 2018; 6: 308538.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health Organization. Preventing Suicide: A Global Imperative. Geneva: WHO Press; 2014. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/131056.Google Scholar
Patel, V, Minas, H, Cohen, A, Prince, M, eds. Global Mental Health: Principles and Practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2013.Google Scholar
Akhtar, A, Engels, MH, Bawaneh, A, Bird, M, Bryant, R, Cuijpers, P, Hansen, P, Al-Hayek, H, Ilkkursun, Z, Kurt, G, Sijbrandij, M. Cultural adaptation of a low-intensity group psychological intervention for Syrian refugees. Intervention Journal of Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Conflict Affected Areas. 2021; 19(1): 48–57.10.4103/INTV.INTV_38_20CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chowdhary, N, Jotheeswaran, AT, Nadkarni, A, Hollon, SD, King, M, Jordans, MJ, Rahman, A, Verdeli, H, Araya, R, Patel, V. The methods and outcomes of cultural adaptations of psychological treatments for depressive disorders: A systematic review. Psychological Medicine. 2014; 44(6): 1131–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shehadeh, MH, Heim, E, Chowdhary, N, Maercker, A, Albanese, E. Cultural adaptation of minimally guided interventions for common mental disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research: Mental Health. 2016; 3(3): e5776.Google Scholar
Ratkowska, KA, De Leo, D. Suicide in immigrants: An overview. Open Journal of Medical Psychology. 2013; 2(3): 124–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
World Health Organization. Suicide Worldwide in 2019. Geneva: WHO Press; 2021. www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240026643.Google Scholar
Vijayakumar, L. Suicide in women. Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 2015; 57(Suppl 2): S233–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tay, AK, Riley, A, Islam, R, Welton-Mitchell, C, Duchesne, B, Waters, V, Varner, A, Moussa, B, Alam, AM, Elshazly, MA, Silove, D. The culture, mental health and psychosocial wellbeing of Rohingya refugees: A systematic review. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences. 2019; 28(5): 489–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Al-Haidary, A, Al-Badri, S. Deliberate self harm cases presented to the emergency unit of Al-Hussein General Teaching Hospital in Karbala/Iraq. Al-Qadisiyah Medical Journal. 2015; 11(20): 92–7.Google Scholar
Yüzbaşıoğlu, Y, Işık, GÇ. Retrospective analysis of forensic cases in refugees admitted to emergency department. American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2019; 37(9): 1691–3.10.1016/j.ajem.2018.12.010CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
El Halabi, S, El Hayek, R, Kahil, K, Nofal, M, El Hayek, S. Characteristics of attempted suicide in the Middle East and North Africa Region: The mediating role of Arab culture and religion. Mediterranean Journal of Emergency Medicine and Acute Care. 2020; 1(3).Google Scholar
Mekaoui, N, Karboubi, L, Ouadghiri, FZ, Dakhama, BS. Epidemiological aspects of suicide attempts among Moroccan children. Pan African Medical Journal. 2016; 24(1): 2–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health Organization. LIVE LIFE: An Implementation Guide for Suicide Prevention in Countries. Geneva: WHO Press; 2021. www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240026629.Google Scholar
UN Inter Agency Standing Committee. IASC Guidance, Addressing Suicide in Humanitarian Settings. Geneva: United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs; 2022. https://interagencystandingcommittee.org/iasc-reference-group-mental-health-and-psychosocial-support-emergency-settings/iasc-guidance-addressing-suicide-humanitarian-settings.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. mhGAP Humanitarian Intervention Guide (mhGAP-HIG) Training of Health-Care Providers. Geneva: WHO and UNHSCR; 2023. www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240045361.Google Scholar
Colucci, E, Jaroudy, S, Rossmann, M. Piloting of a suicide first aid gatekeeper training (online) for children and young people in conflict affected areas in Syria. International Review of Psychiatry. 2022; 34(6): 640–8.10.1080/09540261.2022.2100245CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Persaud, S, Rosenthal, L, Arora, PG. Culturally informed gatekeeper training for youth suicide prevention in Guyana: A pilot examination. School Psychology International. 2019; 40(6): 624–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perera, C, Salamanca-Sanabria, A, Caballero-Bernal, J, Feldman, L, Hansen, M, Bird, M, Hansen, P, Dinesen, C, Wiedemann, N, Vallières, F. No implementation without cultural adaptation: A process for culturally adapting low-intensity psychological interventions in humanitarian settings. Conflict and Health. 2020; 14: 1–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
References
Samaritans. Dying from Inequality: Socioeconomic Disadvantage and Suicidal Behaviour. 2017. www.samaritans.org/wales/about-samaritans/research-policy/inequality-suicide/socioeconomic-disadvantage-and-suicidal-behaviour.Google Scholar
Roberts, SE, Jaremin, B, Lloyd, K. High-risk occupations for suicide. Psychological Medicine. 2013; 43(6): 1231–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Milner, A, Spittal, M, Pirkis, J, et al. Suicide risk by occupation: Systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2013; 203: 409–16.10.1192/bjp.bp.113.128405CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
HM Government. Preventing Suicide in England: Fourth Progress Report of the Cross-government Outcomes Strategy to Save Lives. 2019. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5c459a9de5274a6e40f38fc1/national-suicide-prevention-strategy-4th-progress-report.pdf.Google Scholar
Klingelschmidt, J, Milner, A, Khireddine-Medouni, I, et al. Suicide among agricultural, forestry, and fishery workers: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2018; 44(1): 3–15.10.5271/sjweh.3682CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Crime Records Bureau. Accidental Deaths and Suicides in India. New Delhi: Ministry of Home Affairs; 2020.Google Scholar
UK Ministry of Defence. Suicides in the UK Regular Armed Forces: Annual Summary and Trends over Time 1 January 1984 to 31 December 2021. London: UK Ministry of Defence; 2022.Google Scholar
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, Science and Technology. Military Suicide Prevention: Report Prepared for NATO Leadership. Salisbury: STO NATO; 2018.Google Scholar
Kapur, N, While, D, Blatchley, N, et al. Suicide after leaving the UK Armed Forces: A cohort study. PLoS Medicine. 2009; 6(3): e1000026.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schernhammer, ES, Colditz, GA. Suicide rates among physicians: A quantitative and gender assessment (meta-analysis). American Journal of Psychiatry. 2004; 161: 2295–302.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lindeman, S, Laara, E, Hakko, H, et al. A systematic review on gender-specific suicide mortality in medical doctors. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1996; 168(3): 274–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hawton, K. Suicide in doctors: A study of risk according to gender, seniority and speciality in medical practitioners in England and Wales 1979–1995. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2001; 55(5): 296–300.10.1136/jech.55.5.296CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Office for National Statistics. Suicide by Occupation, England: 2011 to 2015. ONS; 2017.Google Scholar
Dutheil, F, Aubert, C, Pereira, B, et al. Suicide among physicians and health-care workers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2019 December; 14(12): e0226361.10.1371/journal.pone.0226361CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loo, R. A meta-analysis of police suicide rates: Findings and issues. Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior. 2003; 33(3): 313–25.10.1521/suli.33.3.313.23209CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stanley, IH, Hom, MA, Joiner, TE, et al. A systematic review of suicidal thoughts and behaviors among police officers, firefighters, EMTs and paramedics. Clinical Psychology Review. 2016; 44(3): 25–44.10.1016/j.cpr.2015.12.002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malmberg, A, Hawton, K, Simkin, S. A study of suicide in farmers in England and Wales. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1997; 43(1): 107–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kennedy, A, Brumby, S, Versace, VL, et al. Online assessment of suicide stigma, literacy and effect in Australia’s rural farming community. BMC Public Health. 2018; 18(1): 846.10.1186/s12889-018-5750-9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Woollacott, R. Walking with Farmers and Talking about Suicidal Feelings: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Bristol: University of the West of England; 2020.Google Scholar
Williamson, V, Greenberg, N, Murphy, D. Predictors of moral injury in UK treatment seeking veterans. Child Abuse and Neglect. 2021 February; 112: 104889.10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104889CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
US Government. Reducing Military and Veteran Suicide: Advancing a Comprehensive, Cross-Sector, Evidence-Informed Public Health Strategy. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office; 2021.Google Scholar
Gerada, C. Doctors, suicide and mental illness. BJPsych Bulletin. 2018; 42(4): 165–8.10.1192/bjb.2018.11CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meltzer, H, Griffiths, C, Brock, A, et al. Patterns of suicide by occupation in England and Wales: 2001–2005. British Journal of Psychiatry 2008; 193(1): 73–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kinman, G, Teoh, K. What Could Make a Difference to the Mental Health of UK Doctors? A Review of the Research Evidence. Society of Occupational Medicine; 2018. www.som.org.uk/sites/som.org.uk/files/What_could_make_a_difference_to_the_mental_health_of_UK_doctors_LTF_SOM.pdf.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Safety in Mental Health (NCISH). Suicide by Female Nurses: A Brief Report. Manchester: University of Manchester; 2020.Google Scholar
MIND. Wellbeing and Mental Health Support in the Emergency Services. London: MIND UK; 2020.Google Scholar
Jones, S, Nagela, C, McSweeney, J, et al. Prevalence and correlates of psychiatric symptoms among first responders in a Southern State. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing. 2018; 32(6): 828–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stevelink, S, Opie, E, Pernet, D, et al. Probable PTSD, depression and anxiety in 40,299 UK police officers and staff: Prevalence, risk factors and associations with blood pressure. PLoS One 2020; 15(11): e0240902.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riblet, V, Shiner, B, Young-Xu, Y, et al. Strategies to prevent death by suicide: Meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br J Psych. 2017; 210: 396–402.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McDonnell, S, Nelson, PA, Leonard, S, et al. Evaluation of the impact of the PABBS suicide bereavement training on clinicians’ knowledge and skills: A pilot study. Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention. 2020; 10: 1–8.Google Scholar
Bowersox, NW, Jagusch, J, Garlick, J, et al. Peer based interventions targeting suicide prevention: A scoping review. American Journal of Community Psychology. 2021; 689(1–2): 232–48.Google Scholar
HM Government. Preventing Suicide in England: Fifth Progress Report of the Cross-government Outcomes Strategy to Save Lives. London: HMSO; 2021. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/605e4ef48fa8f53927b08b2e/fifth-suicide-prevention-strategy-progress-report.pdf.Google Scholar
Perceval, M, Reddy, P, Ross, V, et al. Evaluation of the SCARF wellbeing and suicide prevention programme for rural Australian communities. Journal of Rural Health 2020; 36(2): 247–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hawton, K, et al. Methods used for suicide by farmers in England and Wales: The contribution of availability and its relevance to prevention. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1998; 173(10): 320–4.10.1192/bjp.173.4.320CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bonvoisin, T, Utyasheva, L, Knipe, D, et al. Suicide by pesticide poisoning in India: A review of pesticide regulations and their impact on suicide trends. BMC Public Health. 2020; 20(1): 251.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knox, KL, Pflanz, S, Talcott, GW, et al. The US Air Force suicide prevention program: Implications for public health policy. American Journal of Public Health. 2010; 100(12): 2457–63.10.2105/AJPH.2009.159871CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brooks, S, Gerada, C, Chalder, T. The specific needs of doctors with mental health problems: Qualitative analysis of doctor-patients’ experiences with the Practitioner Health Programme. J Ment Health. 2017; 26(2): 161–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
HM Government. Preventing Suicide in England: Fifth Progress Report of the Cross-government Outcomes Strategy to Save Lives. 2021. London: HMSO; 2021. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/605e4ef48fa8f53927b08b2e/fifth-suicide-prevention-strategy-progress-report.pdf.Google Scholar
General Medical Council. Fair to Refer: Reducing Disproportionality in Fitness to Practice Concerns Reported to the GMC. 2019. www.gmc-uk.org/-/media/documents/fair-to-refer-report_pdf-79011677.pdf.Google Scholar
Dave, A, Bhatti, N, Geddes, R. Does a narrow definition of medical professionalism lead to systemic bias and differential outcomes? Journal of Health Policy & Opinion. 2021; 14: 1–12.Google Scholar
Torry, R, Kinman, G. Responding to the Death by Suicide of a Colleague in Primary Care. Louise Tebboth Foundation. www.som.org.uk/sites/som.org.uk/files/LTF_SOM_Responding_to_the_death_by_suicide_of_a_colleague_in_Primary_Care.pdf.Google Scholar
Mishara, B, Fortin, L. Long term effects of a police suicide prevention programme. Crisis: Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention. 2022; 43: 234–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MIND. Wellbeing and Mental Health Support in the Emergency Services. 2023. www.mind.org.uk/media-a/4572/20046_mind-blue-light-programme-legacy-report-v12_online.pdf.Google Scholar
Finney, E, Buser, S, Schwartz, J, et al. Suicide prevention in fire service: The Houston Fire Department (HFD) model. Aggression and Violent Behaviour. 2015; 21: 1–4.10.1016/j.avb.2014.12.012CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerada, C. The Wounded Healer: Report on the First 10 Years of Practitioner Health Service. Practitioner Health Programme; 2018. www.practitionerhealth.nhs.uk/media/content/files/PHP-report-web%20version%20final%20copy.pdf.Google Scholar
Health and Safety Executive. Tackling Work-Related Stress Using the Management Standards Approach: A Step-by-Step Approach. 2019. www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/wbk01.htm.Google Scholar
Niederkrotenthaler, T, Voracek, M, Herberth, A, et al. Role of media reports in completed and prevented suicide: Werther v. Papageno effects. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2010; 197: 234–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Samaritans. Media Guidelines for Reporting Suicide. 2017. https://media.samaritans.org/documents/Samaritans_Media_Guidelines_UK_Apr17_Final_web.pdf.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. Preventing Suicide: A Resource for Media Professionals. September 2017. www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-MSD-MER-17.5.Google Scholar
General Medical Council. Doctors Who Commit Suicide while under GMC Fitness to Practise Investigation. 2014. www.gmc-uk.org/-/media/documents/Internal_review_into_suicide_in_FTP_processes.pdf_59088696.pdf.Google Scholar
References
World Health Organization. Suicide in the World: Global Health Estimates. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019.Google Scholar
Naghavi, M. Global burden of disease self-harm collaborators. BMJ. 2019 Feb 6; 364: 194.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. Mental Health Action Plan, 2013–2020. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013.Google Scholar
Hasin, DS, O’Brien, CP, Auriacombe, M, Borges, G, Bucholz, K, Budney, A, et al. DSM-5 criteria for substance use disorders: Recommendations and rationale. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2013 Aug; 170(8): 834–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poznyak, V, Reed, GM, Medina-Mora, ME. Aligning the ICD-11 classification of disorders due to substance use with global service needs. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences. 2018 Jun; 27(3): 212–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whiteford, HA, Degenhardt, L, Rehm, J, Baxter, AJ, Ferrari, AJ, Erskine, HE, et al. Global burden of disease attributable to mental and substance use disorders. Lancet. 2013 Nov 9; 382(9904): 1575–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Griffin, KW, Botvin, GJ. Evidence-based interventions for preventing substance use disorders in adolescents. Child Adolescent Psychiatry Clinics of North America. 2010; 19(3): 505–26.10.1016/j.chc.2010.03.005CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Afuseh, E, Pike, CA, Oruche, UM. Individualized approach to primary prevention of substance use disorder: Age-related risks. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention and Policy. 2020; 15: 58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Abou-Saleh, MT, Tarter, RE, Salloum, IM. Substance use disorders. In Mezzich, J, Botbol, M, Christodoulou, G, Cloninger, C, Salloum, I, eds., Person Centered Psychiatry. Springer: Cham; 2016.Google Scholar
Fruhbauerova, M, Comtois, KA. Addiction counselors and suicide: Education and experience do not improve suicide knowledge, beliefs, or confidence in treating suicidal clients. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2019 Nov; 106: 29–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime/World Health Organization. International Standards on Drug Use Prevention, 2nd updated ed. Vienna: United Nations; 2020.Google Scholar
Ferrari, AJ, Norman, RE, Freedman, G, Baxter, AJ, Pirkis, JE, Harris, MG, et al. The burden attributable to mental and substance use disorders as risk factors for suicide: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. PLoS One. 2014 Apr 2; 9(4): e91936.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nock, MK, Hwang, I, Sampson, N, Kessler, RC, Angermeyer, M, Beautrais, A, et al. Cross-national analysis of the associations among mental disorders and suicidal behavior: Findings from the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. PLoS Med. 2009 Aug; 6(8): e1000123.10.1371/journal.pmed.1000123CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Breet, E, Goldstone, D, Bantjes, J. Substance use and suicidal ideation and behaviour in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2018 Apr 24; 18(1): 549.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carvalho, AF, Stubbs, B, Vancampfort, D, Kloiber, S, Maes, M, Firth, J, et al. Cannabis use and suicide attempts among 86,254 adolescents aged 12–15 years from 21 low- and middle-income countries. European Psychiatry. 2019 Feb; 56: 8–13.10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.10.006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conner, KR, Bridge, JA, Davidson, DJ, Pilcher, C, Brent, DA. Meta-analysis of mood and substance use disorders in proximal risk for suicide deaths. Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior. 2019 Feb; 49(1): 278–92.10.1111/sltb.12422CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lynch, FL, Peterson, EL, Lu, CY, Hu, Y, Rossom, RC, Waitzfelder, BE, et al. Substance use disorders and risk of suicide in a general US population: A case control study. Addiction Science and Clinical Practice. 2020 Feb 21; 15(1): 14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wasserman, D, Rihmer, Z, Rujescu, D, Sarchiapone, M, Sokolowski, M, Titelman, D, et al. The European Psychiatric Association (EPA) guidance on suicide treatment and prevention. European Psychiatry. 2012 Feb; 27(2): 129–41.10.1016/j.eurpsy.2011.06.003CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mishara, BL, Chagnon, F. Why mental illness is a risk factor for suicide: Implications for suicide prevention. In O’Connor, RC, Pirkis, J, eds., The International Handbook of Suicide Prevention, 2nd ed. Hoboken: Wiley; 2016: 594–608.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wasserman, D, Carli, V, Iosue, M, Javed, A, Herrman, H. Suicide prevention in psychiatric patients. Asia Pacific Psychiatry. 2021 Feb 18: e12450.10.1111/appy.12450CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norström, T, Rossow, I. Alcohol consumption as a risk factor for suicidal behavior: A systematic review of associations at the individual and at the population level. Archives of Suicide Research. 2016 Oct–Dec; 20(4): 489–506.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Khemiri, L, Jokinen, J, Runeson, B, Jayaram-Lindström, N. Suicide risk associated with experience of violence and impulsivity in alcohol dependent patients. Scientific Reports. 2016 Jan 19; 6: 19373.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brignone, E, George, DR, Sinoway, L, Katz, C, Sauder, C, Murray, A, et al. Trends in the diagnosis of diseases of despair in the United States, 2009–2018. BMJ Open. 2020 Nov 9; 10(10): e037679.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, AM. Alcohol consumption and suicide rate. Psychiatry Research. 2021 Jan; 295: 113553.10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113553CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harris, EC, Barraclough, B. Suicide as an outcome for mental disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1997 Mar; 170: 205–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darvishi, N, Farhadi, M, Haghtalab, T, Poorolajal, J. Alcohol-related risk of suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, and completed suicide. PLoS One. 2015 May 20; 10(5).10.1371/journal.pone.0126870CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blow, FC, Serras, AM, Barry, KL. Late-life depression and alcoholism. Current Psychiatry Reports. 2007 Feb; 9(1): 14–19.10.1007/s11920-007-0004-zCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hulse, GK, Saunders, JB, Roydhouse, RM, Stockwell, TR, Asso, MR. Screening for hazardous alcohol use and dependence in psychiatric in-patients using the AUDIT questionnaire. Drug and Alcohol Review. 2000; 19: 291–8.10.1080/713659373CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCloud, A, Barnaby, B, Omu, N, Drummond, C, Aboud, A. Relationship between alcohol use disorders and suicidality in a psychiatric population. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2004 May; 184: 439–45.10.1192/bjp.184.5.439CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ilgen, MA, Conner, KR, Roeder, KM, Blow, FC, Austin, K, Valenstein, M. Patterns of treatment utilization before suicide among male veterans with substance use disorders. American Journal of Public Health. 2012 Mar; 102(suppl 1): S88–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crump, C, Edwards, AC, Kendler, KS, Sundquist, J, Sundquist, K. Healthcare utilisation prior to suicide in persons with alcohol use disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2020 Dec; 217(6): 710–16.10.1192/bjp.2020.122CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Edwards, AC, Ohlsson, H, Sundquist, J, Sundquist, K, Kendler, KS. Alcohol use disorder and risk of suicide in a Swedish population-based cohort. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2020 Jul 1; 177(7): 627–34.10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.19070673CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kõlves, K, Chitty, KM, Wardhani, R, Värnik, A, de Leo, D, Witt, K. Impact of alcohol policies on suicidal behavior: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020 Sep 25; 17(19): 7030.10.3390/ijerph17197030CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Charlson, FJ, Baxter, AJ, Dua, T, Degenhardt, L, Whiteford, HA, Vos, T. Excess mortality from mental, neurological, and substance use disorders in the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences. 2015 Sep 25; 17(19): 7030.Google Scholar
Poorolajal, J, Haghtalab, T, Farhadi, M, Darvishi, N. Substance use disorder and risk of suicidal ideation, suicide attempt and suicide death: a meta-analysis. Journal of Public Health (Oxford). 2016 Sep; 38(3): e282–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martins, SS, Sampson, L, Cerdá, M, Galea, S. Worldwide prevalence and trends in unintentional drug overdose: A systematic review of the literature. American Journal of Public Health. 2015 Nov; 105(11): e29–49.10.2105/AJPH.2015.302843CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Esang, M, Ahmed, SA. Closer look at substance use and suicide. American Journal of Psychiatry Residents. 2018; 13(6): 6–8.10.1176/appi.ajp-rj.2018.130603CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilcox, HC, Conner, KR, Caine, ED. Association of alcohol and drug use disorders and completed suicide: An empirical review of cohort studies. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2004 December; 76: S11–19.10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.08.003CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ilgen, MA, Bohnert, ASB, Ganoczy, D, Bair, MJ, McCarthy, JF, Blow, FC. Opioid dose and risk of suicide. Pain. 2016; 157: 1079–84.10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000484CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bohnert, ASB, Ilgen, MA. Understanding links among opioid use, overdose, and suicide. New England Journal of Medicine. 2019 Jan 3; 380(1): 71–9.10.1056/NEJMra1802148CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rockett, IRH, Caine, ED, Connery, HS, D’Onofrio, G, Gunnellm, DJ, Miller, TR, et al. Discerning suicide in drug intoxication deaths: Paucity and primacy of suicide notes and psychiatric history. PLoS One. 2018 Jan 10; 13(1): e01902.10.1371/journal.pone.0190200CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oliva, EM, Bowe, T, Manhapra, A, Kertesz, S, Hah, JM, Henderson, P, et al. Associations between stopping prescriptions for opioids, length of opioid treatment, and overdose or suicide deaths in US Veterans. BMJ. 2020 Mar 4; 368: 283.Google ScholarPubMed
Connery, HS, Taghian, N, Kim, J, Griffin, M, Rockett, IRH, Weiss, RD, et al. Suicidal motivations reported by opioid overdose survivors: A cross-sectional study of adults with opioid use disorder. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2019 Dec 1; 205: 107612.10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107612CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oquendo, MA, Volkow, ND. Suicide: A silent contributor to opioid-overdose deaths. New England Journal of Medicine. 2018 Apr 26; 378(17): 1567–9.10.1056/NEJMp1801417CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fornili, K. The opioid crisis, suicides, and related conditions: Multiple clustered syndemics, not singular epidemics. Journal of Addictions Nursing. 2018 Jul/Sep; 29(3): 214–20.10.1097/JAN.0000000000000240CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harrison, C, Abou-Saleh, MT. Psychiatric disorders and substance misuse psychopathology. In Hussain, RG, ed., Dual Diagnosis: Substance Misuse and Psychiatric Disorders. Oxford: Blackwell; 2002.Google Scholar
Abou-Saleh, MT, Janca, A. The epidemiology of substance misuse and comorbid psychiatric disorders. Acta Neuropsychiatrica. 2004 Feb; 16(1): 3–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Abou-Saleh, MT. Substance misuse and comorbid psychiatric disorders. CPD Bulletin in Psychiatry. 2000; 2: 61–7.Google Scholar
Appleby, L, Kapur, N, Shaw, J, Ibrahim, S, Turnbull, P et al. The National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Safety in Mental Health. Annual Report: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. 2019. Manchester: University of Manchester.Google Scholar
Abou-Saleh, MT. Dual diagnosis: Management within a psychosocial context. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment. 2004; 10(5): 352–60.10.1192/apt.10.5.352CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lowe, AL, Abou-Saleh, MT. The British experience of dual diagnosis in the National Health Service. Acta Neuropsychiatrica. 2004 Feb; 16(1): 41–6.10.1111/j.1601-5215.2004.0060.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Abou Saleh, MT, Crome, I. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) Guideline: Psychosis with coexisting substance misuse. Addiction. 2012 Jan; 107(1): 1–3.10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03542.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Myhre, MØ, Kildahl, AT, Walby, FA. Suicide after contact with substance misuse services. British Journal of Psychiatry Open. 2020 May 7; 6(3): e45.10.1192/bjo.2020.23CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hesse, M, Thylstrup, B, Seid, AK, Skogen, JC. Suicide among people treated for drug use disorders. BMC Public Health. 2020; 20(1): 146.10.1186/s12889-020-8261-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Suzuki, T, Comtois, KA, Dickens, H, Bagge, CL. Motivations for suicide attempts amongst psychiatric inpatients. Psychiatry Research. 2021 Jan; 295: 113574.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meltzer, H, Griffiths, C, Brock, A, Rooney, C, Jenkins, R. Patterns of suicide by occupation in England and Wales: 2001–2005. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2008; 193: 73–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Abou-Saleh, MT. Doctors’ impaired fitness to practise for health issues: The pivotal role of psychiatrists. Arab Journal of Psychiatry. 2020; 23(1): 17–24.Google Scholar
Dutheil, F, Aubert, C, Pereira, B, Dambrun, M, Moustafa, F, Mermillod, M, et al. Suicide among physicians and health-care workers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2019 Dec 12; 14(12): e0226361.10.1371/journal.pone.0226361CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Braquehais, MD, González-Irizar, O, Nieva, G, Mozo, X, Llavayol, E, Pujol, T, et al. Assessing high risk of suicide amongst physicians and nurses in treatment. Psychiatry Research. 2020 Sep; 291: 113237.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
The National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Safety in Mental Health (NCISH). Suicide by Female Nurses: A Brief Report. Manchester: University of Manchester; 2020.Google Scholar
Molodynski, A, Lewis, T, Kadhum, M, Farrell, SM, Lemtiri Chelieh, M, Falcão De Almeida, T, et al. Cultural variations in wellbeing, burnout and substance use amongst medical students in twelve countries. International Review of Psychiatry. 2021 Feb–Mar; 33(1–2): 37–42.10.1080/09540261.2020.1738064CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sathanandan, S, Abrol, E, Aref-Adib, G, Keen, J, Gerada, K. The UK Practitioner Health Programme: 8-year outcomes in doctors with addiction disorders. Research and Advances in Psychiatry. 2019; 6(2): 43–9.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. Preventing Suicide: A Global Imperative. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014.Google Scholar
Fleischmann, A, Arensman, E, Berman, A, Carli, V, De Leo, D, Hadlackzy, G, et al. Overview Evidence on Interventions for Population Suicide with an Eye to Identifying Best-Supported Strategies for LMICs. Cambridge: Global Mental Health (Cambridge); 2016.10.1017/gmh.2015.27CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
UK Department of Health. Preventing Suicide in England: A Cross-government Outcomes Strategy to Save Lives. London: Department of Health; 2012.Google Scholar
Royal College of Psychiatrists. Self-Harm and Suicide in Adults, Final Report of the Patient Safety Group CR229. London: Royal College of Psychiatrists; 2020.Google Scholar
Public Health England. Alcohol Treatment in England 2013–2014. London: Public Health England; 2014.Google Scholar
Hegerl, U, Heinz, I. Reflections on causes of suicidal behaviour. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences. 2019 Oct; 28(5): 469–72.10.1017/S2045796018000562CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hegerl, U, Wittenburg, L, Arensman, E, Van Audenhove, C, Coyne, JC, McDaid, D, et al. An optimizing suicide prevention programs and their implementation in Europe (OSPI Europe). BMC Public Health. 2009 Nov 23; 9: 428.10.1186/1471-2458-9-428CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ayuso-Mateos, JL. Suicide prevention: Towards an evidence-based policy. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences. 2019 Oct; 28(5): 468–8.10.1017/S204579601900012XCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zalsman, G, Hawton, K, Wasserman, D, van Heeringen, K, Arensman, E, Sarchiapone, M, et al. Suicide prevention strategies revisited: 10-year systematic review. Lancet Psychiatry. 2016; 3: 646–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hawton, K, Witt, KG, Taylor Salisbury, TL, Arensman, E, Gunnell, D, Hazell, P, et al. Pharmacological interventions for self-harm in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015; 6(7): CD011777.Google Scholar
Hawton, K, Witt, KG, Taylor Salisbury, TL, Arensman, E, Gunnell, D, Hazell, P. Psychosocial interventions for self-harm in adults. Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews. 2016; 12(5): CD012189.Google Scholar
Platt, S, Niederkrotenthaler, T. Suicide prevention programs. Crisis. 2020 Mar; 41(suppl 1): S99–124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hofstra, E, van Nieuwenhuizen, C, Bakker, M, Özgül, D, Elfeddali, I, de Jong, SJ, et al. Effectiveness of suicide prevention interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis. General Hospital Psychiatry. 2020 Mar–Apr; 63: 127–40.10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2019.04.011CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Padmanathan, P, Hall, K, Moran, P, Jones, HE, Gunnell, D, Carlisle, V, et al. Prevention of suicide and reduction of self-harm among people with substance use disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry. 2020 Jan; 96: 152135.10.1016/j.comppsych.2019.152135CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nunes, EV, Levin, FR. Treatment of depression in patients with alcohol or other drug dependence: A meta-analysis. JAMA. 2004; 291: 1887–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hunt, GE, Siegfried, N, Morley, K, Sitharthan, T, Cleary, M. Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013; 10: CD001088.Google Scholar
Voss, WD, Kaufman, E, O’Connor, SS, Comtois, KA, Conner, KR, Rie, RK. Preventing addiction related suicide. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2013; 44: 565–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Comtois, K. Preventing Addiction Related Suicide (PARS). 2018. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03166709?cond=Suicide&term=Comtois%20&viewType=Card&rank=1.Google Scholar
Simon, RI. Suicide risk: Assessing the unpredictable. In Simon, RJ, Hales, RE, eds., The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Suicide Assessment and Management, 1st ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2006.Google Scholar
Little, V, James, MC. Commentary on substance use disorders and risk of suicide in a general us population. Addiction Science and Clinical Practice. 2020 Jun 29; 15(1): 21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
References
Andoh-Arthur, J, Quarshie, ENB. Suicide attempt and ‘social suffering’: Disrupting dangerous binary discourse and fostering kinship between the mental health and legal systems in Ghana. In Chan, HCO, Adjorlolo, S, eds., Mental Health & Criminal Justice System in Africa. London: Palgrave Macmillan; 2021.Google Scholar
Quarshie, ENB, Waterman, MG, House, AO. Prevalence of self-harm among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender adolescents: A comparison of personal and social adversity with a heterosexual sample in Ghana. BMC Research Notes. 2020; 13(1): 1–6.10.1186/s13104-020-05111-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Quarshie, ENB, Andoh-Arthur, J. Suicide attempt among 1437 adolescents aged 12–17 years attending junior high schools in Ghana: Prevalence and psychosocial correlates. Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention. 2021; 43(1): 8–17.Google Scholar
Asante, KO, Kugbey, N, Osafo, J, Quarshie, ENB, Sarfo, JO. The prevalence and correlates of suicidal behaviours (ideation, plan and attempt) among adolescents in senior high schools in Ghana. SSM – Population Health. 2017; 3: 427–34.Google Scholar
Quarshie, ENB, Odame, SK, Annor, F. Suicidal behaviors in the Ghana Police Service: Prevalence and correlates in the Greater Accra Region. Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention. 2021; 42(3): 194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
World Health Organization. Preventing Suicide: A Global Imperative. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014.Google Scholar
Gyekye, K. African Philosophical Scheme: The Akan Conceptual Scheme. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2005.Google Scholar
Adinkrah, M. Better dead than dishonored: Masculinity and male suicidal behavior in contemporary Ghana. Social Science and Medicine. 2012; 74(4): 474–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Osafo, J, Hjelmeland, H, Akotia, CS, Knizek, BL. The meanings of suicidal behaviour to psychology students in Ghana: A qualitative approach. Transcultural Psychiatry. 2011; 48(5): 1–17.10.1177/1363461511417319CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adinkrah, M. Suicide and mortuary beliefs and practices of the Akan of Ghana. OMEGA – Journal of Death and Dying. 2016; 74(2): 138–63.10.1177/0030222815598427CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Osafo, J. Attitudes towards Suicide: Exploring the Cultural Meaning(s) of Suicide in Ghana. PhD dissertation submitted to Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, 2012.Google Scholar
Andoh-Arthur, J, Knizek, BL, Osafo, J, Hjelmeland, H. Societal reactions to suicides in Ghana: A qualitative study. Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention. 2019; 41(2): 128–34.Google Scholar
Osafo, J, Akotia, CS, Andoh-Arthur, J, Quarshie, ENB. Attempted suicide in Ghana: Motivation, stigma, and coping. Death Studies. 2015; 39(5): 274–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Asare-Doku, W, Osafo, J, Akotia, CS. The experiences of attempt survivor families and how they cope after a suicide attempt in Ghana: A qualitative study. BMC Psychiatry. 2017; 17(1): 178.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Osafo, J, Hjelmeland, H, Akotia, CS, Knizek, BL. Social injury: An interpretative phenomenological analysis of the attitudes towards suicide of lay persons in Ghana. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being. 2011; 6(4): 8708–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Akotia, CS, Knizek, BL, Kinyanda, E, Hjelmeland, H. ‘I have sinned’: Understanding the role of religion in the experiences of suicide attempters in Ghana. Mental Health, Religion & Culture. 2013; 17(5): 437–48.Google Scholar
Adinkrah, M. Criminal prosecution of suicide attempt survivors in Ghana. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology. 2013; 57(12): 1477–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Osafo, J, Akotia, CS, Boakye, KE, Dickson, E. Between moral infraction and existential crisis: Exploring physicians and nurses’ attitudes to suicide and the suicidal patient in Ghana. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2018; 85: 118–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Quarshie, ENB, Oppong Asante, K, Andoh-Arthur, J, Akotia, CS, Osafo, J. To keep the law or to repeal it: Views of parliamentarians on the call to decriminalise attempted suicide in Ghana. OMEGA – Journal of Death and Dying. 2024; 89: 39–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Osafo, J, Akotia, CS, Andoh-Arthur, J, Boakye, KE, Quarshie, ENB. ‘We now have a patient and not a criminal’: An exploratory study of judges and lawyers’ views on suicide attempters and the law in Ghana. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology. 2018; 62(6): 1488–1508.10.1177/0306624X17692059CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hjelmeland, H, Osafo, J, Akotia, CS, Knizek, BL. The law criminalizing attempted suicide in Ghana. Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention. 2014; 35(2): 132–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Quarshie, ENB, Andoh-Arthur, J, Asante, KO, Asare-Doku, W. Online media reporting of suicidal behaviour in Ghana: Analysis of adherence to the WHO guidelines. International Journal of Social Psychiatry. 2020; 67(3): 251–9.Google Scholar
Andoh-Arthur, J, Hjelmeland, H, Osafo, J, Knizek, BL. ‘Walking a tightrope’: Reflections on police gatekeeping in suicide research in Ghana. International Journal of Social Research Methodology. 2018; 21(3): 289–301.10.1080/13645579.2017.1381820CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Osafo, J, Akotia, CS, Quarshie, ENB, Boakye, KE, Andoh-Arthur, J. Police views of suicidal persons and the law criminalizing attempted suicide in Ghana: A qualitative study with policy implications. Sage Open. 2017; 7(3).10.1177/2158244017731803CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parliament of Republic of Ghana. The Mental Health Act 2012: Act 846. 2012. www.refworld.org/pdfid/528f243e4.pdf.Google Scholar
Osafo, J, Andoh-Arthur, J. Inter-sectoral management of suicidal persons in Ghana: Tensions and Prospects. Community Mental Health Journal. 2021; 57(6): 1010–16.10.1007/s10597-020-00717-1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Accessibility standard: Unknown
Why this information is here
This section outlines the accessibility features of this content - including support for screen readers, full keyboard navigation and high-contrast display options. This may not be relevant for you.Accessibility Information
Accessibility compliance for the PDF of this book is currently unknown
and may be updated in the future.