Muscularity-Oriented Eating Test (MOET)

doi:10.1017/9781009398275.099

Chapter 98 - Muscularity-Oriented Eating Test (MOET)

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 21 November 2025

Stuart B. Murray

Edited by

Virginia Ramseyer Winter ,

Tracy L. Tylka and

Antoinette M. Landor

Show author details

Virginia Ramseyer Winter: Affiliation:
University of Minnesota
Tracy L. Tylka: Affiliation:
Ohio State University
Antoinette M. Landor: Affiliation:
University of Missouri

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Summary

The 15-item Muscularity-Oriented Eating Test (MOET; Murray et al., 2019) assesses attitudes and behaviors associated with the pursuit of muscularity, such as the rigid monitoring of dietary intake, rigid adherence to dietary rules, regulation of protein intake, propensity for eating more or less to influence muscularity, and the overevaluation of muscularity-oriented eating. The MOET can be administered online or in-person to adolescents and adults and is free to use. This chapter first discusses the development of the MOET and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. Findings from exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis consistently suggest that the MOET is a unidimensional measure in a broad array of demographic and cultural settings. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and incremental validity support the use of the MOET. Next, this chapter provides the MOET items in their entirety, instructions for administering the MOET to participants, item response scale, and scoring procedure. Links to known translations are provided. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

Keywords

Muscularity-Oriented Eating Test MOET items body attitudes muscularity body-related behaviors disordered eating muscularity-oriented eating scale development psychometric evidence factor structure reliability validity administration scoring available translations

Information

Type: Chapter
Information: Handbook of Body Image-Related Measures , pp. 294 - 296

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009398275.099 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 2025

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References

Caliskan, G., & Alim, N. E. (2021). Validity and reliability of the Muscularity Oriented Eating Test (MOET) in Turkish. American Journal of Health Behavior, 45(5), 856–866. https://doi.org/10.5993/AJHB.45.5.6.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Compte, E. J., Nagata, J. M., Sepúlveda, A. R., Silva, B. C., Cortes, C., Bidacovich, G., et al. (2021). Development and validation of a multicultural Spanish-language version of the Muscularity-Oriented Eating Test (MOET) in Argentina. Eating Behaviors, 43, 101542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2021.101542.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Cunningham, M. L., Rodgers, R. F., Pinkus, R. T., Nagata, J. M., Trompeter, N., Mitchison, , et al. (2021). Factor structure and psychometric properties of the Muscularity-Oriented Eating Test in university women in Australia. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 54(11), 1956–1966. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23621.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Cunningham, M. L., Szabo, M., Kambanis, E., Murray, S. B., Thomas, J. J., Eddy, K. T., et al. (2019). Negative psychological correlates of the pursuit of muscularity among women. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 52(11), 1326–1331. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23178.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

de Carvalho, R. H. B., Bagolin, V., Junqueira, A. C. P., Nagata, J. M., Cattle, C. J., Murray, et al. (2023). Validation and measurement invariance of the Muscularity-Oriented Eating Test among Brazilian men and women. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 56(4), 708–720. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23702.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Donahue, J. M., Scharmer, C., Fogarty, S., & Walker, D. C. (2022). Establishing initial validity and factor structure for the Muscularity-Oriented Eating Test in gay men. Eating Behaviors, 45, 101631. https://doi.org.proxy.lib.ohio-state.edu/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2022.101631.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

He, J., Cui, T., Barnhart, W. R., Cui, S., Xu, Y., Compte, E. J., et al. (2023). Validation of the Muscularity-Oriented Eating Test in adult women in China. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 56(6), 1207–1218. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23927.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

He, J., Murray, S., Compte, E. J., Song, J., & Nagata, J. M. (2021). Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory among Chinese men: Confirmatory factor analyses. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(21), 11690. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111690.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Murray, S. B., Accurso, E. C., Griffiths, S., & Nagata, J. M. (2018). Boys, biceps, and bradycardia: The hidden dangers of muscularity-oriented disordered eating. Journal of Adolescent Health, 62(3), 352–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.09.025.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Murray, S. B., Brown, T. A., Blashill, A. J., Compte, E. J., Lavender, J. M., Mitchison, D., et al. (2019). The development and validation of the Muscularity-Oriented Eating Test: A novel measure of muscularity-oriented disordered eating. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 52(12), 1389–1398. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23144.CrossRef Google Scholar

Murray, S. B., Nagata, J. M., Griffiths, S., Calzo, J. P., Brown, T. A., Mitchison, D., et al. (2017). The enigma of male eating disorders: A critical review and synthesis. Clinical Psychology Review, 57, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2017.08.001.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

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