The chapter examines bias and fairness in employment testing in Italy, comparing the public and private sectors. Public sector hiring is strictly regulated, based on transparency, equality, and meritocracy, as stated in the Constitution. Hiring occurs through public competitions with standardized exams focused on qualifications and technical skills, with growing attention to soft skills. The private sector is more flexible, adapting selection to business needs and emphasizing practical skills, experience, and cultural fit, enabling quicker hiring. Private companies often use innovative methods, including AI tools and social media screening, and value diversity and international profiles. Italian labor laws, aligned with EU directives, prohibit discrimination based on sex/gender, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, or disability. Employers must ensure fair, compliant selection processes. Professional guidelines stress the use of valid, unbiased tools. The rise of technology in hiring highlights the need to manage algorithmic bias, with final decisions remaining a human responsibility.