Index
adoption process
actors, 16
continuation beyond initial enactment, 43
effect on implementation, 16
India and Pakistan. Comparison, 42
institutions, , 187
Pakistan, 46
Pakistan. Impact, 119
pre-conditions of transfer, 16
Afghanistan, 61
Afghanistan Competition Act 2011, 61
Constitution of Afghanistan 2004, 76
India in adoption process, 76
US Department of Commerce, 207
WTO, 76
anti-monopoly legislation
constitutional scheme in Pakistan, 32
India constitutional scheme, 31
Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices (Control and Prevention) Ordinance 1970, See Pakistan Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices (Control and Prevention) Ordinance 1970
Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act 1969, See India, Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act 1969
scheme in the Pakistani Constitution, 33
UK Monopolies and Restrictive Practices (Inquiry and Control) Act 1948, 32
Asian Development Bank (ADB), 74
Bangladesh, 59
adoption strategy, 78
anti-monopoly regime, 69
Bangladesh Competition Act 2012, 59
competition advocacy, 213
competition enforcement, ,
competition enforcement strategy, 60
DFID Report,
e-commerce policy framework, 232
equitable competition,
pre-conditions of transfer, 63,
World Bank assistance, 71
WTO,
Bhutan, 61
commercial laws, 65
Competition Policy 2015, 62
Competition Policy 2020, 62
e-commerce policy framework, 232
Gross National Happiness (GNH), 75
India relationship,
India role in adoption, 77
National Competition Council, 62
Office of Consumer Protection, role of, 62
pre-conditions of transfer, 76
bottom-up, participatory and inclusive institutions, 16
CCI orders
abuse of dominance, 100
anti-competitive agreements, 100
bid-rigging,
complaints v. suo motu notices,
leniency, 131
presumption of AAEC, 139
relevant turnover, 146
reliance on EU and US materials, 130
source of initation, 99
vertical agreements,
CCP orders
abuse of dominance, 100
anti-competitive agreements, 100
cartels, 156
complaints v. suo motu notices,
impact of challenges before courts, 179
reliance on EU and US materials,
source of initiation, 99
vertical agreements,
coercion
Bangladesh, 78
Competition Ordinance 2007, 43
contractualisation, 10
definition, 9
link with legitimacy, 214
Maldives, 80
Nepal, 78
penal strategies, 147
Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Maldives, 207
comparative law, xxix
compatibility, 21
defining ‘context’, 3
domestic and international legitimacy,
role of actors, 7
significance of context,
compatibility
adoption process, 17
generating compatibility, , 27
Law and Development movement, 1
meaning, 21
compatibility and legitimacy, 240
connections between, 26
dynamic or static, 26
interaction between adopted and pre-existing legal systems, 183
penal strategies, 165
qualitative and relative concepts, 27
success in implementation, 194
virtuous cycle, 189
competition advocacy, 240
India, 147,
Nepal, 213
Raghavan Committee, 47
role in implementation, 240
Sri Lanka, 213
competition authority
Afghanistan, 201
Bangladesh, 199
Bhutan, 200
Maldives, 209
Nepal, 199
structure, mandate and composition, 86
Competition Commission of India
cartels, 120
composition, 88
decision making process,
digital platforms,
e-commerce study, 235
established, 84
interpretive strategy, 110,
mandate, 87
penal strategy, 145
penalties realised, , 166
structure, 86
structure, mandate, composition,
types of orders, 89
Competition Commission of Pakistan
composition, , 194
deceptive marketing practices, 87
decision making process,
digital platforms,
established and operationalised, 85
interactions with general courts, , 178
mandate, 87
penal strategy, 145
structure, 86
structure, mandate, composition,
types of orders,
competition enforcement
social objectives, 242
South Asia. Benefits,
South Asia. Inequality, 225
South Asia. Poverty, 241
South Asia. Scope,
South Asia. Social objectives, 225
South Asia. Strategies, 240
South Asian Six. Role of government,
Sri Lanka, 203
competition enforcement pathway
effect of Indian Tribunal, 189
India, 92
India and Pakistan, 170
Indian Competition Appellate Tribunal, 44
intervention in India, 111
intervention in Pakistan, 111
interventions in India and Pakistan, 94
Nepal, 59
Pakistan, 92
role of Pakistani Tribunal, 159
role of Tribunals. India and Pakistan,
Sri Lanka,
Competition Ordinance 2007, 149, 177, , 188, 192
enforcement scheme, 149
legislative procedure, 40
legitimacy, 53
Manes Report,
Sindh High Court Bar Association case, 45
Constitution of Pakistan 1973
Article 199, 170
Constitutional petitions
grounds for filing. India and Pakistan,
grounds in first phase Pakistani petitions, 157
India adequate alternate remedy, 185
India and Pakistan, 97
Pakistan cement cartel, 178
Pakistan first phase petitions,
Pakistan second phase petitions, 177
Pakistan. Principle of adequate alternate remedy, 186
deliberation–enactment-implementation continuum
adapting, xxvii
compatibility and legitimacy, 20
deliberation phase, 19
enactment phase, 19
implementation stage, 20
modular and adaptable, 20
theoretical framework, 16,
developing countries, xxviii, 224
adopting western laws, xxviii
challenges for competition authorities, 233
lessons from the South Asian experience, xxix
privacy concerns, 233
Diffusion and transfer, 8
adapting mechanisms for law, 11
comparative law,
convergence, 215
emulation, 11
legitimacy, 12
link with implementation, 219
motivation, 11
pattern finding v. process tracing, 8
pre-conditions of transfer, 21
regulatory competition, 11
role of institutions, 17
similarities between,
socialisation, 11
economic growth and development, 240
Bangladesh. Preamble Bangladesh Competition Act 2012, 223
Indian Competition Act 2002. Preamble, 223
South Asia. Preambles of legislation, 223
economic growth competition enforcement
South Asia, 242
Government of Pakistan 1935, 31
India
delay in court system, 181
draft Competition Bill 2020,
e-commerce policy framework,
e-commerce sector, 226
judicial institutions, 30
legislative institutions, 30
India and Pakistan
adoption process. Comparison, 192
compatibility and legitimacy, , 96
competition enforcement pathways, ,
competition legislations. Comparison, 47
competiton enforcement pathways. Comparison, 93
institutions, 185
interactions with general courts, , 178
interpretive strategies. Comparison, 140
penal strategies, 143
performance of competition authorities. Comparison, , 196
pre-conditions of transfer. Comparison, 192
Indian Competition Act 2002, 192
adoption process, 41
agreement, 121
Brahm Dutt case,
cartels, 115
comes into force, 84
Commission Fund, 86
content,
horizontal agreements, 117
motivations for adoption,
pre-conditions of transfer, 32
role of government, 87
section 27, 145
section 3, , , 122
Selection Committee, 88
vertical agreements, 117
Indian Tribunal, 87, 97, 148, 158, 160, 185
2007 amendment, 44
appeals from CCI orders, 152
Brahm Dutt case, 148
interactions with general courts, 168
replaced by NCLAT, 44,
role in competition enforcement, 154
International Finance Corporation (IFC), 71
legitimacy, 165
adoption process, 17
attributes, 22
dimensions of, 23
enforcement, 24
formal and functional legitimacy, 23
justice,
leveraging, 24
relationship with democracy, 23
reputational effect, 24
significance, 24
South Asian Six, 208
substantive legitimacy, 23
Locke, John, 25
Nepal, 58
competition advocacy, 213
Competition Promotion and Market Protection Act 2063, 58
e-commerce policy framework,
India in adoption process, 72
national productivity, 224
Nepalese Act. Mandate and powers, 76
pre-conditions of transfer,
SAWTEE report, 204
WTO,
New Institutional Economics, 13
adapting institutional blueprints, 14
compatibility, 21
compatible institutions, 13
defining institutions, 13
extractive institutions, 14
inclusive institutions, 14
institutions as technology,
institutions include legal institutions, 15
North, Douglas C, 13
OECD, 76
Pakistan
Competition Ordinance 2009, 45
Competition Ordinance 2010, 45
Constitution of Pakistan 1956, 31
Constitution of Pakistan 1962, 31
Constitution of Pakistan 1973, 33
delay in court system, 181
e-commerce policy framework,
judicial institutions, 34
legislative institutions, 33
penalties realised, 159
pre-conditions of transfer,
World Bank team, , 82
Sacco, Rodolfo, xxv
socialisation, 218
compatibility and legitimacy, 111
distinct from emulation, 10
learning as, 10
Maldives, 80
Nepal. Impact, 78
Pakistan, 112
Pakistan. Impact, 51
Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Maldives, 208
Sri Lanka. Impact, 78
South Asia
adoption processes. Comparison, 79
B2B e-commerce, 228
B2C e-commerce, 228
comparing competition legislation across region, 64
competition as consumer protection, 224
competition experience, 218
convergence of competition laws, 215
e-commerce potential, 226
Gross Domestic Product (GDP), 220
historic relationship amongst countries, xxvi
IMF and competition reform,
impact of regional developments,
income inequality, 221
pattern of diffusion and transfer, 214
political and economic power, 224
privatisation,
South Asian Six, 56
state control and central planning, 221
status of competition laws, 63
sustainable and inclusive growth, 240
WTO, 80
South Asian Six, 61
adoption processes, 78
diffusion and transfer mechanisms, 201
e-commerce and privacy, 236
hiatus stage, 211
pre-conditions of transfer, 63
role of India, 215
role of institutions, 207
WTO, 81
Sri Lanka, 57
adoption process, , 198
competition advocacy, 213
competition legislation, 57
e-commerce policy framework, 230
Fair Trading Commission Act 1987, 68
focus on consumer welfare, 202
pre-conditions of transfer, 63
socialisation, 78
The World Bank. Technical assistance, 68
United States in the adoption process, 68
WTO, 68
success of competition laws
India and Pakistan, 166
India. Evaluation of benchmarks, 111
role of governments, 237
role of interaction with genereal courts, 188
The World Bank, 37
Bangladesh, 71
Maldives, 73
Pakistan. Adoption process, 144
Pakistan. Manes Report,
Sri Lanka report, 203
Sri Lanka. Technical assistance, 68
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