Published online by Cambridge University Press: 23 December 2025
The operational amplifier is introduced and the basic rules for its operation are given. Nonlinear operation is explained and the golden rules for linear operation are derived. Several examples of linear operation are given, including amplifiers, buffer, adder, differential amplifier, integrator, and differentiator. Practical considerations for using op-amps are discussed, including bias currents, offset voltages, slew rate limits, and frequency response. As a final non-linear example, an oscillator circuit, the astable multivibrator, is presented and analyzed.
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