In this chapter we review the evidence for hominid paleoenvironments in tropical Africa from the late Miocene to the early Pleistocene (Figure 15.1). Here we use the term hominid to refer to the family of the great apes and humans (family Hominidae, superfamily Hominoidea), and hominin (tribe Hominini) for the clade on the human side of the divergence from our last common ancestor with the genus Pan (Figure 15.2). This review is intended to complement the other regional reviews (northern African and southern African sites, see Chapters 6 and 36, respectively) and the overviews of Miocene to Holocene faunas (late Miocene and early Pliocene by Doman and Goble Early, this volume and Middle Pleistocene to Holocene by Faith, Chapter 5). The methods used in the reconstruction of past environments, e.g., stable isotopes, ecomorphology, community paleoecology, are summarized in Andrews and colleagues (Chapter 2).