Judging by rates of criminal recidivism, the very trauma that leads to American incarceration only amplifies inside facilities whose purported mission is to rehabilitate. Using psychiatric, literary, and sociological studies alongside three twentieth-century prison memoirs written by American men of color – Jarvis Jay Masters’s That Bird Has My Wings (2009), Shaka Senghor’s Writing My Wrongs: Life, Death, and Redemption in an American Prison (2013), and Ravi Shankar’s Correctional (2022) – this essay examines the use of bibliotherapy as a means of processing traumatic memory, reconnecting with community, redressing harm, and reclaiming control over one’s story to help stimulate and accelerate the process of healing and recovery. Life writing, and memoir specifically, allows for the transfiguration of generational, localized, and institutional trauma while bearing witness to the inner workings of carceral spaces, which are disproportionately populated by men of color and intentionally kept concealed from public view.

The USA as a prison where Black people are confined inside a barbed wire of stereotypes – an idea memorably articulated by Malcolm X in 1963 – is influentially explored in works by Amiri Baraka, Etheridge Knight, and Reginald Dwayne Betts, a three-man mini-tradition within prison writing. Circumstances leading to Baraka’s experience of solitary confinement (memorably chronicled in his 1979 poem “AM/TRACK”) are the subject of the first third of the chapter. Etheridge Knight, who in prison forged his own poetic path out of tools provided partly by Malcolm and Baraka, is the subject of the next third. The Knight-inspired Reginald Dwayne Betts, a lawyer-poet who was incarcerated as a teenager, is the focus of the rest of the chapter (except for a brief examination of Baraka’s son, Ras, a significant political leader). All four men articulate secrets of survival in the coils of carceral culture and model alternative ways of imagining justice.

Despite widespread integration of genetic research by most disciplines, genetics has largely been excised by the field of criminology, a field that continues to be guided almost exclusively by a sociological paradigm. Part of the reason for why genetic research has not been synthesized into the criminological scholarship is due to concerns about the policy implications that might flow directly from it. Specifically, critics of genetic and biosocial research routinely argue that studying the genetic basis to criminality likely would lead to oppressive crime-control policies and perhaps even a new eugenics movement. If criminologists had an accurate understanding of how genetic influences relate to criminal involvement, then these concerns would largely be assuaged. Against this backdrop, the current chapter uses Belsky’s differential susceptibility model as the centerpiece to show that genetic research is not only useful in understanding the etiology of criminal involvement but also that it holds great promise in guiding the development of crime prevention and rehabilitation programs.

In November 2021, Thailand revised its legal framework on illegal drugs by promulgating a new Narcotics Code to replace twenty-four previous legislation. The new Code was enacted to consolidate and modernise Thailand’s approach to illegal drugs as well as to provide for an efficient licensing regime for drugs that are essential for the advancement of medical, scientific, and industrial innovations. The new Code seeks to impose appropriate punishments for drug offences and adopt alternatives to incarceration for drug users. However, the Code still retains the death penalty for some offences which contradicts the requirement in international law that the death penalty must not be imposed on drug offences. This chapter reviews the new Code and discusses the challenges which lie ahead.

For both developed and developing countries in the world, the twenty-first century will be marked by great challenges for healthcare systems. The overwhelming reason will be aging societies that will face an increase in multimorbid, chronic diseases which will include neurological diseases. The probability of surviving acute illness and the medical opportunities to prolong life in chronic-progressive disease will improve in future. As a result the numbers of neurological patients with respiratory impairment caused by prolonged, chronic or chronic-progressive life-threatening disease will increase. Minimizing dependency on life-supporting technologies and care, stabilizing vital functions, optimizing quality of life and participation and alleviating suffering are paramount goals for these patients. The therapeutic approach therefore must integrate intensive care, neurorespiratory care, rehabilitation and palliative care. Furthermore, patient-centered and family-oriented care, which covers the whole lifespan and bridges the gap between inpatient and outpatient care, is needed.

At a fairly early age Lucy was admitted to a psychiatric hospital and then spent years in low-security psychiatric units. After an episode of neuroleptic malignant syndrome, she became physically unwell and stopped eating. When her life appeared to be danger, ECT was suggested. Lucy refused to have it and the first sessions were given under restraint. After eight sessions ECT hadn’t worked, and the team stopped it. A second course was started later, this time with Lucy’s agreement, and it worked. She gradually improved, had psychological treatment, engaged in rehabilitation and eventually was discharged home. She continued with maintenance ECT as an outpatient. She got married and started work as an Expert by Experience for the local hospital.

This chapter explores the impact of strokes and the role of music therapy in post-stroke rehabilitation. It highlights the urgency of seeking immediate medical attention for stroke symptoms, emphasizing that prompt treatment can minimize brain damage. The chapter also discusses the potential for music to aid in cognitive recovery, as evidenced by studies showing improvements in verbal memory and concentration in stroke patients who listened to music regularly. Furthermore, the chapter looks at the application of music therapy for addressing specific post-stroke conditions such as aphasia and hemiparesis. It describes melodic intonation therapy (MIT) as a promising intervention for speech recovery in aphasia patients, showcasing its ability to stimulate new neural connections in the brain. Additionally, it explores the effectiveness of rhythmic auditory stimulation (RAS) in improving gait and coordination in patients with hemiparesis. The chapter underscores the importance of tailoring music therapy to individual needs and preferences, emphasizing the potential for music to enhance emotional well-being and motivate patients during their rehabilitation journey. It concludes by advocating for the integration of music therapy into standard stroke rehabilitation practices, recognizing its potential to improve patient outcomes and quality of life.

This title explores the principles and mechanisms for the reparation of human rights violations under international human rights law. It discusses the obligation of states to provide full reparation for harm suffered as a result of human rights violations, including restitution, compensation, rehabilitation, satisfaction, and guarantees of nonrepetition. The section examines the legal standards for determining and quantifying reparation, the procedural aspects of reparation processes, and the role of international and national bodies in monitoring and enforcing reparation awards. It also highlights the challenges in ensuring effective and timely reparation, the importance of victim participation in reparation processes, and the impact of reparation on the rehabilitation and empowerment of victims. By analyzing the principles and practices of reparation, this title aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms for addressing the consequences of human rights violations and the importance of reparation in achieving justice and reconciliation.

This part explores the principles and mechanisms for the reparation of human rights violations and the enforcement of decisions rendered by international human rights bodies. It discusses the obligation of states to provide full reparation for harm suffered as a result of human rights violations, including restitution, compensation, rehabilitation, satisfaction, and guarantees of nonrepetition. The sections examine the legal standards for determining and quantifying reparation, the procedural aspects of reparation processes, and the role of international and national bodies in monitoring and enforcing reparation awards. Additionally, this part focuses on the enforcement mechanisms and challenges in implementing international human rights decisions. It discusses various models of enforcement, including judicial review, hybrid monitoring, and political and diplomatic control. The part highlights the importance of effective enforcement in ensuring the realization of human rights and the accountability of states for human rights violations. By providing insights into the reparation and enforcement processes, this part emphasizes the critical role of comprehensive and effective mechanisms in achieving justice and reconciliation for victims of human rights violations.

This chapter explores the principle of full reparation for human rights violations under international human rights law. It discusses the obligation of states to provide reparation, the forms of reparation, and the challenges in implementing this principle. The chapter examines the legal standards for full reparation, including restitution, compensation, rehabilitation, satisfaction, and guarantees of nonrepetition. It also highlights the role of international bodies in monitoring and enforcing reparation obligations, the importance of victim participation in reparation processes, and the challenges in providing adequate and effective reparation for human rights violations.

The perpetration of torture in peacetime almost inevitably involves the responsibility of a State. Indeed, State responsibility is at the heart of the international human rights law prohibition of torture, which also applies in a situation of armed conflict. In the case of torture as a war crime, a crime against humanity, or genocide, however, an entity other than a State may be directly responsible for acts of torture. Nevertheless, as a matter of general international law, given the seriousness of the violation of a jus cogens norm, in all situations the victims and survivors of torture are entitled to a remedy to help compensate for the harm they have suffered. The same principle should pertain to other forms of ill-treatment even though their prohibition is not also a peremptory rule of international law. The consequences of being tortured for the individual and his or her family can be both devastating and lifelong. Rehabilitation may help to turn a victim into a survivor, but it will never fully dispel the harm that has been inflicted. Some of the techniques developed by dedicated experts and non-governmental organizations to promote physical and psycho-social rehabilitation are referred to in this chapter.