Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cb9f654ff-w5vf4 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-09-07T02:11:40.231Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

References

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 September 2025

Antonio Reyes
Affiliation:
Washington and Lee University, Virginia
Andrew S. Ross
Affiliation:
University of Canberra
Get access

Information

Type
Chapter
Information
Understanding the Language of Virtual Interaction
Communities, Knowledge, and Authority
, pp. 174 - 204
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2025

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Abidin, C. (2015). Communicative ❤ intimacies: Influencers and perceived interconnectedness. Ada: A Journal of Gender, New Media, and Technology, 8, 116. https://doi.org/10.7264/N3MW2FFGGoogle Scholar
Abidin, C., & Thompson, E. C. (2012). Buymylife.com: Cyber-femininities and commercial intimacy in blogshops. Women’s Studies International Forum, 35(6), 467477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2012.10.005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adams, S., Bont, A. D., & Berg, M. (2006). Looking for answers, constructing reliability: An exploration into how Dutch patients check web-based medical information. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 75(1), 6672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2005.07.036CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Agarwal, N., Liu, H., Tang, L., & Yu, P. S. (2012). Modeling blogger influence in a community. Social Network Analysis and Mining, 2(2), 139162. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13278-011-0039-3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ali, K. A., & Celentano, L. P. (2017). Addressing vaccine hesitancy in the “post-truth” era. Eurohealth International, 23(4), 1620. https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/332615/Eurohealth-23-4-16-20-eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=yGoogle Scholar
Ali, S. (2022). Combatting against Covid-19 & misinformation: A systematic review. Human Arenas, 5, 337352. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42087-020-00139-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Al-Sa’Di, R. A., & Hamdan, J. M. (2005). “Synchronous online chat” English: Computer mediated communication. World Englishes, 24, 409424.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0883-2919.2005.00423.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, A. (2009). Media, politics and climate change: Towards a new research agenda. Sociology Compass, 3(2), 166182. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9020.2008.00188.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, M., & Perrin, A. (2017). Tech adoption climbs among older adults. Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Technology. www.pewresearch.org/internet/2017/05/17/tech-adoption-climbs-among-older-adults/Google Scholar
Andersson, C. (2017). “Google is not fun”: An investigation of how Swedish teenagers frame online searching. Journal of Documentation, 73(6), 12441260. https://doi.org/10.1108/JD-03-2017-0048CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Androutsopoulos, J., & Beißwenger, M. (2008). Introduction: Data and methods in computer-mediated discourse analysis. Language@Internet, 5(2). www.languageatinternet.org/articles/2008/1609Google Scholar
Armstrong, N., Koteyko, N., & Powell, J. (2012). “Oh dear, should I really be saying that on here?”: Issues of identity and authority in an online diabetes community. Health, 16(4), 347365. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363459311425514CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Asenbaum, H. (2023). The politics of becoming: Anonymity and democracy in the digital age. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atkinson, J. D. (2010). Alternative media and the politics of resistance. Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Aupers, S. (2012). “Trust no one”: Modernization, paranoia and conspiracy culture. European Journal of Communication, 27(1), 2234. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323111433566CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ayutuxtepeque (2016, April 21). Nota de moderación. WordReference. [Online forum post] https://forum.wordreference.com/threads/l-s-lxs-%C2%BFcu%C3%A1l-es-la-forma-correcta.3165340/Google Scholar
Baggini, J. (2017). A short history of the truth. Quercus.Google Scholar
Baker, D. L. (2006). Neurodiversity, neurological disability and the public sector: Notes on the autism spectrum. Disability and Society, 21(1), 1529. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687590500373734CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, P., & Potts, A. (2013). “Why do white people have thin lips?” Google and the perpetuation of stereotypes via auto-complete search forms. Critical Discourse Studies, 10(2), 187204. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2012CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, S. A., & Walsh, M. J. (2024). “Memes save lives”: Stigma and the production of antivaccination memes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Social Media + Society. https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051231224792CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balasubramaniam, N. (2009). User-generated content [conference paper]. Business Aspects of the Internet of Things, Seminar of Advanced Topics, Zurich. www.im.ethz.ch/education/FS09/iotsem09_proceedings.pdf#page=28Google Scholar
Baldauf, R. B. (2006). Rearticulating the case for micro language planning in a language ecology context. Current Issues in Language Planning, 7(2–3), 147170. https://doi.org/10.2167/cilp902CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balis, J. (2022, January 3). How brands can enter the Metaverse. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2022/01/how-brands-can-enter-the-metaverseGoogle Scholar
Bannan-Ritland, B. (2002). Computer-mediated communication, elearning, and interactivity: A review of the research. The Quarterly Review of Distance Learning, 3(2), 161179. www.learntechlib.org/p/95271/Google Scholar
Barker, K. K. (2008). Electronic support groups, patient-consumers, and medicalization: The case of contested illness. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 49(1), 2036. https://doi.org/10.1177/002214650804900103CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bauman, R., & Briggs, C. L. (1990). Poetics and performances as critical perspectives on language and social life. Annual Review of Anthropology, 19, 5988. www.jstor.org/stable/2155959CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baym, N. K. (2010). Personal connections in the digital age. Polity.Google Scholar
BBC. (2016, November 16). “Post-truth” declared word of the year by Oxford Dictionaries. BBC News. www.bbc.com/news/uk-37995600Google Scholar
Beamon, T. (2016, June 1). NYC Releases list of 31 genders: Man, woman, “something else entirely”. Newsmax. www.newsmax.com/newsfront/nyc-releases-gender-list/2016/06/01/id/731809/Google Scholar
Bednarek, M., Ross, A. S., Boichak, O., Doran, Y. J., Carr, G., Altmann, E. G., & Alexander, T. (2022). Winning the discursive struggle? The impact of a significant environmental crisis event on dominant climate discourses on Twitter. Discourse, Context & Media, 45, 100564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcm.2021.100564CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bellini, O. (2024). Virtual justice: Criminalizing avatar sexual assault in metaverse spaces. Mitchell Hamline Law Review, 50(1), Article 3. https://open.mitchellhamline.edu/mhlr/vol50/iss1/3Google Scholar
Benkler, Y. (2006). The wealth of networks. Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Bennett, L. W., & Segerberg, A. (2012). The logic of connective action: Digital media and the personalization of contentious politics. Information, Communication & Society, 15(5), 739768. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2012.670661CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berry, J. M., & Sobieraj, S. (2014). The outrage industry: Political opinion media and the new incivility. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Berryman, R., Abidin, C., & Leaver, T. (2021). A topography of virtual influencers. Selected Papers of #AoIR2021: The 22nd Annual Conference of the Association of Internet Researchers (pp.1–6). AoIR.DOI: https://doi.org/10.5210/spir.v2021i0.12145CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Best, M. L. (2004). Can the Internet be a human right? Human Rights & Human Welfare, 4(1). Article 13. https://digitalcommons.du.edu/hrhw/vol4/iss1/13Google Scholar
Bhatia, A. (2018). Digital narratives of struggle and legitimacy in the Arab Spring. In Ross, A. S. & Rivers, D. J. (Eds.), Discourses of (de)legitimization: Participatory culture in digital contexts (pp. 150168). Routledge.Google Scholar
Bhatia, A. S., & Ross, A. S. (2020). Trumpian tweets and populist politics: A corpus-assisted discourse analytical study. In Breeze, R. & Fernández-Vallejo, A. M. (Eds.), Populist discourses across modes and media (pp. 2138). Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Bhatia, A. S., & Ross, A. S. (2021). “We shall not flag or fail, we shall go on to the end”: Hashtag activism in Hong Kong protests. Journal of Language and Politics, 21(1), 117142. https://doi.org/10.1075/jlp.21020.bhaCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bishop, J. (2012). The psychology of trolling and lurking: The role of defriending and gamification for increasing participation in online communities using seductive narratives. In Li, H. (Ed.), Virtual community participation and motivation: Cross-disciplinary theories (pp. 160176). IGI Global.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bishop, J. (2014). Representations of “trolls” in mass media communication: A review of media-texts and moral panics relating to “internet trolling.” International Journal of Web Based Communities, 10(1), 724. https://doi.org10.1504/IJWBC.2014.058384CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Block, D. (2019). Post-truth and political discourse. Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blommaert, J. (1999). Language ideological debates. Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blommaert, J. (2005a). Discourse: A critical introduction. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blommaert, J. (2005b). Situating language rights: English and Swahili in Tanzania revisited. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 9(3), 390417. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-6441.2005.00298.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blommaert, J. (2009) A market of accents. Language Policy, 8, 243259. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-009-9131-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blommaert, J. (2017a). Online-offline modes of identity and community: Elliot Rodger’s twisted world of masculine victimhood. Tilburg Papers in Culture Studies, 200.Google Scholar
Blommaert, J. (2017b). Society through the lens of language. Tilburg Papers in Culture Studies, 178. https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/32303872/TPCS_178_Blommaert.pdfGoogle Scholar
Blommaert, J., Muyllaert, N., Huysmans, M., & Dyers, C. (2006). Peripheral normativity: Literacy and the production of locality in a South African township school. Linguistics and Education, 16, 378403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.linged.2006.03.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blommaert, J., & Verschueren, J. (1999). Debating diversity: Analysing the discourse of tolerance. Routledge.Google Scholar
Boler, M., & Davis, E. (2018). The affective politics of the “post-truth” era: Feeling rules and networked subjectivity. Emotion, Space and Society, 27, 7585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emospa.2018.03.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonilla, Y., & Rosa, J. (2015). #Ferguson: Digital protest, hashtag ethnography, and the racial politics of social media in the United States. American Ethnologist, 42(1), 417. https://doi.org/10.1111/amet.12112CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonnin, J. E. (2014). Pensar el castellano en Internet: Discursos sobre la norma en los foros de WordReference.com [Thinking Spanish online: Discourses about the norm at WordReferences.com forums]. In de Arnoux, E. B. N. (Ed.), Temas de glotopolítica: Integración regional sudamericana y panhispanismo [Topics on glottopolitics: South American regional integration and panhispanism] (pp. 351372). Biblos.Google Scholar
Borchers, N. S. (2022). Introduction – The authentic friend: How strategic communication discovers social media influencers. In Borchers, N. S. (Ed.), Social media influencers in strategic communication (pp. 16). Routledge.Google Scholar
Borgatti, S. P., Mehra, A., Brass, D. J., & Labianca, G. (2009). Network analysis in the social sciences. Science, 323(5916), 892895. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1165821CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bouguessa, M., & Romdhane, L. B. (2015). Identifying authorities in online communities. ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology, 6(3), 123. https://doi.org/10.1145/2700481CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bouguessa, M., Wang, S., & Dumoulin, B. (2010). Discovering knowledge-sharing communities in question-answering forums. ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data, 5(1), 149. https://doi.org/10.1145/1870096.1870099CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bourdieu, P. (2001). Language & symbolic power (6th ed.), trans Raymond, G. & Adamson, M.. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Boyle, C. (2022). How do you meme?: Using memes for information literacy instruction. The Reference Librarian, 63(3), 82101. https://doi.org/10.1080/02763877.2022.2084210CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breuer, A., Landman, T., & Farquhar, D. (2015). Social media and protest mobilization: Evidence from the Tunisian revolution. Democratization, 22(4), 764792. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2014.885505CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broinowski, A. (2022). Deepfake nightmares, synthetic dreams: A review of dystopian and utopian discourses around deepfakes. Journal of Asia-Pacific Pop Culture, 7(1), 109135. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/857647CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broman, M. M., Finckenberg-Broman, P., & Bird, S. (2024). Cyberspace outlaws – coding the online world. International Journal of the Semiotics of Law, 37, 11531183. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-023-10100-4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bromme, R., Hesse, F. W., & Spada, H. (Eds.). (2005). Barriers and biases in computer-mediated knowledge communication. And how they may be overcome. Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broom, A. (2005a). Medical specialists’ accounts of the impact of the Internet on the doctor/patient relationship. Health (London), 9(3), 319338. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363459305052903CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Broom, A. (2005b). Virtually he@lthy: The impact of internet use on disease experience and the doctor–patient relationship. Qualitative Health Research, 15, 325345. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732304272916CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brownsword, R. (2022). Law, authority, and respect: Three waves of technological disruption. Law, Innovation and Technology, 14(1), 540.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brubaker, R. (2017, November 29). Forget fake news: Social media is making democracy less democratic. Zócalo Public Square. www.zocalopublicsquare.org/2017/11/29/forget-fake-news-social-media-making-democracy-less-democratic/ideas/essay/Google Scholar
Bruns, A. (2007). Produsage: Towards a broader framework for user-led content creation. In Shneiderman, B. (Ed.), Proceedings of 6th ACM SIGCHI Conference on Creativity and Cognition 2007. Association for Computing Machinery, USA, pp. 99105.Google Scholar
Bruns, A. (2019). Digital public spheres in Australia. In Bruns, A., McNair, B., & Schapals, A. K. (Eds.), Digitizing democracy (pp. 133146). Routledge.Google Scholar
Bruns, A. (2021). Echo chambers? Filter bubbles? The misleading metaphors that obscure the real problem. In Pérez-Escolar, M. & Noguera-Vivo, J. M. (Eds.), Hate speech and polarization in participatory society (pp. 3347). Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bruns, A., & Burgess, J. (2012). Researching news discussion on Twitter: New methodologies. Journalism Studies, 13(5–6), 801814. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2012.664428CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brunskill, D. (2013). Social media, social avatars and the psyche: Is Facebook good for us? Australasian Psychiatry, 21(6), 527532. https://doi.org/10.1177/1039856213509289CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bryant, S. (2023). Assessing GPT-4’s role as a co-collaborator in scientific research: a case study analyzing Einstein’s special theory of relativity. Discover Artificial Intelligence, 3, 26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-023-00075-3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bucholtz, M. (1999). “Why be normal?”: Language and identity practices in a community of nerd girls. Language in Society, 28(2), 203223. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404599002043CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bucholtz, M., & Hall, K. (2005). Identity and interaction: A sociocultural linguistic approach. Discourse Studies, 7(4/5), 585614. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445605054407CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buckels, E. E., Trapnell, P. D., & Paulhus, D. L. (2014). Trolls just want to have fun. Personality and Individual Differences, 67, 97102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.01.016CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bunting, A. M., & Stamatel, J. (2019). Exploring geospatial characteristics of hashtag activism in Ferguson, Missouri: An application of social disorganization theory. Geoforum, 104, 5562. https://doi.org/j.geoforum.2019.06.008CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, J. (1990). Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity. Routledge.Google Scholar
Butler, J. (1993). Bodies that matter: On the discursive limits of “sex”. Routledge.Google Scholar
Button, M., & Cross, C. (2017). Cyber frauds, scams and their victims. Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Capone, A. (2010). Barack Obama’s South Carolina speech. Journal of Pragmatics, 42, 29642977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2010.06.011CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlson, M. (2007). Blogs and journalistic authority. Journalism Studies, 8, 264279. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700601148861CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlson, M. (2020). Fake news as an informational moral panic: The symbolic deviancy of social media during the 2016 US presidential election. Information, Communication & Society, 23(3), 374388. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2018.1505934CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carpentier, N. (2011). Contextualising author-audience convergences. Cultural Studies, 25(4–5), 517533. https://doi.org/10.1080/09502386.2011.600537CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cassam, C. A., Chunara, R., Mandl, K., & Brownstein, J. S. (2013). Twitter as a sentinel in emergency situations: Lessons from the Boston marathon explosions. PLOS Current Disasters. https://doi.org/10.1371/currents.dis.ad70cd1c8bc585e9470046cde334ee4bCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chadha, K., Steiner, L., Vitak, J., & Ashktorab, Z. (2020). Women’s responses to online harassment. International Journal of Communication, 14, 239257. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/11683Google Scholar
Chadwick, A. (2017). The hybrid media system: Politics and power (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chang, L. Y. C., & Poon, R. (2016). Internet vigilantism: Attitudes and experiences of university students in Hong Kong. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 61(6), 19121932. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X16639037CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chou, W.-Y. S., Gaysynsky, A., & Vanderpool, R. C. (2021). The COVID-19 misinfodemic: Moving beyond fact-checking. Health Education & Behavior, 48(1), 913. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198120980675CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chronicle of Higher Education. (2015, September 3). “Ask Me”: What LGBTQ Students Want Their Professors to Know. [Video] YouTube. www.youtube.com/watch?v=rnbnF8QAnsYGoogle Scholar
CNN. (2022, March 9). How Zelensky is using social media to dominate the information war. CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/videos/media/2022/03/09/volodymyr-zelensky-social-media-ukraine-todd-dnt-intl-tsr-vpx.cnnGoogle Scholar
Cohen, S. D., Sharma, T., Acquaviva, K., Peterson, R. A., Patel, S. S., & Kimmel, P. L. (2007). Social support and chronic kidney disease: An update. Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease, 14(4), 335344. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ackd.2007.04.007CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coles, B. A., & West, M. (2016). Trolling the trolls: Online forum users constructions of the nature and properties of trolling. Computers in Human Behaviour, 60, 233244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.02.070CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colomina, C., Margalef, H. S., & Youngs, R. (2021). The impact of disinformation on democratic processes and human rights in the world. European Parliament, DROI Subcommittee.Google Scholar
Conrad, P., & Rondini, A. (2010). The internet and medicalization: Reshaping the global body and illness. In Ettorre, E. (Ed.), Culture, bodies and the sociology of health (pp. 107120). Routledge.Google Scholar
Conrad, P., & Stults, C. (2010). Internet and the experience of illness. In Bird, C., Conrad, P., Fremont, A., & Timmermans, S. (Eds.), Handbook of medical sociology (6th ed., pp. 179191). Vanderbilt University Press.Google Scholar
Conrad, P., Bandini, J., & Vasquez, A. (2016). Illness and the Internet: From private to public experience. Health, 20(1), 2232. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363459315611941CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coombs, W. T. (2014). State of crisis communication: Evidence and the bleeding edge. Research Journal of Institute of Public Relations, 1(1), 112. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781544308531Google Scholar
Cosentino, G. (2020). Social media and the post-truth world order: The global dynamics of disinformation. Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cover, R. (2016). Digital identities: Creating and communicating the online self. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Crystal, D. (2006). Language and the Internet (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cuan-Baltazar, J. Y., Muñoz-Perez, M. J., Robledo-Vega, C., Pérez-Zepeda, M. F., & Soto-Vega, E. (2020). Misinformation of COVID-19 on the Internet: Infodemiology study. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance, 6(2), e18444. https://doi.org/10.2196/184444CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Curwood, J. S, Magnifico, A. M., & Lammers, J. C. (2013). Writing in the wild: Writers’ motivation in fan-based affinity spaces. The Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 56(8), 677685. https://doi.org/10.1002/JAAL.192CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cusack, L., Desha, L. N., Del Mar, C., & Hoffmann, T. C. (2017). A qualitative study exploring high school students’ understanding of, and attitudes towards, health information and claims. Health Expectations, 20(5), 11631171. https://doi.org/10.1111/hex.12562CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Damar, M. È. (2010–2011). De la polimorphie du purisme linguistique sur l’Internet [About the multiple forms of linguistic purism about the internet]. Langage et Société, 131, 113130. https://doi.org/10.3917/ls.131.0113CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daniels, J. (2009). Cyber racism: White supremacy online and the new attack on civil rights. Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Davis, C. B., Glantz, M., & Novak, D. R. (2016). “You can’t run your SUV on cute. Let’s go!”: Internet memes as delegitimizing discourse. Environmental Communication, 10(1), 6283. https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2014.991411CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dawkins, R. (1983). The selfish gene. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Day, A. (2012). Satire and dissent: A theoretical overview. Comunicazione Politica, 12, 1942. https://digitalcommons.bryant.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1086&context=eng_jouGoogle Scholar
Del Valle, J., & Gabriel-Stheeman, L. (2001). Nationalism, hispanismo, and monoglossic culture. In Del Valle, J. & Gabriel-Stheeman, L. (Eds.), The battle over Spanish between 1800 and 2000: Language ideologies and hispanic intellectuals (pp. 113). Routledge.Google Scholar
Depoux, A., Martin, S., Karafillakis, E., Preet, R., Wilder-Smith, A., & Larson, H. (2020). The pandemic of social media panic travels faster than the COVID-19 outbreak. Journal of Travel Medicine, 27(3). https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taaa031CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diehl, T., Huber, B., Gil de Zúñiga, H., & Liu, J. (2021). Social media and beliefs about climate change: A cross-national analysis of news use, political ideology, and trust in science. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 33(2), 197214. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edz040CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donath, J. S. (1999). Identity and deception in the virtual community. In Smith, M. A., & Kollock, P. (Eds.), Communities in cyberspace (pp. 2959). Routledge.Google Scholar
Doroshenko, L., & Lukito, J. (2021). Trollfare: Russia’s disinformation campaign during military conflict in Ukraine. International Journal of Communication, 15, 46624689.Google Scholar
Dosh, K. (2012, October 29). The 10 most common lies in online dating profiles. Woman’s Day. www.womansday.com/relationships/dating-marriage/advice/a6759/online-dating-profile-lies/Google Scholar
Doty, C. (2015). Social epistemology and cognitive authority in online comments about vaccine safety. iConference 2015 Proceedings, Newport Beach, CA, March 24–27. http://hdl.handle.net/2142/73664Google Scholar
Dubé, L., Bourhis, A., & Réal, J. (2006). Towards a typology of virtual communities of practice. Interdisciplinary Journal of Information, Knowledge, and Management, 1, 6993. https://doi.org/10.28945/115CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duffy, A., & Kang, H. Y. P. (2020). Follow me, I’m famous: Travel bloggers’ self-mediated performances of everyday exoticism. Media, Culture & Society, 42(2), 172190. https://doi.org/10.1177/016344371985350CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duffy, B. E. (2017). (Not) getting paid to do what you love. Yale University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duggan, M. (2017). Online harassment 2017. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center. www.pewresearch.org/internet/2017/07/11/online-harassment-2017/Google Scholar
Duranti, A. (1994). From grammar to politics: Linguistic anthropology in a Western Samoan village. University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dynel, M., & Zappavigna, M. (2023). Enacting polyvocal scorn in #CovidConspiracy tweets: The orchestration of voices in humorous responses to COVID-19 conspiracy theories. Discourse, Context & Media, 52, 100670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcm.2023.100670CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dyson, M. P., Hartling, L., Shulhan, J., Chisholm, A., Milne, A., Sundar, P., Scott, S. D., & Newton, A. (2016). A systematic review on social media use to discuss and view deliberate self-harm acts. PLoS One, 11(5), 111. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155813CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Edwards, J. (2009). Language and identity: An introduction. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ekström, M., & Shehata, A. (2018). Social media, porous boundaries, and the development of online political engagement among young citizens. New Media & Society, 20(2), 740759. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816670325CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ekström, M., & Westlund, O. (2019). The dislocation of news journalism: A conceptual framework for the study of epistemologies of digital journalism. Media and Communication, 7, 259270. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v7i1.1763CrossRefGoogle Scholar
El País, . (2018, July 23). RAE: “El género gramatical no puede modificarse por decisión de unas personas.” El País. www.elpais.com.uy/informacion/sociedad/rae-el-genero-gramatical-no-puede-modificarse-por-decision-de-unas-personasGoogle Scholar
Enke, N., & Borchers, N. S. (2022). Social media influencers in strategic communication: A conceptual framework for strategic social media influencer communication. In Borchers, N. S. (Ed.), Social media influencers in strategic communication (pp. 723). Routledge.Google Scholar
Enli, G. (2017). Twitter as arena for the authentic outsider: Exploring the social media campaigns of Trump and Clinton in the 2016 US presidential election. European Journal of Communication, 32, 5061. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323116682802CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faber, T. (2022, March 8). Why gamers are skeptical of Zuckerberg’s Metaverse. Financial Times. www.ft.com/content/0c0e45dc-b0df-4a1a-8dd0-70668ce64a99Google Scholar
Fairclough, I., & Fairclough, N. (2012). Political discourse analysis: A method for advanced students. Routledge.Google Scholar
Fairclough, N. (2002). Critical and descriptive goals in discourse analysis. In Toolan, M. (Ed.), Critical discourse analysis (pp. 167206). Routledge.Google Scholar
Farnsworth, V., Kleanthous, I., & Wenger-Trayner, E. (2016). Communities of practice as a social theory of learning: A conversation with Etienne Wenger. British Journal of Educational Studies, 64(2), 139160. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071005.2015.1133799CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fay, N., Garrod, S., Roberts, L., & Swoboda, N. (2010). The interactive evolution of human communication systems. Cognitive Science, 34(3), 351386. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-6709.2009.01090.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fergie, G., Hilton, S., & Hunt, K. (2015), Young adults’ experiences of seeking online information about diabetes and mental health in the age of social media. Health Expectations 19(6), 13241335. https://doi.org/10.1111/hex.12430CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ferrari, E. (2018). Fake accounts, real activism: Political faking and user-generated satire as activist intervention. New Media & Society, 20(6), 22082223. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444817731918CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fiadotava, A., Astapova, A., Hendershott, R., McKinnon, M., & Jürgans, A.-S. (2023). Injecting fun? Humour, conspiracy theory and (anti)vaccination discourse in popular media. Public Understanding of Science, 32(5), 622640. https://doi.org/10.1177/09636625221147019CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Francesconi, R. A. (1982). James Hunt, the Wilmington 10, and institutional legitimacy. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 68, 4759. https://doi.org/10.1080/0033563820938591CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fischer, F. (2019). Knowledge politics and post-truth in climate denial: On the social construction of alternative facts. Critical Policy Studies, 13(2), 133152. https://doi.org/10.1080/19460171.2019.1602067CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fletcher, R., & Park, S. (2017). The impact of trust in the news media on online news consumption and participation. Digital Journalism, 5(10), 12811299. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2017.1279979CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foucault, M. (1976). The political function of the intellectual. Radical Philosophy, 17, 1214. www.radicalphilosophy.com/article/the-political-function-of-the-intellectualGoogle Scholar
Foucault, M. (2000). Truth and power. Power: Essential works of Foucault 1954–1984. Vol. 3. New Press.Google Scholar
Fox, N., & Ward, K. (2006). Health identities: From expert patient to resisting consumer. Health, 10(4), 461479. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363459306067314CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fox, N. J., Ward, K. J., & O’Rourke, A. J. (2005). The “expert patient”: Empowerment or medical dominance? The case of weight loss, pharmaceutical drugs and the internet. Social Science and Medicine, 60(6), 12991309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.07.005CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fox, S., & Duggan, M. (2013). Health Online. Pew Research Center. www.pewresearch.org/internet/2013/01/15/information-triage/Google Scholar
Freelon, D., McIlwain, C. D., & Clark, M. (2016). Beyond the Hashtags: #Ferguson, #BlackLivesMatter, and the Online Struggle for Offline Justice. Center for Media and Social Impact, School of Communication, American University, Washington, DC. http://cmsimpact.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/beyond_the_hashtags_2016.pdfGoogle Scholar
Freeman, G., Lidsky, L. B., Oberlander, L., & Zick, T. (2022). What does the Alex Jones case mean for the First Amendment and disinformation? Leading scholars, lawyers provide analysis. William & Mary Law School Scholarship Repository. https://firstamendmentwatch.org/what-does-the-alex-jones-case-mean-for-the-first-amendment-and-disinformation-leading-scholars-lawyers-provide-analysis/Google Scholar
Gaenssle, S., & Budzinski, O. (2021). Stars in social media: New light through old windows? Journal of Media Business Studies, 18(2), 79105. https://doi.org/10.1080/16522354.2020.1738694CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gal, N., Shifman, L., & Kampf, Z. (2016). “It gets better”: Internet memes and the construction of collective identity. New Media & Society, 18(8), 16981714. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444814568784CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gal, S., & Woolard, K. A. (1995). Constructing languages and publics: Authority and representation. Pragmatics, 5(2), 129138. https://doi.org/10.1075/prag.5.2.01galCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gallager, R. D. (2008). Principles of digital communication. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gee, J. P. (2004). Situated language and learning: A critique of traditional schooling. Routledge.Google Scholar
Gee, J. P. (2005). Semiotic social spaces and affinity spaces: From the Age of Mythology to today’s schools. In Barton, D. & Tusting, K. (Eds.), Beyond communities of practice: Language, power and social context (pp. 214232). Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gee, J. P. (2017). Affinity spaces and Twenty-first century learning. Educational Technology, 57(2), 2731. www.jstor.org/stable/44430520Google Scholar
Geniole, S. N., Bird, B. M., Witzel, A., McEvoy, J. T., & Proietti, V. (2022). Preliminary evidence that brief exposure to vaccination-related internet memes may influence intentions to vaccinate against COVID-19. Computers in Human Behavior, 131. 107218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107218CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Georgakopoulou, A. (2017). “Whose context collapse?”: Ethical clashes in the study of language and social media in context. Applied Linguistics Review, 8(2–3), 169189. https://doi.org/10.1515/applirev-2016-1034CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Georgakopoulou, A., & Spilioti, T. (2016). The Routledge handbook of language and digital communication. Routledge.Google Scholar
Geyser, W. (2022, December 19). Influencer rates: How much do influencers really cost in 2023? Influencer Marketing Hub. https://influencermarketinghub.com/influencer-rates/Google Scholar
Giansiracusa, N. (2021, October 15). Facebook uses deceptive math to hide its hate speech problem. Wired. www.wired.com/story/facebooks-deceptive-math-when-it-comes-to-hate-speech/Google Scholar
Gibson, R. B. (2020). Elective impairment minus elective disability: The social model of disability and body integrity identity disorder. Bioethical Inquiry, 17, 145155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11673-019-09959-5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gil de Zúñiga, H., Molyneux, L., & Zheng, P. (2014). Social media, political expression, and political participation: Panel analysis of lagged and concurrent relationships. Journal of Communication, 64(4), 612634. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12103CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giles, D. C., & Newbold, J. (2011). Self- and other-diagnosis in user-led mental health online communities. Qualitative Health Research, 21, 419428. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732310381388CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ging, D., & Siapera, E. (2018). Introduction: Special issue on online misogyny. Feminist Media Studies, 18, 515524. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2018.1447345CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glenn, A. D. (2015). Using online health communication to manage chronic sorrow: Mothers of children with rare diseases speak. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 30(1), 1724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2014.09.013CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life. Anchor Books.Google Scholar
Goffman, E. (1981). Forms of talk. University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Griffiths, K. M., Calear, A. L., Banfield, M., & Tam, A. (2009). Systematic review on Internet Support Groups (ISGs) and depression (2): What is known about depression ISGs? Journal of Medical Internet Research, 11(3), e40. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.1270CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gross, T. (2022, July 28). Charles Homans on “‘Stop the Steal’ has moved beyond Trump. Now it’s threatening future elections”. FRESH AIR. NPR www.npr.org/2022/07/28/1114224368/stop-the-steal-has-moved-beyond-trump-now-its-threatening-future-electionsGoogle Scholar
Guo, C., & Saxton, G. D. (2014). Tweeting social change: How social media are changing nonprofit advocacy. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 43(1), 5779. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764012471585CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Habermas, J. (1962). The structural transformation of the public sphere. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Habermas, J. (1991). The structural transformation of the public sphere: An inquiry into a category of bourgeois society. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Habermas, J. (2006). Political communication in media society: Does democracy still enjoy an epistemic dimension? The impact of normative theory on empirical research. Communication Theory, 16(4), 411426. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2006.00280.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hackworth, L. (2018). Limitations of “just gender”: The need for an intersectional reframing of online harassment discourse and research. In Vickery, J. R. & Everbach, T. (Eds.), Mediating misogyny: Gender, technology, and harassment (pp. 5170). Palgrave McMillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanna, B. E., & De Nooy, J. (2009). Learning language and culture via public internet discussion forums. Palgrave Macmillian.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hara, N., Shachaf, P., & Stoerger, S. (2009). Online communities of practice typology revisited. Journal of Information Science, 35, 740757. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165551509342361CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hardaker, C. (2010). Trolling in asynchronous computer-mediated communication: from user discussions to academic definitions. Journal of Politeness Research, 6, 215242. https://doi.org/10.1515/jplr.2010.011CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hardey, M. (1999). Doctor in the house: The internet as a source of lay health knowledge and the challenge to expertise. Sociology of Health and Illness, 21(6), 820835. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9566.00185CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hargittai, E., & Hinnant, A. (2008). Digital inequality: Differences in young adults’ use of the internet. Communication Research, 35(5), 602621. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650208321782CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hargittai, E., & Shafer, S. (2006). Differences in actual and perceived online skills: The role of gender. Social Science Quarterly, 87(2), 432448. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6237.2006.00389.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harper, T. (2022, October 16). This 33-year-old made more than 1,000 Wikipedia bios for unknown female scientists. NBC News Digital: TODAY.com. www.nbcnews.com/news/education/33-year-old-made-1000-wikipedia-bios-unknown-women-scientists-rcna52476Google Scholar
Harris, A. (2008a). Next wave cultures: Feminism, subcultures, activism. Routledge.Google Scholar
Harris, A. (2008b). Young women, late modern politics, and the participatory possibilities of online cultures. Journal of Youth Studies, 11(5), 481495. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676260802282950CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, A. (2010). Mind the gap: Attitudes and emergent feminist politics since the third wave. Australian Feminist Studies, 25(66), 475484. https://doi.org/10.1080/08164649.2010.520684CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harrison, S., & Barlow, J. (2009). Politeness strategies and advice-giving in an online arthritis workshop. Journal of Politeness Research, 5(1), 93111. https://doi.org/10.1515/JPLR.2009.006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harsin, J. (2015). Regimes of posttruth, postpolitics, and attention economies. Communication, Culture & Critique, 8(2), 327333. https://doi.org/10.1111/cccr.12097CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harton, H. C., Gunderson, M., & Bourgeois, M. J. (2022). “I’ll be there with you”: Social influence and cultural emergence at the capitol on January 6. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 26(3), 220238. https://doi.org/10.1037/gdn0000185CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Häussler, T. (2018). The media and the public sphere: A deliberative model of democracy. Routledge.Google Scholar
Hayes, E., & Gee, J. (2010). Public pedagogy through videogames: Design, resources, and affinity spaces. In Sandlin, J. A., Schultz, B. D., & Burdick, J. (Eds.), Handbook of public pedagogy: Education and learning beyond schooling (pp. 185193). Routledge.Google Scholar
Hernández, E. (2019, March 12). Elena Hernández: “La RAE califica el lenguaje inclusivo como “una moda” y llama a evitar el desdoble.” Cadena Ser. https://cadenaser.com/ser/2019/03/12/sociedad/1552403280_030191.htmlGoogle Scholar
Herring, S. C. (2000). Gender differences in CMC: Findings and implications. Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility, 18(1). http://cpsr.org/issues/womenintech/herring/Google Scholar
Herring, S. C., & Androutsopoulos, J. (2015). Computer-mediated discourse 2.0. In Tannen, D., Hamilton, H. E., & Schiffrin, D. (Eds.), The handbook of discourse analysis (2nd ed., pp. 127151). John Wiley & Sons.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herring, S., Job-Sluder, K., Scheckler, R., & Barab, S. (2002). Searching for safety online: Managing “trolling” in a feminist forum. The Information Society, 18(5), 371384. https://doi.org/10.1080/01972240290108186CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hicks, S., Halpin, E., & Hoskins, E. (Eds.). (2016). Human rights and the Internet. Springer.Google Scholar
Himma-Kadakas, M. (2017). Alternative facts and fake news entering journalistic content production cycle. Cosmopolitan Civil Societies: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 9(2), 2540. https://doi.org/10.5130/ccs.v9i2.5469Google Scholar
Hirvonen, N., Tirroniemi, A., & Kortelainen, T. (2019). The cognitive authority of user-generated health information in an online forum for girls and young women. Journal of Documentation, 75(1), 7898. https://doi.org/10.1108/JD-05-2018-0083CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoffman, A. J. (2011). Talking past each other? Cultural framing of skeptical and convinced logics in the climate change debate. Organization & Environment, 24(1), 333. https://doi.org/10.1177/1086026611404336CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hogan, B. (2010). The presentation of self in the age of social media: Distinguishing performances and exhibitions online. Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society, 30(6), 377386. https://doi.org/10.1177/0270467610385893CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holland, S. (2019). Constructing queer mother-knowledge and negotiating medical authority in online lesbian pregnancy journals. Sociology of Health & Illness, 41(1), 5266. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9566.12782CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Homans, C. (2022, July 19). How “Stop the Steal” captured the American right. The New York Times Magazine. www.nytimes.com/2022/07/19/magazine/stop-the-steal.htmlGoogle Scholar
Hoskins, A., & Shchelin, P. (2023). The war feed: Digital war in plain sight. American Behavioral Scientist, 67(3), 449463. https://doi.org/10.1177/00027642221144848CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hudders, L., De Jans, S., & De Veirman, M. (2021). The commercialization of social media stars: A literature review and conceptual framework on the strategic use of social media influencers. In Borchers, N. S. (Ed.), Social media influencers in strategic communication (pp. 2467). Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hufnagel, E. (2022). Emotional sense-making and critical thinking in the era of post-truth: The case of climate change. In Puig, B. & Jiménez-Aleixandre, M. P. (Eds.), Critical thinking in biology and environmental education (pp. 4154). Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hull, D. M., & Saxon, T. F. (2009). Negotiation of meaning and co-construction of knowledge: An experimental analysis of asynchronous online instruction. Computers & Education, 52(3), 624639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2008.11.005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huntington, H. E. (2016). Pepper Spray Cop and the American dream: using synecdoche and metaphor to unlock Internet memes’ visual political rhetoric. Communication Studies, 67(1), 7793. https://doi.org/10.1080/10510974.2015.1087414CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutchby, I. (2001). “Witnessing”: The use of first-hand knowledge in legitimating lay opinions on talk radio. Discourse Studies, 3(4), 481497. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445601003004009CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huvila, I., Holmberg, K., Ek, S., & Widén-Wulff, G. (2010). Social capital in Second Life. Online Information Review, 34, 295316. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165551513516711CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, S. J., & Welles, B. F. (2015). Hijacking #myNYPD: Social media dissent and networked counterpublics. Journal of Communication, 65(6), 932953. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12185CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jamieson, K. H., & Taussig, D. (2017). Disruption, demonization, deliverance, and norm destruction: The rhetorical signature of Donald J. Trump. Political Science Quarterly, 132, 619650. www.jstor.org/stable/45175869CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jang, S. M., & Hart, P. S. (2015 ). Polarized frames on “climate change” and “global warming” across countries and states: Evidence from Twitter big data. Global Environmental Change, 32, 1117. https://doi.org/10.106/j.gloenvcha.2015.02.010CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jaques, C., Islar, M., & Lord, G. (2019). Post-truth: Hegemony on social media and implications for sustainability communication. Sustainability, 11, 2120. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11072120CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jenkins, H. (2006). Convergence culture: Where old and new media collide. New York University Press.Google Scholar
Jenkins, H. (2009). Confronting the challenges of participatory culture: Media education in the 21st century. MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jeon, G. Y., & Rieh, S. Y. (2014). Answers from the crowd: how credible are strangers in social Q&A?. iConference 2014 Proceedings, 663–668. http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/106410Google Scholar
Jervis, R. (2017, April 21). Court seeks true persona of ‘InfoWars’ radio provocateur. USA Today. www.usatoday.com/story/news/2017/04/21/alex-jones-custody-court-case-true-persona-trump/100731154/Google Scholar
Jin, Y., van der meer, T. G. L. A., Lee, Y.-I., & Lu, X. (2020). The effects of corrective communication and employee backup on the effectiveness of fighting crisis misinformation. Public Relations Review, 46, 101910. https://doi/org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2020.101910CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, S. K., Keplinger, K., Kirk, J. F., & Barnes, L. (2019, July 18). Has sexual harassment at work decreased since #MeToo? Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2019/07/has-sexual-harassment-at-work-decreased-since-metooGoogle Scholar
Jordan, B. (1997). Authoritative knowledge and its construction. In Davis-Floyd, R. & Sargent, C. (Eds.), Childbirth and authoritative knowledge: Cross-cultural perspectives (pp. 5579). University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joyce, D. (2015). Internet freedom and human rights. The European Journal of International Law, 26(2), 493514. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chv021CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Juandiego (2013, September 11). tod@s/todxs/tod*s (Neutralidad de género). WordReference. [Online forum post] https://forum.wordreference.com/threads/tod-s-todxs-tod-s-neutralidad-de-g%C3%A9nero.2700758/Google Scholar
Jungmann, S. M., Brand, S., Kolb, J., & Witthöft, M. (2020). Do Dr. Google and health apps have (comparable) side effects? An experimental study. Clinical Psychological Science, 8(2), 306371. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702619894904CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kalpokas, I. (2019). A political theory of post-truth. Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kalpokas, I., & Kalpokienė, J. (2023). Regulating the metaverse: A critical assessment. Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karni, A., Khurana, M., & Thompson, S. A. (2022, November 5). How Republicans fed a misinformation loop about the Pelosi attack. New York Times. www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/11/05/us/politics/pelosi-attack-misinfo-republican-politicians.htmlGoogle Scholar
Karpf, D. (2019). The Internet and engaged citizenship. American Academy of Arts and Sciences.Google Scholar
Kata, A. (2010). A postmodern Pandora’s box: Anti-vaccination misinformation on the Internet. Vaccine, 28(7), 17091716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.12.022CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kazmer, M. M., Lustria, M. L. A., Cortese, J., Burnett, G., Kim, J.-H., Ma, J., & Frost, J. (2014). Distributed knowledge in an online patient support community: Authority and discovery. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 65, 13191334. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.23064CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keller, J. M. (2012). Virtual feminisms: Girls’ blogging communities, feminist activism, and participatory politics. Information, Communication & Society, 15(3), 429447. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2011.642890CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kellner, D. (2018). Donald Trump and the politics of lying. In Peters, M. A., Rider, S., Hyvönen, M., & Besley, T. (Eds.), Post-truth, fake news: Viral modernity in higher education (pp. 89100). Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelsey, S., & St. Amant, K. (2012). Computer-mediated communication across cultures: International interactions in online environments. IGI Global.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
KhosraviNik, M. (2014). Critical discourse analysis, power and New media discourse. In Kalyango, Y. & Kopytowska, M. (Eds.), Why discourse matters: Negotiating identity in the mediatized world (pp. 287306). Peter Lang.Google Scholar
KhosraviNik, M. (2017). Social Media Critical Discourse Studies (SM-CDS). In Flowerdew, J. & Richardson, J. (Eds.), Handbook of critical discourse analysis (pp. 582596). Routledge.Google Scholar
KhosraviNik, M., & Esposito, E. (2018). Online hate, digital discourse and critique: Exploring digitally-mediated discursive practices of gender-based hostility. Lodz Papers in Pragmatics, 14(1), 4568. https://doi.org/10.1515/lpp-2018-0003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
KhosraviNik, M., & Unger, J. (2016). Critical discourse studies and social media: Power, resistance and critique in changing media ecologies. In Wodak, R. & Meyer, M. (Eds.), Methods of critical discourse analysis (3rd ed., pp. 205234). Sage.Google Scholar
King, N. B. (2015). Mediating panic: The iconography of “new” infectious threats, 1936–2009. In Peckham, Robert (Ed.), Empires of panic: Epidemics and colonial anxieties (pp. 167189). Hong Kong University Press, https://doi.org/10.5790/hongkong/9789888208449.003.0008Google Scholar
Kiss, C., & Bichler, M. (2008). Identification of influencers: Measuring influence in customer networks. Decision Support Systems, 46(1), 233253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2008.06.007CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kitzinger, C. (2000) How to resist an idiom. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 33(2), 121154. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327973RLS13302_1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kligler-Vilenchik, N. (2017). Alternative citizenship models: Contextualizing new media and the new “good citizen”. New Media and Society, 19(11), 18871903. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444817713742CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knafo, D. (2021). Digital desire and the cyber imposter: A psychoanalytic reflection on catfishing. Psychoanalytic Dialogues, 31(6), 728743. https://doi.org/10.1080/10481885.2021.1976187CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koven, M., & Simões Marques, I. (2015). Performing and evaluating (non)modernities of Portuguese migrant figures on YouTube: The case of Antonio de Carglouch. Language in Society, 44(2), 213242. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404515000056CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kreis, R. (2017). The “tweet politics” of President Trump. Journal of Language and Politics, 16(4), 607618. https://doi.org/10.1075/jlp.17032.kreCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krugman, P. (2016, September 9). Donald Trump’s “Big Liar” technique. The New York Times. www.nytimes.com/2016/09/09/opinion/donald-trumps-big-liar-technique.html?_r=1Google Scholar
Kummervold, P. E., Chronaki, C. E., Lausen, B., Prokosch, H.-U., Rasmussen, J., Santana, S., Staniszewski, A., & Wangberg, S. C. (2008). eHealth trends in Europe 2005–2007: A population-based survey. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 10(4), e42. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.1023CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kytölä, S. (2013). Multilingual language use and metapragmatic reflexivity in Finnish Internet football forums. A study in the sociolinguistics of globalization. Jyväskylä University Printing House.Google Scholar
Laaksonen, S.-M., Koivukokski, J., & Porttikivi, M. (2022). Clowning around a polarized issue: Rhetorical strategies and communicative outcomes of a political parody performance by Loldiers of Odin. New Media & Society, 24(8), 19121931. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444821989621CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lambertucci, C. (2024, February 27). Milei anuncia la prohibición del lenguaje inclusivo y de “todo lo referente a la perspectiva de género.” El País. https://elpais.com/argentina/2024-02-27/milei-anuncia-la-prohibicion-del-lenguaje-inclusivo-y-de-todo-lo-referente-a-la-perspectiva-de-genero.htmlGoogle Scholar
Labov, W. (1972). Sociolinguistic patterns. University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Labov, W. (1984). Field methods of the Project on Linguistic Change and Variation. In Baugh, J. & Sherer, J. (Eds.), Language in use (pp. 4370). Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Labov, W. (1989). The exact description of the speech community: Short-a in Philadelphia. In Fasold, R. & Schiffrin, D. (Eds.), Language change and variation (pp. 157). John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Lakoff, G. (2017, January 13). A taxonomy of Trump tweets. On the Media: WNYC. www.wnyc.org/story/taxonomy-trump-tweetsGoogle Scholar
Lampe, C., & Resnick, P. (2004). Slash (dot) and burn: Distributed moderation in a large online conversation space. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 543550). Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/985692.985761CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larson, K. R., & McHendry, G. F. Jr. (2019). Parasitic publics. Rhetoric Society Quarterly, 49(5), 517541. https://doi.org/10.1080/02773945.2019.1671986CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lave, J., & Wenger, E. (1991). Situated learning: Legitimate peripheral participation. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lazer, D., Baum, M., Grinberg, N., Friedland, L., Joseph, K., Hobbs, W., & Mattson, C. (2017). Combating fake news: An agenda for research and action. www.sipotra.it/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Combating-Fake-News.pdfGoogle Scholar
Lee, F. L. F. (2015). Internet alternative media use and oppositional knowledge. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 27(3), 318340. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edu040CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, J. A., & Eastin, M. S. (2020). I like what she’s #Endorsing: The impact of female social media influencers’ perceived sincerity, consumer envy, and product type. Journal of Interactive Advertising, 20(1), 7691. https://doi.org/10.1080/15252019.2020.1737849CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, T. T. (2005). Media effects on political disengagement revisited. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 2(2), 416433. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769900508200211CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lévy, P. (1997). Collective intelligence: Mankind’s emerging world in cyberspace. Perseus Books.Google Scholar
Lewandowsky, S., Ecker, U. K. H., & Cook, J. (2017). Beyond misinformation: Understanding and coping with the post-truth era. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 6(4), 353369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2017.07.008CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewoniewski, W., Węcel, K., & Abramowicz, W. (2016). Quality and importance of Wikipedia articles in different languages. In Dregvaite, G. & Damasevicius, R. (Eds.), Information and software technologies. ICIST 2016 (pp. 613624). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46254-7_50Google Scholar
Li, C., & Lalani, F. (2022, January 14). How to address digital safety in the Metaverse. World Economic Forum. www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/01/metaverse-risks-challenges-digital-safety/Google Scholar
Liao, S., & Chou, E. (2012). Intention to adopt knowledge through virtual communities: Posters vs lurkers. Online Information Review, 36, 442461. https://doi.org/10.1108/14684521211241440CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, H. (2007). Social network profiles as taste performances. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13(1), 252275. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00395.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Livingstone, S. (2008). Taking risky opportunities in youthful content creation: Teenagers’ use of social networking sites for intimacy, privacy and self-expression. New Media & Society, 10(3), 393411. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444808089415CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lorenzini, D. (2015). What is a “Regime of Truth?” Le foucaldien, 1(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.16995/lefou.2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lorusso, A. M. (2020). Between truth, legitimacy, and legality in the post-truth era. International Journal of the Semiotics of Law, 33, 10051017. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-020-09752-3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luoma-aho, V., Pirttimäki, T., Maity, D., Munnukka, J., & Hanna Reinikaine, H. (2021). Primed authenticity: How priming impacts authenticity perception of social media influencers. In Borchers, N. S. (Ed.), Social media influencers in strategic communication (pp. 119132). Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Macek, J. (2013). More than a desire for text: Online participation and the social curation of content. Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, 19(3), 295302. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856513486530CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Madden, M., & Smith, A. (2010). Reputation management and social media. http://pewinternet.org/~/media//Files/Reports/2010/PIP_Reputation_Management.pdfGoogle Scholar
Madhow, U. (2008). Fundamentals of digital communication. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Magnifico, A. M. (2012). The game of neopian writing. In Hayes, E. R. & Duncan, S. C. (Eds.), Learning in videogame affinity spaces (pp. 212234). Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Mansour, A., & Francke, H. (2017). Credibility assessments of everyday life information on Facebook: A sociocultural investigation of a group of mothers. Information Research, 22(2). https://informationr.net/ir/22-2/paper750.htmlGoogle Scholar
March, E., & Marrington, J.. (2019). A qualitative analysis of Internet trolling. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 22(3), 192197. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2018.0210CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marche, S. (2022, December 6). The college essay Is dead: Nobody is prepared for how AI will transform academia. The Atlantic. www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2022/12/chatgpt-ai-writing-college-student-essays/672371/Google Scholar
Mari, S., Gil de Zúñiga, H., Suerdem, A., Hanke, K., Brown, G., Vilar, R., Boer, D., & Bilewicz, M. (2022). Conspiracy theories and institutional trust: Examining the role of uncertainty avoidance and active social media use. Political Psychology, 43(2), 277296. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.1274CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marôpo, L., Jorge, A., & Tomaz, R. (2020). “I felt like I was really talking to you!”: Intimacy and trust among teen vloggers and followers in Portugal and Brazil. Journal of Children and Media, 14(1), 2237. https://doi.org/10.1080.17482798.2019.1699589CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, J. R., & White, P. R. R. (2005). The language of evaluation: Appraisal in English. Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martín Rojo, L., & Van Dijk, T. A. (1997). There was a problem, and it was solved! Legitimating the expulsion of “illegal” immigrants in Spanish parliamentary discourse. Discourse & Society, 8(4), 523566. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926597008004005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marwick, A. (2013). Online identity. In Hartley, J., Burgess, J., & Bruns, A. (Eds.), Companion to new media dynamics (pp. 355364). Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marwick, A. E., & boyd, d. (2011). I tweet honestly, I tweet passionately: Twitter users, context collapse, and the imagined audience. New Media & Society, 13(1), 114133. http://doi.org/10.1177/1461444810365313CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matheson, D. (2018). The performance of publicness in social media: Tracing patterns in tweets after a disaster. Media, Culture & Society, 40(4), 584599. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443717741356CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mathwick, C., Wiertz, C., & de Ruyter, K. (2008). Social capital production in a virtual P3 community. Journal of Consumer Research, 34, 832849. https://doi.org/10.1086/523291CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCann-Mortimer, P., Augoustinos, M., & LeCouteur, A. (2004). “Race” and the Human Genome Project: Constructions of scientific legitimacy. Discourse & Society, 15(4), 409432. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926504043707CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McComiskey, B. (2017). Post-truth rhetoric and composition. University Press of Colorado.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCosker, A. (2014). Trolling as provocation: YouTube’s agonistic publics. Convergence, 20(2), 201217. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856513501413CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGranahan, C. (2017). An anthropology of lying: Trump and the political sociality of moral outrage. American Ethnologist, 44(2), 243248. https://doi.org/10.1111/amet.12475CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKenzie, P. (2003). Justifying cognitive authority decisions: Discursive strategies of information seekers. The Library Quarterly: Information, Community, Policy, 73(3), 261288. www.jstor.org/stable/4309663Google Scholar
Melucci, A. (1995). The process of collective identity. In Johnston, H. & Klandermans, B. (Eds.), Social movements and culture (pp. 4163). University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Mendoza-Denton, N. (2004). Language and identity. In Chambers, J. K., Trudgill, P., & Schilling-Estes, N. (Eds.), The handbook of variation and change (pp. 475499). Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MeToo Movement. (n.d.). History and inception. https://metoomvmt.org/get-to-know-us/history-inception/Google Scholar
Meunier, D., & Rosier, L. (2012). La langue qui fâche: Quand la norme qui lâche suscite l’insulte [The languages that angers: when the lack of a norm raises the insult]. Argumentation et Analyse du Discourse, 8, 213. https://doi.org/10.4000/aad.1285Google Scholar
Meyers, O. (2008). Contextualizing alternative journalism: Haolam Hazeh and the birth of critical Israeli newsmaking. Journalism Studies, 9(3), 374391. https://doi.org/10.1080/-14616700801999170CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MidJourney, (2023). (November 28 version) OpenAI. [Image generator] www.midjourney.com/home?callbackUrl=%2FexploreGoogle Scholar
Mihailidis, P. (2020). The civic potential of memes and hashtags in the lives of young people. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 41(5), 762781. https://doi.org/10.1080/01596306.2020.1769938Google Scholar
Miller, V. (2017). Phatic culture and the status quo: Reconsidering the purpose of social media activism. Convergence, 23(3), 251269. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856515592512CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milner, R. M. (2013). Pop polyvocality: Internet memes, public participation, and the Occupy Wall Street movement. International Journal of Communication, 7, 23572390. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/1949Google Scholar
Mitra, R. (2019). Online performances of expertise by sustainability practitioners tracing communicative episodes of professional (de)legitimization. In Ross, A. S. & Rivers, D. J. (Eds.), Discourses of (de)legitimization: Participatory culture in digital contexts (pp. 8399). Routledge.Google Scholar
Moffitt, B. (2016). The global rise of populism: Performance, political style and representation. Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Morton, T. A., Rabinovich, A., Marshall, D., & Bretschneider, P. (2011). The future that may (or may not) come: How framing changes responses to uncertainty in climate change communications. Global Environmental Change, 21, 103109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.09.013CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mourtzis, D. (2023). The metaverse in Industry 5.0: A human-centric approach towards personalized value creation. Encyclopedia, 3, 11051120. https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia3030080CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murthy, D. (2012). Towards a sociological understanding of social media: Theorizing Twitter. Sociology, 46(6), 10591073. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038511422553CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murthy, D., & Longwell, S. A. (2013). Twitter and disasters: The uses of twitter during the 2010 Pakistan floods. Information, Communication & Society, 16(6), 837855. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2012.696123CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nahir, M. (1998). Micro Language planning and the revival of Hebrew: A schematic framework. Language in Society, 27, 335357. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500020005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL). (n.d.). Social Media and Children 2023 Legislation. www.ncsl.org/technology-and-communication/social-media-and-children-2023-legislationGoogle Scholar
Neag, A., & Berger, R. (2019). Always on, but never there? Political parody, the carnivalesque and the rise of the “Nectorate”. In Ross, A. S. & Rivers, D. J. (Eds.), Discourses of (de)legitimization: Participatory cultures in digital contexts (pp. 211227). Routledge.Google Scholar
Neal, D. (2010). The conundrum of providing authoritative online consumer health information: Current research and implications for information professionals. Bulletin of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 36(4), 3337. https://doi.org/10.1002/bult.2010.1720360409CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neal, D. M., Campbell, A. J., Williams, L.Y., Liu, Y., & Nussbaumer, D. (2011). “I did not realize so many options are available”: Cognitive authority, emerging adults, and e-mental health. Library & Information Science Research, 33(1), 2633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lisr.2010.07.015CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nettleton, S., Burrows, R., & O’Malley, L. (2005). The mundane realities of the everyday lay use of the internet for health, and their consequences for media convergence. Sociology of Health and Illness, 27(7), 972992. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9566.2005.00466.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
New York City Human Rights. (2018). Gender identity/Gender expression: Legal enforcement guidance. www.nyc.gov/site/cchr/law/legal-guidances-gender-identity-expression.page#1Google Scholar
Nichols, T. M. (2017). The death of expertise: The campaign against established knowledge and why it matters. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Nistor, N., Baltes, B., Dascălu, M., Mihăilă, D., Smeaton, G., & Trăuşan-Matu, S. (2014). Participation in virtual academic communities of practice under the influence of technology acceptance and community factors. A learning analytics application. Computers in Human Behavior, 34, 339344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.051CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nistor, N., & Fischer, F. (2012). Communities of practice in academia. Testing a quantitative model. Learning, Culture and Social Interaction, 1(2), 114126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lcsi.2012.05.005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nolan, P. (2015). Learning to circumvent the limitations of the written-self: The rhetorical benefits of poetic fragmentation and internet “catfishing”. Persona Studies, 1(1), 5364. https://doi.org/10.21153/ps2015vol1no1art431CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nonnecke, B., & Preece, J. (1999). Shedding light on lurkers in online communities. Paper presented at the Ethnographic Studies in Real and Virtual Environments: Inhabited Information Spaces and Connected Communities. Edinburgh. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=e7dde9c3daebb20ae54b599a2ac95350d80397f4Google Scholar
Nonnecke, B., & Preece, J. (2001). Why lurkers lurk. Paper presented at the Americas Conference on Information Systems. Boston. www.cis.uoguelph.ca/~nonnecke/research/whylurk.pdfGoogle Scholar
Nonnecke, B., Preece, J., Andrews, D., & Voutour, R. (2004). Online lurkers tell why. Paper presented at the American Conference on Information Systems. New York. www.cis.uoguelph.ca/~nonnecke/research/OnlineLurkersTellWhy.pdfGoogle Scholar
Novakovich, J., Miah, S., & Shaw, S. (2017). Designing curriculum to shape professional social media skills and identity in virtual communities of practice. Computers & Education, 104, 6590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2016.11.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ntonis, E., Jurstakova, K., Neville, F., Haslam, S. A., & Reicher, S. (2023). A warrant for violence? An analysis of Donald Trump’s speech before the US Capitol attack. British Journal of Social Psychology, 63(1), 319. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12679CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Numerato, D., Vochocová, L., Štêtka, V., & Macková, A. (2019). The vaccination debate in the “post-truth” era: Social media as sites of multi-layered reflexivity. Sociology of Health and Illness, 41(S1), 8297. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9566.12873CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nyhan, B., & Reifler, J. (2010). When corrections fail: The persistence of political misperceptions. Political Behavior, 32, 303330. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-010-9112-2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ochs, E. (1979). Planned and unplanned discourse. In Givón, T. (Ed.), Syntax and Semantics, 12: Discourse and Syntax (pp. 5180). Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Neill, J. (2021, November 11). Thumbs down: YouTube to delete “dislike” counts on videos. New York Post. https://nypost.com/2021/11/11/youtube-to-delete-dislike-counts-on-videos/Google Scholar
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) / Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR). (2009). Hate crime laws: A practical guide. www.osce.org/odihr/36426Google Scholar
Osthus, D. (2004). Le bon usage d’internet – Le discours normatif sur la toile [The proper use of the internet – Normative discourse about screens]. www.dietmar-osthus.de/norme.htmGoogle Scholar
Ott, B. L. (2017). The age of Twitter: Donald J. Trump and the politics of debasement. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 34(1), 5968. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295036.2016.1266686CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ott, B. L., & Dickinson, G. (2019). The Twitter presidency: Donald J. Trump and the politics of white rage. Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pandey, S., Hart, J., & Tiwary, S. (2003). Women’s health and the internet: Understanding emerging trends and implications. Social Science and Medicine, 56, 179191. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0277-9536(02)00019-9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Papacharissi, Z. (2002). The presentation of self in virtual life: Characteristics of personal home pages. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 79(3), 643660. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769900207900307CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Papacharissi, Z. (2009). The virtual sphere 2.0: The Internet, the public sphere and beyond. In Chadwick, A. & Howard, P. N. (Eds.), Routledge handbook of Internet politics (pp. 230245). Routledge.Google Scholar
Papacharissi, Z. (2010). A private sphere: Democracy in a digital age. Polity Press.Google Scholar
Park, J. K. (2015). Student interactivity and teacher participation: An application of legitimate peripheral participation in higher education online learning environments. Technology, Pedagogy and Education, 24(3), 389406. https://doi.org/10.1080/1475939X.2014.935743CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patel, N. J. (2021, December 22). Reality or fiction? Medium. https://medium.com/kabuni/fiction-vs-non-fiction-98aa0098f3b0Google Scholar
PatientsLikeMe | About us. (n.d.). PatientsLikeMe. www.patientslikeme.com/aboutGoogle Scholar
Patrick, P. L. (2004). The speech community. In Chambers, J. K., Trudgill, P., & Schilling-Estes, N. (Eds.), Handbook of language variation and change (pp. 573598). Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Penney, J., & Dadas, C. (2014). (Re)tweeting in the service of protest: Digital composition and circulation in the Occupy Wall Street movement. New Media & Society, 16(1), 7490. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444813479593CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Persily, N. (2017). Can democracy survive the Internet? Journal of Democracy, 28(2), 6376. https://pacscenter.stanford.edu/publication/can-democracy-survive-the-internet/CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peterson, Jordan B. (September 27, 2016). Part 1: Fear and the Law [Video] YouTube. www.youtube.com/watch?v=fvPgjg201w0Google Scholar
Philips, S. (2004). Language and social inequality. In Duranti, A. (Ed.), A companion to linguistic anthropology (pp. 474495). Blackwell.Google Scholar
Phillips, W. (2015). This is why we can’t have nice things: Mapping the relationship between online trolling and mainstream culture. MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Picheta, R. (2019, November 18). The flat-Earth conspiracy is spreading around the globe. Does it hide a darker core? CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2019/11/16/us/flat-earth-conference-conspiracy-theories-scli-intl/index.htmlGoogle Scholar
Pilgrim, K., & Bohnet-Joschko, S. (2019). Selling health and happiness how influencers communicate on Instagram about dieting and exercise: mixed methods research. BMC Public Health, 19, 1054. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7387-8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pohjanen, A. M., & Kortelainen, T. A. M. (2016). Transgender information behaviour. Journal of Documentation, 72(1), 172190. https://doi.org/10.1108/JD-04-2015-0043CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Politi, D. (2020, April 15). In Argentina, a bid to make language gender neutral gains traction. The New York Times. www.nytimes.com/2020/04/15/world/americas/argentina-gender-language.html?smid=em-shareGoogle Scholar
Połosz, R. (2022). How do base rules constitute a virtual world? International Journal for the Semiotics of Law, 35, 18791901. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-022-09903-8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pond, P., & Lewis, J. (2019). Riots and Twitter: Connective politics, social media and framing discourses in the digital public sphere. Information, Communication & Society, 22(2), 213231. https://doi.org/10.1080.1369118X.2017.1366539CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pöyry, E., Pelkonen, M., Naumanen, E., & Laaksonen, S.-M. (2021). A call for authenticity: Audience responses to social media influencer endorsements in strategic communication. In Borchers, N. S. (Ed.), Social media influencers in strategic communication (pp. 103118). Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
President Biden, [@POTUS]. (2022, January 5). I know COVID testing remains frustrating, but we are making improvements. In the last two weeks we have stood up. [Post]. https://x.com/POTUS/status/1478761964327297026Google Scholar
Reglitz, M. (2020). The human right to free Internet access. Journal of Applied Philosophy, 37, 314331. https://doi.org/10.1111/japp.12395CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reisigl, M., & Wodak, R. (2001). Discourse and discrimination: Rhetorics of racism and antisemitism. Routledge.Google Scholar
Reisigl, M., & Wodak, R. (2009). The discourse-historical approach (DHA). In Wodak, R. & Meyer, M. (Eds.), Methods of critical discourse analysis (2nd ed., pp. 87121). Sage.Google Scholar
Reyes, A. (2011). Strategies of legitimization in political discourse: From words to actions. Discourse & Society, 22(6), 781807. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926511419927CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reyes, A. (2013). Don’t touch my language: Attitudes toward institutional language reforms. Current Issues in Language Planning, 14, 337357. https://doi.org/10.1080/14664208.2013.812946CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reyes, A. (2018). Virtual communities: Interaction, identity and authority in digital communication. Text & Talk, 39(1), 99120. https://doi.org/10.1515/text-2018-2020CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reyes, A. (2019). (De)legitimizing language uses in language ideological debates online. In Ross, A. S. & Rivers, D. J. (Eds.), Discourses of (de)legitimization: Participatory culture in digital contexts (pp. 1735). Routledge.Google Scholar
Reyes, A. (2020). I, TRUMP: The cult of personality, Anti-intellectualism and the post-truth era. Journal of Language and Politics, 19(6), 869893. https://doi.org/10.1075/jlp.20002.reyCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reyes, A., & Bonnin, J. E. (2016). Negotiating use, norm and authority in online language forums. Current Issues in Language Planning, 18(2), 136160. https://doi.org/10.1080/14664208.2016.1220280CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reyes, A., & Ross, A. (2021). From the White House with anger: Conversational features in President Trump’s official communication. Language & Communication, 77, 4655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langcom.2020.12.003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rezaee, M. E., Goddard, B., Sverrisson, E. F., Seigne, J. D., & Dagrosa, L. N. (2019). “Dr Google”: Trends in online interest in prostate cancer screening, diagnosis and treatment. BJUI International, 124(4), 629634. https://doi.org/10.1111/bju.1486CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rheingold, H. (1993). The virtual community: Homesteading on the electronic frontier. Addison Wesley.Google Scholar
Robinson, L. (2007). The cyberself: The self-ing project goes online, symbolic interaction in the digital age. New Media & Society, 9, 93110. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444807072216CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodríguez-Vidal, J., Gonzalo, J., Plaza, L., & Anaya Sánchez, H. (2019). Automatic detection of influencers in social networks: Authority versus domain signals. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 70(7), 675684. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.24156CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rohlinger, D. A., & Williams, C. (2019). Crises and civility: Twitter discourse after school shootings. In Boatright, R. G., Shaffer, T. J., Sobieraj, S., & Young, D. G. (Eds.), A crisis of civility? Political discourse and its discontents (pp. 95112). Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ross, A. S. (2019). “Stop the boats”: Internet memes as case study of multimodal delegitimization of Australian refugee policy rhetoric. In Ross, A. S. & Rivers, D. J. (Eds.), Discourses of (de)legitimization: Participatory culture in digital contexts (pp. 103125). Routledge.Google Scholar
Ross, A. S., & Bhatia, A. (2019). #secondcivilwarletters from the front: Discursive illusions in a trending Twitter hashtag. New Media & Society, 21(10), 22222241. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819843311CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ross, A. S., & Caldwell, D. (2020). “Going negative”: An APPRAISAL analysis of the rhetoric of Donald Trump on Twitter. Language & Communication, 70, 1327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langcom.2019.09.003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ross, A. S., & Logi, L. (2021). “Hello, this is Martha”: Interaction dynamics of live scambaiting on Twitch. Convergence, 27(6), 17891810. https://doi.org/10.1077/13548565211015453CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ross, A. S., & Rivers, D. J. (2017). Digital cultures of political participation: Internet memes and the discursive delegitimization of the 2016 U.S. Presidential candidates. Discourse, Context & Media, 16, 111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcm.2017.01.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ross, A. S., & Rivers, D. J. (2018a). Discursive deflection: Accusation of “fake news” and the spread of mis- and disinformation in the tweets of President Trump. Social Media + Society, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305118776010CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ross, A. S., & Rivers, D. J. (2018b). Internet memes as polyvocal political participation. In Schill, D. & Hendricks, J. A. (Eds.), The Presidency and social media: Discourse, disruption, and digital democracy in the 2016 Presidential election (pp. 285308). Routledge.Google Scholar
Ross, A. S., & Rivers, D. J. (2019a). Internet memes, media frames, and the conflicting logics of climate change discourse. Environmental Communication, 13(7), 975994. https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2018.1560347CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ross, A. S., & Rivers, D. J. (Eds.). (2019b). Discourses of (de)legitimization: Participatory culture in digital contexts. Routledge.Google Scholar
Ross, A. S., & Rivers, D. J. (2020). Donald Trump, legitimisation and a new political rhetoric. World Englishes, 39(4), 623637. https://doi.org/10.1111/weng.12501CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rothstein, B. (2003). Socialafällorochtillitens problem. SNS Förlag.Google Scholar
Roxburgh, N., Guan, D., Shin, K. J., Rand, W., Managi, S., Lovelace, R., & Meng, J. (2019). Characterising climate change discourse on social media during extreme weather events. Global Environmental Change, 54, 5060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.11.004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rull, A. N. (2005). Por qué la Real Academia Española es modelo de norma lingüística [Why is the Royal Spanish Academy a role-model regarding linguistic norm-making]. Paper presented at XXIII AISPI. Palermo.Google Scholar
Rymes, B. (2014). Communication beyond language: Everyday encounters with diversity. Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rymes, B., & Leone, A. R. (2014). Citizen sociolinguistics: A new media methodology for understanding language and social life. Working Papers in Educational Linguistics, 29, 2543. https://10.13140/2.1.3284.9605Google Scholar
Salek, T. A. (2023). Deflecting deliberation through rhetorical nihilism: “Stop the Steal” as an unethical and intransigent rival public. Communication and Democracy, 57(1), 94118. https://doi.org/10.1080/27671127.2023.2202744CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sales, N. J. (2024, January 5). A girl was allegedly raped in the metaverse. Is this the beginning of a dark new future? The Guardian. www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2024/jan/05/metaverse-sexual-assault-vr-game-online-safety-metaGoogle Scholar
Sandaunet, A. G. (2008). The challenge of fitting in: Non-participation and withdrawal from an online self-help group for breast cancer patients. Sociology of Health & Illness, 30(1), 131144. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9566.2007.01041.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
San Vicente, F. (2011). Variación actual en el concepto de norma del español: Apuntes para un enfoque contrastivo con el italiano [Current variation within the concept of “norm” in Spanish. Notes to a contrastive approach with Italian]. Lingüística Española Actual, 33(1), 125142.Google Scholar
Sauer, B., Krasteva, A., & Saarinen, A. (2018). Post-democracy, party politics and right-wing populist communication. In Pajnik, M. & Sauer, B. (Eds.), Populism and the web: Communicative practices of parties and movements in Europe (pp. 1435). Routledge.Google Scholar
Savolainen, R. (2007). Media credibility and cognitive authority: The case of seeking orienting information. Information Research, 12(3). www.informationr.net/ir/12-3/paper319.htmlGoogle Scholar
Savransky, R. (2013, March 13). Trump: “All I know is what’s on the Internet”. The Hill. https://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/presidential-races/272824-trump-all-i-know-is-whats-on-the-Internet/Google Scholar
Schaffer, R., Kuczynski, K., & Skinner, D. (2008). Producing genetic knowledge and citizenshipthrough the internet: Mothers, pediatric genetics and cybermedicine. Sociology of Health and Illness, 30(1), 145159. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9566-2007.01042.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schlozman, K. L., Verba, S., & Brady, H. E. (2012). The unheavenly chorus: Unequal political voice and the broken promise of American democracy. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Schradie, J. (2019). The revolution that wasn’t: How digital activism favors conservatives. Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwemmer, C., & Ziewiecki, S. (2018). Social media sellout: The increasing role of product promotion on YouTube. Social Media + Society, 4(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051187867CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott, T. (2013, July 5). Gender neutral pronouns: They’re here, get used to them [Video]. YouTube. www.youtube.com/watch?v=46ehrFk-gLk&t=4sGoogle Scholar
Scott, T. (n.d.). This comment section was reasonable a few years ago when I put this video up, but now it seems like… [Comment on the video “Gender Neutral Pronouns: They’re Here, Get Used To Them”]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=46ehrFk-gLk&lc=UggFPYJ6t5E6xXgCoAEC (Last visit on March 20, 2024).Google Scholar
Screti, F. (2013). Defending Joy against the Popular Revolution: Legitimation and delegitimation through songs. Critical Discourse Studies, 10(2), 205222. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2013.764614CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seale, C. (2005). New directions for critical internet health studies: Representing cancer experiences on the web. Sociology of Health and Illness, 27(4), 515540. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9566.2005.00454.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Senft, T. M. (2013). Microcelebrity and the branded self. In Hartley, J., Burgess, J., & Bruns, A. (Eds.), A companion to new media dynamics (pp. 346354). Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaw, A., & Hargittai, E. (2018). The pipeline of online participation inequalities: The case of Wikipedia editing, Journal of Communication, 68(1), 143168. https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqx003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sheffield, E. C. (2020). Twitter and Trumpism: Epistemological concerns in the post-truth era. In Agonstinone-Wilson, F. (Ed.), On the question of truth in the era of Trump (pp. 4760). Brill NV.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shifman, L. (2012). An anatomy of a YouTube meme. New Media & Society, 14(2), 187203. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444811412160CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shifman, L. (2013). Memes in a digital world: Reconciling with a conceptual troublemaker. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 18, 362377. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12013CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shifman, L. (2014). Memes in digital culture. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Sifry, M. L. (2014). The big disconnect: Why the Internet hasn’t transformed politics (yet). OR Books.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silverstein, M. (1992). The indeterminancy of contextualization: When is enough enough? In Auer, P. & Di Luzio, A. (Eds.), The contextualization of language (pp. 5576). John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silverstein, M. (1995/1976). Shifters, linguistic categories, and cultural description. In Blount, B. (Ed.), Language, culture and society: A book of readings (pp. 187221). Waveland Press.Google Scholar
Silverstein, M. (2004). “Cultural” concepts and the language-culture nexus. Current Anthropology, 45(5), 621652. https://doi.org/10.1086/423971CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simmons, M., & Lee, J. S. (2020). Catfishing: A look into online dating and impersonation. In Meiselwitz, G. (Ed.), Social computing and social media: Design, ethics, user behavior, and social network analysis. HCII 2020. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 12194. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49570-1_24Google Scholar
Smart, B., Watt, J., Benedetti, S., Mitchell, L., & Roughan, M. (2022). #IStandWithPutin versus #IStandWithUkraine: The interaction of bots and humans in discussion of the Russia/Ukraine war. arXiv:2208.07038. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2208.07038CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smyrnaios, N., & Ratinaud, P. (2017). The Charlie Hebdo attacks on Twitter: A comparative analysis of a political controversy in English and French. Social Media + Society, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305117693647CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Squire, K. (2011). Video games and learning: Teaching and participatory culture in the digital age. Teachers College Press.Google Scholar
Squires, L. (2010). Enregistering Internet language. Language in Society, 39(4), 457492. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404510000412CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Statista (2023). Actioned hate speech content items on Facebook worldwide from 4th quarter 2017 to 3rd quarter 2023. www.statista.com/statistics/1013804/facebook-hate-speech-content-deletion-quarter/Google Scholar
Sterner, E. R. (2011). The folly of Internet freedom: The mistake of talking about the Internet as a human right. The New Atlantis, 32, 134139. www.jstor.org/stable/43152664Google Scholar
Stieglitz, S., & Dang-Xuan, L. (2013). Emotions and information diffusion in social media – Sentiment of microblogs and sharing behavior. Journal of Management Information Systems, 29(4), 217247. https://doi.org/10.2753/MIS0742-1222290408CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strijbos, J. W., Martens, R. L., & Jochems, W. M. G. (2004). Designing for interaction: Six steps to designing computer-supported group-based learning. Computers and Education, 42(4), 403424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2003.10.004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stross, R. E. (2008). Planet Google: One company’s audacious plan to organize everything we know. Free Press.Google Scholar
Stubb, C. (2018). Story versus info: Tracking blog readers’ online viewing time of sponsored blog posts based on content-specific elements. Computers in Human Behavior, 82, 5462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.01.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suedfeld, P., & Rank, A. D. (1976). Revolutionary leaders: Long-term success as a function of changes in conceptual complexity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34(2), 169178. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.34.2.169CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suler, J. (2004). The online disinhibition effect. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 7(3), 321326. https://doi.org/10.1089/1094931041291295CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Susskind, J. (2018). Future politics: Living together in a world transformed by tech. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sutton, C. (2020, May 21). Renae Marsden: Coroner slams “liar” catfisher over 20-year-old’s tragic suicide. News.com.au. www.news.com.au/national/courts-law/renae-marsden-coroner-slams-liar-catfisher-over-20yearolds-tragic-suicide/news-story/451cdf0f65adacd92c036d8f63fe0c13Google Scholar
Suzor, N. P. (2019). Lawless: The secret rules that govern our digital lives. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tagliamonte, S. A., & Denis, D. (2008). Linguistic ruin? LOL! Instant messaging and teen language. American Speech, 83, 334. https://doi.org/10.1215/00031283-2008-001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tandoc, E. C. Jr., Thomas, R. J., & Bishop, L. (2021). What is (fake) news? Analyzing news values (and more) in fake stories. Media and Communication, 9(1), 110119. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v9i1.3331CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thoemmes, F. J., & Conway, L. G. (2007). Integrative complexity of 41 U.S. Presidents. Political Psychology, 28(2), 193226. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-9221.2007.00562.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thurlow, C. (2006). From statistical panic to moral panic: The metadiscursive construction and popular exaggeration of new media language in the print media. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 11(3), 667701. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2006.00031CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toews, R. (2020, May 25). Deepfakes are going to wreak havoc on society. We are not prepared. Forbes. www.forbes.com/sites/robtoews/2020/05/25/deepfakes-are-going-to-wreak-havoc-on-society-we-are-not-prepared/Google Scholar
Treen, K. M. d’I., Williams, H. T. P., & O’Neill, S. J. (2020). Online misinformation about climate change. WIREs Climate Change, 11, e665. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.665CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tucker, J. A., Theocharis, Y., Roberts, M. E., & Barberá, P. (2017). From liberation to turmoil: Social media and democracy. Journal of Democracy, 28(4), 4659. www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/from-liberation-to-turmoil-social-media-and-democracy/CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tulloch, R. (2023). #BoomerRemover: COVID-19 and the intertextual politics of internet memes. Convergence, 29(5), 11511167. https://10.1177/13548565231176181CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tusting, K., Crawshaw, R., & Callen, B. (2002). “I know,’cos I was there”: How residence abroad students use personal experience to legitimate cultural generalizations. Discourse & Society, 13(5), 651672. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926502013005278CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The Union Herald. (2023, June 8). Former President Trump Delivers Remarks on Gender Transition Policies. [Video] YouTube. www.youtube.com/watch?v=iYzWGOLzbW4Google Scholar
Unique Improvement. (2023, February 10). Jordan Peterson DESTROYING Woke LIBERALS for 14 Minutes Straight! [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zYXZst2B7W4&t=10sGoogle Scholar
United Nations. (1966, December 16). International covenant on civil and political rights. www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-civil-and-political-rightsGoogle Scholar
United Nations Human Rights Council. (2011, May 16). Report of the special rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, Frank LaRue. United Nations. https://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/17session/A.HRC.17.27_en.pdfGoogle Scholar
United Nations Human Rights Council. (2016, June 30). Protection against violence and discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity. United Nations. https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/g16/154/15/pdf/g1615415.pdf?token=O5iq18QT0YzEnJr8Za&fe=trueGoogle Scholar
Universidad Nacional de La Plata, TV. (2018, August 29) “Todes. Programa 1: Lenguaje inclusivo” [Inclusive language] [Video]. YouTube. www.youtube.com/watch?v=6AbzMSKnZCcGoogle Scholar
Vaara, E. (2014). Struggles over legitimacy in the Eurozone crisis: Discursive legitimation strategies and their ideological underpinnings. Discourse & Society, 25(4), 500518. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926514536962CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vaidhyanathan, S. (2011). The Googlization of everything: (and why we should worry) (Updated edition.). University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Dijck, J. (2013). The culture of connectivity: A critical history of social media. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Dijk, T. A. (1997). Discourse as social interaction. Sage.Google Scholar
Van Dijk, T. A. (2000). On the analysis of parliamentary debates on immigration. In Reisigl, M. & Wodak, R. (Eds.), The semiotics of racism: Approaches to critical discourse analysis (pp. 85103). Passagen Verlag.Google Scholar
Van Leeuwen, T. (2007). Legitimation in discourse and communication. Discourse and Communication, 1, 91112. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750481307071986CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Mierlo, T. (2014). The 1% rule in four digital health social networks: An observational study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 16(2), e33. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2966CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Zoonen, L. (2012). I-pistemology: Changing truth claims in popular and political culture. European Journal of Communication, 27(3), 5667. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323112438808CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Varis, P. (2016). Digital ethnography. In Georgakopoulou, A., & Spilioti, T. (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of language and digital communication (pp. 5568). Routledge.Google Scholar
Varis, P., & Wang, X. (2011). Superdiversity on the internet: A case from China. Diversities, 13, 7183. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315730240Google Scholar
Veletsianos, G., Houlden, S., Hodson, J., & Gosse, C. (2018). Women scholars’ experiences with online harassment and abuse: Self-protection, resistance, acceptance, and self-blame. New Media & Society, 20, 46894708. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818781324CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Verba, S., & Nie, N. H. (1973). Participation in America: Political democracy and social equality. Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Versteeg, W., Te Molder, H., & Sneijder, P. (2018). “Listen to your body”: Participants’ alternative to science in online health discussions. Health, 22(5), 432450. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363459317695632CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vickery, J. R. (2014). The curious case of Confession Bear: The reappropriation of online macro-image memes. Information, Communication & Society, 17(3), 301325. https://10.1080/1369118X.2013.871056CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Villa, L. (2013). The officialization of Spanish in mid-nineteenth-century Spain: The Academy’s authority. In Del Valle, J. (Ed.), A political history of Spanish: The making of a language (pp. 93105). Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vizoso, A., Vaz-Álvarez, M., & López-García, X. (2021). Fighting deepfakes: Media and Internet giants’ converging and diverging strategies against hi-tech misinformation. Media and Communication, 9(1), 291300. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v9i1.3494CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vollenbroek, W., De Vries, S., Constantinides, E., & Kommers, P. (2014). Identification of influence in social media communities. International Journal of Web Based Communities, 10(3), 280297. https://10.1504/IJWBC.2014.062943CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wagner, C., Graells-Garrido, E., Garcia, D., & Menczer, F. (2016). Women through the glass ceiling: Gender asymmetries in Wikipedia. EPJ Data Science, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1140/epjds/s13688-016-0066-4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wakefield, J. (2022, March 18). Deepfake presidents used in Russia-Ukraine war. BBC. www.bbc.com/news/technology-60780142Google Scholar
Wallsten, K. (2008). Political blogs: Transmission belts, soapboxes, mobilizers, or conversation starters? Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 4(3), 19-40. https://10.1080/19331680801915033CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, F., & Topalli, V. (2024). The cyber-industrialization of catfishing and romance fraud. Computers in Human Behavior, 154, 108133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023/108133CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warner, M. (2002). Publics and counterpublics. Zone Books.Google Scholar
Wasike, B. (2022). Memes, memes, everywhere, nor any meme to trust: Examining the credibility and persuasiveness of COVID-19-related memes. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 27(2). https://doi.org/10.1093/jcmc/zmab024CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wasko, M., & Faraj, S. (2000). It is what one does: Why people participate and help others in electronic communities of practice. Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 9, 155173. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0963-8687(00)00045-7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watkins, S. C. (2009). The young and the digital: What the migration to social network sites, games, and anytime, anywhere media means for our future. Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Wells, H. G. (2021 [1938]). World brain. MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wenger, E. (1999). Communities of practice. Learning, meaning, and identity. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wenger, E., McDermott, R., & Snyder, W. M. (2002). Cultivating communities of practice: A guide to managing knowledge. Harvard Business School Press.Google Scholar
Westerlund, M. (2019). The emergence of deepfake technology: A review. Technology Innovation Management Review, 9, 4053. https://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1282CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The White House. (2023, June 8). FACT SHEET: Biden-Harris Administration Announces New Actions to Protect LGBTQI+ Communities. www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/06/08/fact-sheetbiden-harris-administration-announces-new-actions-to-protect-lgbtqi-communities/Google Scholar
Wicks, P., Abrahams, S., Masi, D., Hejda-Forde, S., Leigh, P.N., & Goldstein, L. H. (2007). Prevalence of depression in a 12-month consecutive sample of patients with ALS. European Journal of Neurology, 14(9), 9931001. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2007.01843.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wicks, P., & Frost, J. (2008). ALS patients request more information about cognitive symptoms. European Journal of Neurology, 15(5), 497500. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2008.02107.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wicks, P., Vaughan, T. E., Massagli, M. P., & Heywood, J. (2011). Accelerated clinical discovery using self-reported patient data collected online and a patient-matching algorithm. Nature Biotechnology, 29, 411414. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.1837CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiggins, B. E., & Bowers, G. B. (2018). Memes as genre: A structurational analysis of the memescape. New Media & Society, 17(11), 18861906. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444814535194CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, M. E., & Chen, L. H. (2020). Travellers give wings to novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Journal of Travel Medicine, 27(2). https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taaa015CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilson, P. (1983). Second hand knowledge: An inquiry into cognitive authority. Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
Wimmer, J., Wallner, C., Winter, R., & Oelsner, K. (2018). Introduction. In Wimmer, J., Wallner, C., Winter, R., & Oelsner, K. (Eds.), (Mis)understanding political participation: Digital practices, new forms of participation and the renewal of democracy (pp. 114). Routledge.Google Scholar
Wodak, R., & Fairclough, N. (2010). Recontextualising European higher education policies: The cases of Austria and Romania. Critical Discourse Analysis, 7(1), 1940. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405900903453922CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wong, M. (2023, March 2). Conspiracy theories have a new best friend: Generative AI programs like ChatGPT threaten to revolutionize how disinformation spreads online. The Atlantic. www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2023/03/generative-ai-disinformation-synthetic-media-history/673260/Google Scholar
Woodcock, J., & Johnson, M. R. (2021). Live streamers on Twitch.tv as social media influencers: Chances and challenges for strategic communication. In Borchers, N. S. (Ed.), Social media influencers in strategic communication (pp. 88102). Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
World Health Organization. (2020, February 8). Director-General’s remarks at the media briefing on 2019 novel coronavirus on 8 February 2020. www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/director-general-s-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-2019-novel-coronavirus---8-february-2020Google Scholar
Wright, M. F., Harper, B. D., & Wachs, S. (2019). The associations between cyberbullying and callous-unemotional traits among adolescents: The moderating effect of online disinhibition. Personality and Individual Differences, 140, 4145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.04.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, G. (2016). Narrative agency in hashtag activism: The case of #BlackLivesMatter. Media and Communication, 4(4), 1317. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v4i4.692CrossRefGoogle Scholar
YouTube. (n.d.). Learn why comments are turned off. https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/9706180?hl=enGoogle Scholar
Yus, F. (2001). Ciberpragmática. El uso del lenguaje en Internet [Cyber pragmatics: The use of language on the Internet]. Ariel.Google Scholar
Yus, F. (2005). Attitudes and emotions through written texts: The case of textual deformation in Internet chat rooms. Pragmalingüística, 13, 147174. https://doi.org/10.25267/Pragmalinguistica.2017.i25Google Scholar
Yus, F. (2011). Cyberpragmatics: Internet-mediated communication in context. John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zappavigna, M. (2011). Ambient affiliation: A linguistic perspective on Twitter. New Media & Society, 13(5), 788806. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444810385097CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zappavigna, M. (2015). Searchable talk: Hashtags and social media metadiscourse. Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Zappavigna, M. (2018). Searchable talk: The linguistic functions of hashtags. Social Semiotics, 25(3), 274291. https://doi.org/10.1080/10350330.2014.996948CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zbinden, R., Beaudet-Labrecque, O., Grandjean, F., Gobeil, C., Brunoni, L., Décary-Hétu, D., & Cretu-Adatte, C. (2023). Scambaiting as a preventive tool in the fight against cyberfrauds: The case of romance scams. The Journal of Cybercrime & Digital Investigations, 8(1), A9A18. https://doi.org/10.18464/cybin.v8il.37Google Scholar
Zerfass, A., Verhoeven, P., Moreno, A., Tench, R., & Verčič, D. (2016). European Communication Monitor 2016: Exploring trends in big data, stakeholder engagement and strategic communication. Results of a survey in 43 Countries. EACD.Google Scholar
Zhang, B., & Pinto, J. (2020). Changing the world one meme at a time: The effects of climate change memes on civic engagement intentions. Environmental Communication, 15(6), 749764. https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2021.1894197CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, J., Jiang, Z., Yang, D., Xu, H., Shi, Y., Song, G., Xu, Z., Wang, X., & Feng, J. (2023). AvatarGen: A 3D Generative Model for Animatable Human Avatars. In Karlinsky, L., Michaeli, T., & Nishino, K. (Eds.), Computer Vision – ECCV 2022 Workshops. ECCV 2022. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 13803. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25066-8_39Google Scholar
Ziebland, S, & Wyke, S. (2012). Health and illness in a connected world: How might sharing experiences on the internet affect people’s health? Milbank Quarterly, 90(2), 219249. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0009.2012.00662.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zimand-Sheiner, D., Kol, O., Frydman, S., & Levy, S. (2021). To be (vaccinated) or not to be: The effect of media exposure, institutional trust, and incentives on attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccination. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18, 12894. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182412894CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Accessibility standard: Unknown

Accessibility compliance for the PDF of this book is currently unknown and may be updated in the future.

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • References
  • Antonio Reyes, Washington and Lee University, Virginia, Andrew S. Ross, University of Canberra
  • Book: Understanding the Language of Virtual Interaction
  • Online publication: 05 September 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009328678.012
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • References
  • Antonio Reyes, Washington and Lee University, Virginia, Andrew S. Ross, University of Canberra
  • Book: Understanding the Language of Virtual Interaction
  • Online publication: 05 September 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009328678.012
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • References
  • Antonio Reyes, Washington and Lee University, Virginia, Andrew S. Ross, University of Canberra
  • Book: Understanding the Language of Virtual Interaction
  • Online publication: 05 September 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009328678.012
Available formats
×