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6 - LLMs Meet the AI Act

Who’s the Sorcerer’s Apprentice?

from Part II - Evolving Regulatory and Governance Frameworks

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 August 2025

Mimi Zou
Affiliation:
University of New South Wales, Sydney
Cristina Poncibò
Affiliation:
University of Turin
Martin Ebers
Affiliation:
University of Tartu, Estonia
Ryan Calo
Affiliation:
University of Washington
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Summary

The chapter examines the legal regulation and governance of ‘generative AI,’ ‘foundation AI,’ ‘large language models’ (LLMs), and the ‘general-purpose’ AI models of the AI Act. Attention is drawn to two potential sorcerer’s apprentices, namely, in the spirit of J. W. Goethe’s poem, people who were unable to control a situation they created. Focus is on developers and producers of such technologies, such as LLMs that bring about risks of discrimination and information hazards, malicious uses and environmental harms; furthermore, the analysis dwells on the normative attempt of EU legislators to govern misuses and overuses of LLMs with the AI Act. Scholars, private companies, and organisations have stressed limits of such normative attempts. In addition to issues of competitiveness and legal certainty, bureaucratic burdens and standard development, the threat is the over-frequent revision of the law to tackle advancements of technology. The chapter illustrates this threat since the inception of the AI Act and recommends some ways in which the law has not to be continuously amended to address the challenges of technological innovation.

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Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2025

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