Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-857557d7f7-gtc7z Total loading time: 0.001 Render date: 2025-12-08T09:54:08.062Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 7 - Other Voices, Other Lives, and Our Own Life Stories

from Part II - How the Environment of Autobiographical Memory Shapes the Life Story

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 November 2025

By
Monisha Pasupathi
Edited by
Christin Camia  and
Annette Bohn
Christin Camia
Affiliation:
Zayed University Abu Dhabi
Annette Bohn
Affiliation:
Aarhus University
Get access

Summary

Tilmann Habermas’s work about the influences of others on our life stories has been foundational for my own thinking, and generative for the field. In this piece, I consider some of the ways that the line between an intellectual life story and a personal one is not so sharply delineated, and the complexities of others’ impacts on our life stories through the intersections of both intellectual and personal encounters between Tilmann and myself. To begin, I ask how we shape one another’s autobiographical memory and life stories. And to end, I ask about the ways we might already be doing this that have been less well-studied.

Keywords

Narrative identitylistenerslife storiesautobiographical memoriesrelationships

Information

Type
Chapter
Information
Autobiographical Memory and the Life Story
New Perspectives on Narrative Identity
 , pp. 131 - 155
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2025

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Abel, M., Umanath, S., Wertsch, J. V., & Roediger, H. L., III. (2018). Collective memory: How groups remember their past. In Meade, M. L., Harris, C. B., Van Bergen, P., Sutton, J., & Barnier, A. J. (Eds.), Collaborative remembering: Theories, research, and applications (pp. 280–296). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Adler, J. M. (2012). Living into the story: Agency and coherence in a longitudinal study of narrative identity development and mental health over the course of psychotherapy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102(2), 367–389. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025289CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adler, J. M., Turner, A. F., Brookshier, K. M., Monahan, C., Walder-Biesanz, I., Harmeling, L. H., & Oltmanns, T. F. (2015). Variation in narrative identity is associated with trajectories of mental health over several years. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 108(3), 476–496. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038601CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bakir-Demir, T., Reese, E., Sahin-Acar, B., & Taumoepeau, M. (2023). How I remember my mother’s story: A cross-national investigation of vicarious family stories in Turkey and New Zealand. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 54(3), 340–364. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220221221132833CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bakir-Demir, T., Reese, E., Sahin-Acar, B., & Tursel, E. G. (2021). Vicarious family stories of Turkish young, middle-aged, and older adults: Are family stories related to well-being? Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 10(3), 412–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2020.12.003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barber, S. J., Harris, C. B., & Rajaram, S. (2015). Why two heads apart are better than two heads together: Multiple mechanisms underlie the collaborative inhibition effect in memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 41(2), 559–566. https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000037Google Scholar
Bauer, P. J., Hättenschwiler, N., & Larkina, M. (2016). “Owning” the personal past: Adolescents’ and adults’ autobiographical narratives and ratings of memories of recent and distant events. Memory, 24(2), 165–183. https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000037CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bechtel, W. (2007). Reducing psychology while maintaining its autonomy via mechanistic explanations. In Schouton, M. & Jong, H. L. (Eds.), The matter of mind: Philosophical essays of psychology, neuroscience, and reduction (pp. 172–198). Blackwell.Google Scholar
Berntsen, D., & Rubin, D. C. (2004). Cultural life scripts structure recall from autobiographical memory. Memory & Cognition, 32(3), 427–442. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03195836CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bohn, A., & Berntsen, D. (2008). Life story development in childhood: The development of life story abilities and the acquisition of cultural life scripts from late middle childhood to adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 44(4), 1135–1147.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bohn, A., & Bundgaard-Nielsen, R. L. (2021). Not “weird” but truly different: Cultural life scripts and autobiographical memory in indigenous Australia. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 10(1), 85–94. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0101788CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Camia, C., Alhallami, A. O., Alhattali, D. K., Al Hosani, B. M., & Bohn, A. (2023). Historical change in the Emirati life script. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 37(6), 1183–1198. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.4112CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Camia, C., Sengsavang, S., Rohrmann, S., & Pratt, M. W. (2021). The longitudinal influence of parenting and parents’ traces on narrative identity in young adulthood. Developmental Psychology, 57(11), 1991–2005. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0001242CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cavalieri, G. (2017). Other Voices, Other Lives. Alan Squire Publishing.Google Scholar
Coleman, J. T. (2014). Examining the life script of African‐Americans: A test of the cultural life script. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 28(3), 419–426. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3000CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coman, A., Manier, D., & Hirst, W. (2009). Forgetting the unforgettable through conversation: Socially shared retrieval-induced forgetting of September 11 memories. Psychological Science, 20(5), 627–633. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02343.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corner, G. W., Rasmussen, H. F., Khaled, M., Morris, A. R., Khoddam, H., Barbee, N., & Saxbe, D. (2023). The birth of a story: Childbirth experiences, meaning-making, and postpartum adjustment. Journal of Family Psychology, 37(5), 667–679. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0001062CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fiese, B. H., Sameroff, A. J., Grotevant, H. D., Wamboldt, F. S., Dickstein, S., Fravel, D. L., & Schiller, M. (1999). The stories that families tell: Narrative coherence, narrative interaction, and relationship beliefs. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 64(2), 1–160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fivush, R., Bohanek, J. G., & Zaman, W. (2011). Personal and intergenerational narratives in relation to adolescents’ well-being. In Habermas, T. (Ed.), The development of autobiographical reasoning in adolescence and beyond. (Vol. 2011, pp. 45–57). Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Fivush, R., & Kellas, J. K. (2025). Parental and Family Storytelling Across the Generations: An Interdisciplinary Review. Parenting, 25(2), 103–126. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295192.2025.2450497CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fivush, R., & Nelson, K. (2004). Culture and language in the emergence of autobiographical memory. Psychological Science, 15(9), 586–590.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fonagy, P., Gergely, G., Jurist, E. L., & Target, M. (2002). Affect regulation, mentalization, and the development of the self. Other Press.Google Scholar
Ford, J. H., Gaesser, B., DiBiase, H., Berro, T., Young, L., & Kensinger, E. (2018). Heroic memory: Remembering the details of others’ heroism in the aftermath of a traumatic public event can foster our own prosocial response. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 32(1), 47–54. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3377CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grysman, A., Baime, M., & Cantor, E. (2023). Listeners’ effects on autobiographical memory for recent events. Memory, 31(10), 1425–1436. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2023.2270778CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grysman, A., Camia, C., & Pasupathi, M. (2024). Different routes to conversational influences on autobiographical memory. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 13(1), 40–56. https://doi.org/10.1037/mac0000101CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Habermas, T. (1999). Geliebte Objekte. Suhrkamp.Google Scholar
Habermas, T., & Bluck, S. (2000). Getting a life: The development of the life story in adolescence. Psychological Bulletin, 126(5), 748–769.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Habermas, T., Negele, A., & Mayer, F. B. (2010). “Honey, you’re jumping about”: Mothers’ scaffolding of their children’s and adolescents’ life narration. Cognitive Development, 25(4), 339–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2010.08.004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Habermas, T., & Paha, C. (2001). The development of coherence in adolescent’s life narratives. Narrative Inquiry, 11(1), 35–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haden, C. A., Haine, R. A., & Fivush, R. (1997). Developing narrative structure in parent-child reminiscing across the preschool years. Developmental Psychology, 33(2), 295–307.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hammack, P. L. (2011). Narrative and the politics of identity. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hardin, C. D., & Conley, T. D. (2001). A relational approach to cognition: Shared experience and relationship affirmation in social cognition. In Moskowitz, G. B. (Ed.), Cognitive social psychology: The Princeton symposium on the legacy and future of social cognition (pp. 3–17). Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Harris, C. B., Barnier, A. J., & Sutton, J. (2012). Consensus collaboration enhances group and individual recall accuracy. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 65(1), 179–194. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2011.608590CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harris, C. B., Barnier, A. J., Sutton, J., & Keil, P. G. (2010). How did you feel when “The crocodile hunter” died? Voicing and silencing in conversation influences memory for an autobiographical event. Memory, 18(2), 185–197. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658210903153915CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hyman, I. E., & Faries, J. M. (1992). The functions of autobiographical memory. In Conway, M. A., Rubin, D. C., Spinnler, H., & Wagenaar, W. A. (Eds.), Theoretical perspectives on autobiographical memory (pp. 207–221). Kluwer Academic Publishers.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Janssen, S. M. J., & Haque, S. (2018). The transmission and stability of cultural life scripts: A cross-cultural study. Memory, 26(1), 131–143. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2017.1335327CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Josselson, R. (2009). The present of the past: Dialogues with memory over time. Journal of Personality, 77(3), 647–668. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00560.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Köber, C., & Habermas, T. (2018). Parents’ traces in life: When and how parents are presented in spontaneous life narratives. Journal of Personality, 86(4), 679–697. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12350CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Köber, C., Schmiedek, F., & Habermas, T. (2015). Characterizing lifespan development of three aspects of coherence in life narratives: A cohort-sequential study. Developmental Psychology, 51(2), 260–275. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038668CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lind, M., & Thomsen, D. K. (2018). Functions of personal and vicarious life stories: Identity and empathy. Memory, 26(5), 672–682. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2017.1395054CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Manier, D., Pinner, E., & Hirst, W. (1996). Conversational remembering. In Hermann, D., McEvoy, C., Hertzog, C., Hertel, A. & Johnson, M. K. (Eds.), Basic and applied memory research (Vol. 2, pp. 269–286). Erlbaum.Google Scholar
McAdams, D. P. (1993). The stories we live by: Personal myths and the making of the self. Guilford Press.Google Scholar
McAdams, D. P. (2013). The psychological self as actor, agent, and author. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8(3), 272–295. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691612464657CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGregor, I., & Holmes, J. G. (1999). How storytelling shapes memory and impressions of relationship events over time. Journal of personality and social psychology, 76(3), 403–419. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.76.3.403CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McLean, K. C. (2016). The co-authored self: Family stories and the construction of personal identity. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
McLean, K. C., Pasupathi, M., & Syed, M. (2023). Cognitive scripts and narrative identity are shaped by structures of power. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 27(9), 805–813. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2023.03.006CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McLean, K. C., & Syed, M. (2015). Personal, master, and alternative narratives: An integrative framework for understanding identity development in context. Human Development, 58(6), 318–349. https://doi.org/10.1159/000445817CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merrill, N., & Fivush, R. (2016). Intergenerational narratives and identity across development. Developmental Review, 40(3), 72-92. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.76.3.403CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, C., & Reese, E. (2022). Growing Memories: Coaching mothers in elaborative reminiscing with toddlers benefits adolescents’ turning-point narratives and wellbeing. Journal of Personality, 90(6), 887–901. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12703CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Norrick, N. R. (2000). Conversational narrative: Storytelling in everyday talk. John Benjamins B. V.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ottsen, C. L., & Berntsen, D. (2014). The cultural life script of Qatar and across cultures: Effects of gender and religion. Memory, 22(4), 390–407. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2013.795598CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Panattoni, K., & Thomsen, D. K. (2018). My partner’s stories: Relationships between personal and vicarious life stories within romantic couples. Memory, 26(10), 1416–1429. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2018.1485947CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Panattoni, K. W., Nielsen, K., & Thomsen, D. K. (2021). Heart-followers, hero, maiden: Life story positioning within a romantic couple. Qualitative Psychology, 8(1), 30–50. https://doi.org/10.1037/qup0000147CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pasupathi, M. (2001). The social construction of the personal past and its implications for adult development. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 651–672.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pasupathi, M., & Hoyt, T. (2009). The development of narrative identity in late adolescence and emergent adulthood: The continued importance of listeners. Developmental Psychology, 45(2), 558–574. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014431CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pasupathi, M., & Hoyt, T. (2010). Silence and the shaping of memory: How distracted listeners affect speakers’ subsequent recall of a computer game experience. Memory, 18(2), 159–169. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658210902992917CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pasupathi, M., & Mansour, E. (2006). Adult age differences in autobiographical reasoning in narratives. Developmental Psychology, 42(5), 798-808. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.42.5.798CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pasupathi, M., Mansour, E., & Brubaker, J. R. (2007). Developing a life story: Constructing relations between self and experience in autobiographical narratives. Human Development, 50(2–3), 85–110. https://doi.org/10.1159/000100939CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pasupathi, M., McLean, K. C., Weeks, T. L., & Hynes, W. (2021). Tailoring narration for distinct audiences in emerging adulthood. Emerging Adulthood, 9(6), 725–736. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696819856753CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pasupathi, M., & Oldroyd, K. (2015). Telling and remembering: Complexities in long‐term effects of listeners on autobiographical memory. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 29(6), 835–842. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3193CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pasupathi, M., & Rich, B. (2005). Inattentive listening undermines self-verification in personal storytelling. Journal of Personality, 73(4), 1051–1086. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00338.x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pasupathi, M., & Wainryb, C. (2010). On telling the whole story: Facts and interpretations in autobiographical memory narratives from childhood through midadolescence. Developmental Psychology, 46(3), 735–746. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018897CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pasupathi, M., Wainryb, C., Bourne, S. V., & Oldroyd, K. (2022). Mothers and friends as listeners for adolescent anger narration: Distinct developmental affordances. Developmental Psychology, 58(4), 778–791. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0001322CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pasupathi, M., Wainryb, C., Mansfield, C. D., & Bourne, S. (2017). The feeling of the story: Narrating to regulate anger and sadness. Cognition and Emotion, 31(3), 444–461. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2015.1127214CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pasupathi, M., Wainryb, C., Oldroyd, K., & Bourne, S. (2019). Storied lessons: Learning from anger in childhood by narrating. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 43(6), 553–562. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025419844023CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pillemer, D. B., Thomsen, D. K., & Fivush, R. (2024). Vicarious memory promotes successful adaptation and enriches the self. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 13(2), 159–171. https://doi.org/10.1037/mac0000167CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pillemer, D. B., Steiner, K. L., Kuwabara, K. J., Thomsen, D. K., & Svob, C. (2015). Vicarious memories. Consciousness and Cognition: An International Journal, 36, 233–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2015.06.010CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pratt, M. W., Arnold, M. L., Mackey, K., McAdams, D. P., Josselson, R., & Lieblich, A. (2001). Adolescents’ representations of the parent voice in stories of personal turning points turns in the road: Narrative studies of lives in transition. (pp. 227–252). American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Pratt, M. W., Norris, J. E., Hebblethwaite, S., & Arnold, M. L. (2008). Intergenerational transmission of values: Family generativity and adolescents’ narratives of parent and grandparent value teaching. Journal of Personality, 76(2), 171–198. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2007.00483.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ramsgaard, S. B., & Bohn, A. (2019). My family matters: past and future life stories in adolescents with refugee background. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 33(6), 1247–1259. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3578CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramsgaard, S. B., & Bohn, A. (2021). The development of past and future life stories in adolescence: Overall emotional tone, coherence and life script events. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 62(2), 150–158. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12691CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reese, E., & Brown, N. (2000). Reminiscing and recounting in the preschool years. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 14(1), 1–17.3.0.CO;2-G>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reese, E., Fivush, R., Merrill, N., Wang, Q., & McAnally, H. (2017). Adolescents’ intergenerational narratives across cultures. Developmental Psychology, 53(6), 1142–1153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/dev0000309CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reese, E., Jack, F., & White, N. (2010). Origins of adolescents’ autobiographical memories. Cognitive Development, 25(4), 352–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2010.08.006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reese, E., Macfarlane, L., McAnally, H., Robertson, S.-J., & Taumoepeau, M. (2020). Coaching in maternal reminiscing with preschoolers leads to elaborative and coherent personal narratives in early adolescence. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 189, 104707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2019.104707CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reese, E., Myftari, E., McAnally, H. M., Chen, Y., Neha, T., Wang, Q., & Robertson, S. J. (2017). Telling the tale and living well: Adolescent narrative identity, personality traits, and well‐being across cultures. Child Development, 88(2), 612–628. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12618CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reese, E., Yan, C., Jack, F., & Hayne, H. (2010). Emerging identities: Narrative and self from early childhood to early adolescence. In McLean, K. C. & Pasupathi, M. (Eds.), Narrative development in adolescence: Creating the storied self. (pp. 23–43). Springer Science + Business Media.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rice, C. I., & Pasupathi, M. (2010). Reflecting on self-relevant experiences: Adult age differences. Developmental Psychology, 46(2), 479–490.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stephens, N. M., Hamedani, M. G., Markus, H. R., Bergsieker, H. B., & Eloul, L. (2009). Why did they “choose” to stay? Perspectives of hurricane Katrina observers and survivors. Psychological Science, 20(7), 878–886. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02386.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Svob, C., & Brown, N. R. (2012). Intergenerational transmission of the reminiscence bump and biographical conflict knowledge. Psychological Science, 23(11), 1404–1409. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612445316CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thomsen, D. K., Panattoni, K., Allé, M. C., Bro Wellnitz, K., & Pillemer, D. B. (2020). Vicarious life stories: Examining relations to personal life stories and well-being. Journal of Research in Personality, 88, 10399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2020.103991Google Scholar
Thomsen, D. K., & Pillemer, D. B. (2017). I know my story and I know your story: Developing a conceptual framework for vicarious life stories. Journal of Personality, 85(4), 464–480. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12253CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wainryb, C., & Brehl, B. (2006). I thought she knew that would hurt my feelings: Developing psychological knowledge and moral thinking. In Kail, R. (Ed.), Advances in child development and behavior (Vol. 34, pp. 131–171). Elsevier.Google Scholar
Weeks, T. L., & Pasupathi, M. (2010). Autonomy, identity, and narrative construction with parents and friends. In McLean, K. C. & Pasupathi, M. (Eds.), Narrative development in adolescence: Creating the storied self (pp. 65–91). Springer Science.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weeks, T. L., & Pasupathi, M. (2011). Stability and change self‐integration for negative events: The role of listener responsiveness and elaboration. Journal of Personality, 79(3), 469–498. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2011.00685.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weldon, M. S., & Bellinger, K. D. (1997). Collective memory: Collaborative and individual processes in remembering. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 23(5), 1160–1175.Google ScholarPubMed
Weststrate, N. M., Turner, K., & McLean, K. C. (2023). Intergenerational storytelling as a developmental resource in lgbtq+ communities. Journal of Homosexuality. 71(7), 1626–1651. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2023.2202295CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Winnicott, D. W. (1971). Playing and reality. Penguin.Google Scholar
Zaman, W., & Fivush, R. (2011). When my mom was a little girl… : Gender differences in adolescents’ intergenerational and personal stories. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21(3), 703–716. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00709.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Accessibility standard: Inaccessible, or known limited accessibility

Why this information is here

This section outlines the accessibility features of this content - including support for screen readers, full keyboard navigation and high-contrast display options. This may not be relevant for you.

Accessibility Information

The PDF of this book is known to have missing or limited accessibility features. We may be reviewing its accessibility for future improvement, but final compliance is not yet assured and may be subject to legal exceptions. If you have any questions, please contact accessibility@cambridge.org.

Content Navigation

Table of contents navigation
Allows you to navigate directly to chapters, sections, or non‐text items through a linked table of contents, reducing the need for extensive scrolling.
Index navigation
Provides an interactive index, letting you go straight to where a term or subject appears in the text without manual searching.

Reading Order & Textual Equivalents

Single logical reading order
You will encounter all content (including footnotes, captions, etc.) in a clear, sequential flow, making it easier to follow with assistive tools like screen readers.
Full alternative textual descriptions
You get more than just short alt text: you have comprehensive text equivalents, transcripts, captions, or audio descriptions for substantial non‐text content, which is especially helpful for complex visuals or multimedia.

Visual Accessibility

Use of colour is not sole means of conveying information
You will still understand key ideas or prompts without relying solely on colour, which is especially helpful if you have colour vision deficiencies.
Use of high contrast between text and background colour
You benefit from high‐contrast text, which improves legibility if you have low vision or if you are reading in less‐than‐ideal lighting conditions.

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×