Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-7dd5485656-jtdwj Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-10-29T21:26:36.419Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

10 - Saving the Appearances: The Direction of Time and Time-Reversal Invariance

from Part III - The Arrow of Time and Time-Reversal Invariance

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 October 2025

Cristian López
Affiliation:
Université de Lausanne, Switzerland
Olimpia Lombardi
Affiliation:
Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
Get access

Summary

In this chapter, I endorse phenomenal conservatism as an epistemic theory of justification and I defend that we are justified in believing that the direction of time is primitive because it seems to us to be primitive, unless there were defeaters for having such a belief. This is what I call the “Argument From Appearances.” I then analyse one of the most powerful arguments against this argument, the “Time-Reversal Argument,” and claim that it relies on supplementary premises that can be challenged. Therefore, it is rendered harmless and does not qualify as a solid defeater against the Argument from Appearances.

Information

Type
Chapter
Information
The Arrow of Time
From Local Systems to the Whole Universe
, pp. 198 - 222
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2025

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Albert, D. Z. (2000). Time and Chance. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allori, V. (2019). “Quantum mechanics, time and ontology.” Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics, vol. 66: 145154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allori, V. (2024). “Time for pancakes.” In Lopez, C. and Lombardi, (eds.), The Arrow of Time: From Local Systems to the Universe, Cambridge University Press, chapter 7.Google Scholar
Angelopoulos, A. et al. (1998). “First direct observation of time-reversal non-invariance in the neutral kaon system,” Phys. Lett. B 444: 4351.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arntzenius, F. (1997). “Mirrors and the direction of time.” Philosophy of Science, 64: 213222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arntzenius, F. and Greaves, H. (2009). “Time reversal in classical electromagnetism.” The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 60: 557584.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, D. (2010). “Symmetry and the metaphysics of physics.” Philosophy Compass 5: 11571166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ballentine, L. (1998). Quantum Mechanics. A Modern Development. Singapore: World ScientificCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baron, S. (2015). “Feel the flow.” Synthese, 194 (2): 609630.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Belot, G. (2013). “Symmetry and equivalence,” in Batterman, R. (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Physics, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bigi, I. I., and Sanda, A. I. (2009). CP Violation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bird, A. (2007). Nature’s Metaphysics: Laws and Properties. Oxford: Clarendon Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boltzmann, L. (1872). “Weitere Studien über das Wärmegleichgewicht unter Gasmolekülen,” in Hasenöhrl, F. (ed.), Wissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, New York: Chelsea Publishing Company, 1968.Google Scholar
Boltzmann, L. (1964). Lectures on Gas Theory 1986–1898. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Bourne, C. (2006). A Future for Presentism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Callender, C. (1995). “The metaphysics of time reversal: Hutchison on classical mechanics.” The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 46: 331340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Callender, C. (1997). “What is ‘the problem of the direction of time’?Philosophy of Science, 64: S223S234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Callender, C. (2000). “Is time ‘handed’ in a quantum world?Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 100: 247269.Google Scholar
Cartwright, N. (1983). How the Laws of Physics Lie. Oxford: Clarendon.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cartwright, N. (1989). Nature’s Capacities and Their Measurement. Oxford: Clarendon.Google Scholar
Cuffaro, M., and Hartmann, S. (2024). “The open system view”. Philosophy of Physics, 2(1): 6, 1–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dasgupta, S. (2016). “Symmetry as an epistemic notion (twice over).” British Journal for Philosophy of Science, 67: 837878.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dewar, N. (2019). “Sophistication about symmetries.” British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 70: 485521.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dray, W (1957). Laws and Explanation in History. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Dürr, D., and Teufel, S. (2009). Bohmian Mechanics: The Physics and Mathematics of Quantum Theory, Berlin: Springer.Google Scholar
Earman, J. (1989). World Enough and Space-Time: Absolute versus Relational Theories of Space-Time. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press,Google Scholar
Earman, J. (2002). “What time reversal is and why it matters.” International Studies in the Philosophy of Science, 16: 245264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Earman, J. (2011). “Sharpening the electromagnetic arrow(s) of time.” In Callender, C. (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Time. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 353381.Google Scholar
Esfeld, M., and Sachse, C. (2011). Conservative Reductionism. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farr, M. (2012). “Towards a C-theory of time: An appraisal of the physics and metaphysics of time direction.” PhD Thesis, Bristol, UK: University of Bristol.Google Scholar
Farr, M. (2020). “C-theories of time: on the adirectionality of time.” Philosophy Compass, e12714: 117.Google Scholar
French, S. (2014). The Structure of the World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frisch, M. (2000). “(Dis)Solving the puzzle of the arrow of radiation.” British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 51: 381410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gale, R. M. (1966). “McTaggart’s analysis of time.” American Philosophical Quarterly, 3(2): 145152.Google Scholar
Ghirardi, G., Pearle, P., and Rimini, A. (1990). “Markov processes in Hilbert space and continuous spontaneous localization of systems of identical particles.” Physical Review A, 42(1): 7889.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ghirardi, G. C., Rimini, A., and Weber, T. (1986). “Unified dynamics for microscopic and macroscopic systems.” Physical Review D, 34: 470.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gibson, W. M., and Pollard, B. R. (1976). Symmetry Principles in Elementary Particle Physics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Goldman, A. (1979). “What is justified belief?” in Pappas, George S. (ed.), Justification and Knowledge: New Studies in Epistemology, Dordrecht: Reidel, pp. 125.Google Scholar
Goldman, A. (1986). Epistemology and Cognition, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Goldman, A. (1994). “Naturalistic epistemology and reliabilism.” Midwest Studies in Philosophy, 19(1): 301320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldstein, S. (2001). “Boltzmann’s approach to statistical mechanics.” In Bricmont, J., Dürr, D., Galavotti, M. C., Ghirardi, G., Petruccione, F., and Zanghi, N. (eds.), Chance in Physics: Foundations and Perspectives (Lecture Notes in Physics 574), Berlin: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Greaves, H., and Thomas, T. (2014). “On the CPT theorem.” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics, Volume 45, February, pp. 4665.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guay, A. (2004). “The arbitrariness of local gauge symmetry.” Manuscript unpublished, http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/3361/Google Scholar
Hartle, J. (2013). “The quantum mechanical arrows of time.” Talk at the conference to honor Yakir Aharonov’s 80th birthday, Fundamental Aspects of Quantum Theory: A Two-Time Winner. Orange: Chapman University.Google Scholar
Hawking, S. (1985). “Arrow of time in cosmology.” Physical Review D, 32: 2489.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hempel, C. (1965). Aspects of Scientific Explanations. New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar
Huemer, M. (2001). Skepticism and the Veil of Perception. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Huemer, M. (2007). “Compassionate phenomenal conservatism.” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, vol. LXXVI, 1: 3055.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ismael, J., and van Fraassen, B. (2003). “Symmetry as a guide to superfluous theoretical structure.” In Brading, E. and Castellani, E. (eds.), Symmetries in Physics: Philosophical Reflections. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 371392.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, D. (1986). Collected Papers (Vol. II). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Loewer, B. (1996). “Humean supervenience.” Philosophical Topics, 24(1): 101127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loewer, B. (2012). “Two accounts of law and time.” Philosophical Studies 160, pp. 115137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lopez, C. (2019). “Roads to the past: How to go and not to go backward in time in quantum theories.” European Journal for Philosophy of Science, 9: 27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lopez, C. (2021a). “Three facets of time-reversal symmetry.” European Journal for Philosophy of Science, 11: 51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lopez, C. (2021b). “The physics and philosophy of time reversal in standard quantum mechanics.” Synthese, 199: 1426714292.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lopez, C. (2023a). “The metaphysical under-determination of time reversal.” Synthese, 201: 29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lopez, C. (2023b). “Should physical symmetries guide metaphysics? Two reasons why they should maybe not.” European Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 13: 23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lopez, C. (2025). “Against symmetry fundamentalism.” Erkenntnis. 90: 1821–1845.Google Scholar
Lopez, C. (2024a). “Time direction essentialism.” Manuscript.Google Scholar
Lopez, C. (2024c). “Fundamentally epistemic symmetries”. Manuscript.Google Scholar
Lopez, C., and Esfeld, M. (2023). “Humean time reversal.” Synthese, 202: 31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lopez, C., and Esfeld, M. (2025). “Relational primitivism about the direction of time.” International Journal for the Philosophy of Sciences, vol. 38 (2): 83–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malament, D. B. (2004). “On the time reversal invariance of classical electromagnetic theory.” Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics, 35, 295315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Markosian, N. (2004). “A Defense of Presentism.” In Oxford Studies in Metaphysics, Vol. 1, Dean, W. Zimmerman (ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 4782.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, C. (2002). “Gauge principle, gauge arguments and the logic of nature.” Philosophy of Science, 69: S221S234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maudlin, T. (2002). “Remarks on the passing of time.Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 102: 237252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maudlin, T. (2007). The Metaphysics within Physics. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McTaggart, J. M. E. (1908). “The unreality of time.Mind, 17: 457473.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mumford, S., and Anjam, R. (2011). Getting Causes from Powers. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
North, J. (2008). “Two views on time reversal.” Philosophy of Science, 75: 201223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
North, J. (2009). “The structure of Physical theories.” Journal of Philosophy, 106: 5788.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
North, J. (2021). Physics, Structure, and Reality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nozick, R. (2001). Invariances: The Structure of the Objective World. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Penrose, R. (1989). The Emperor’s New Mind. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Penrose, R. (2004). Road to Reality. London: Jonathan Cape.Google Scholar
Peterson, D. (2015). “Prospect for a new account of time reversal.” Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics, 49: 4256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Price, H. (1996). Time´s Arrow and Archimedes’ Point: New Directions for the Physics of Time. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Price, H. (2011). “The flow of time,” pp. 276311, in Callender, C. (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Time. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Redhead, M. (1975). “Symmetry in intertheory relations.” Synthese, 32, v. 1/2: 77112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reichenbach, H. (1956). The Direction of Time. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, B. (2017). “Three myths about time reversal invariance.” Philosophy of Science, 84, 2: 315334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, B. (2022). Reversing the Arrow of Time. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, J. (2008). “A puzzle about laws, symmetries and measurability.” The British Journal for Philosophy of Science, 59: 143168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rohrlich, F. (2005). “Time reversal invariance and the arrow of time in classical electrodynamics.” Physical Review E, 72: 057601–1–3. S223S234.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sachs, R. (1987). The Physics of Time Reversal. London: University Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Saunders, S. (2003). “Physics and Leibniz’s principles.” In Brading, E. and Castellani, E. (eds.), Symmetries in Physics: Philosophical Reflections. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003, 2122.Google Scholar
Schroeren, D. (2020). “Symmetry fundamentalism: A case study from classical physics.” Philosophical Quarterly, 71 (2): 308333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sozzi, M. S. (2008). Discrete Symmetries and CP Violation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Tucker, Chris. 2013. “Seemings and justification: An introduction.” In Chris, Tucker (ed.), Seemings and Justification: New Essays on Dogmatism and Phenomenal Conservatism, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallace, D. (2022). “Observability, redundancy and modality for dynamical symmetry transformations.” In Read, James and Teh, Nicholas (eds.), The Philosophy and Physics of Noether’s Theorem, pp. 322353, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weinberg, S. (1987). “Towards the final laws of physics.” In Mackenzie, R. and Durst, P. (eds.), Elementary Particles and the Laws of Physics: The 1986 Dirac Memorial Lectures, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 61110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weinberg, S. (1993). Dreams of a Final Theory. New York: Vintage.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weyl, H. (1952) Symmetry. Princeton: Princeton University Press; extract in E. Brading and E. Castellani (eds.), Symmetries in Physics: Philosophical Reflections. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010: 21–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wigner, E. (1932). Group Theory and Its Application to the Quantum Mechanics of Atomic Spectra. New York: Academic Press (1959).Google Scholar

Accessibility standard: WCAG 2.1 AA

Why this information is here

This section outlines the accessibility features of this content - including support for screen readers, full keyboard navigation and high-contrast display options. This may not be relevant for you.

Accessibility Information

The PDF of this book complies with version 2.1 of the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG), covering newer accessibility requirements and improved user experiences and achieves the intermediate (AA) level of WCAG compliance, covering a wider range of accessibility requirements.

Content Navigation

Table of contents navigation
Allows you to navigate directly to chapters, sections, or non‐text items through a linked table of contents, reducing the need for extensive scrolling.
Index navigation
Provides an interactive index, letting you go straight to where a term or subject appears in the text without manual searching.

Reading Order & Textual Equivalents

Single logical reading order
You will encounter all content (including footnotes, captions, etc.) in a clear, sequential flow, making it easier to follow with assistive tools like screen readers.
Short alternative textual descriptions
You get concise descriptions (for images, charts, or media clips), ensuring you do not miss crucial information when visual or audio elements are not accessible.

Visual Accessibility

Use of colour is not sole means of conveying information
You will still understand key ideas or prompts without relying solely on colour, which is especially helpful if you have colour vision deficiencies.

Structural and Technical Features

ARIA roles provided
You gain clarity from ARIA (Accessible Rich Internet Applications) roles and attributes, as they help assistive technologies interpret how each part of the content functions.

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×