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We close with a brief introduction to Galois theory and illustrate the application of these mathematical ideas in physics through examples from conformal field theory.
In this chapter, we discuss the modular properties of quantum field theories of scalar fields that take values in a d-dimensional torus with a flat metric and a constant anti-symmetric tensor. The problem is of great interest in quantum field theory and string theory in view of the fact that such toroidal compactifications admit solutions using free-field theory methods on the worldsheet, preserve Poincaré supersymmetries and may be used to relate different perturbative string theories via T-duality. Toroidal compactifications produce large duality groups, which we shall derive and which generalize the full modular group SL(2,Z). The quantum field theories of toroidal compactification on a worldsheet torus for a singular modulus is shown to be a rational conformal field theory.
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