This chapter explores an aspect of the Progressive critique of liberal constitutionalism, the focused Progressive attack on the separation of powers as the essential feature of constitutionalism as embodied in the American Constitution and endorsed by the American Founders, and by their intellectual authorities John Locke and Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu. Woodrow Wilson's adumbration of the politics-administration dichotomy is a direct result of his analysis of the tasks facing modern democratic states. These tasks are stated as: the efficient accomplishment of the tasks of positive governance, and democratic responsibility. Wilson's political thought attempted to coordinate three entities, the genuine needs of the nation, public opinion, and policy output. Wilson makes a powerful case for rethinking the separation of powers. In brief, that case includes rejection of what we might call the infrastructure of the doctrine in the liberal theory of natural rights, state of nature, and social contract.