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By
Ingrid Robeyns, Professor of Practical Philosophy at the Erasmus University Rotterdam,
Harry Brighouse, Professor of Philosophy at University of Wisconsin, Madison
This chapter outlines the systematic study of social primary goods approach and the capability approach to measuring justice. One way in which political theorists and philosophers have responded to the debate between Rawls and Amartya Sen is by defending the social primary goods or the capability approach on grounds of their theoretical properties. In her contribution, Elizabeth Anderson sets herself the task of defending the capability approach, in particular her own version of the approach (Anderson 1999), against Pogge's criticism. The book Measuring Justice closes with an essay in which Sen reflects on the influence of John Rawls on his own thinking, and on the contributions in the first part of the volume. The essay clearly illustrates the absence of consensus among political theorists and philosophers about whether either the social primary goods approach or the capability approach is to be preferred as a metric of justice.
Ch'ien-lung was, first of all, the emperor who finally ended independent nomad power in central Asia, with his defeat of the Dzungars in the 1750s. The instability of the Ch'ien-lung court, as it appeared to shrewd Chinese officials by looking back after the emperor Ch'ien-lung's death, had to do with the ethnic elements in the monarchy's double identity. This chapter describes Ch'ien-lung's five wars in Sinkiang and Tibet, and the postwar political and social orders in those regions. Chu Yün, the Anhwei educational commissioner representative of the scholars' hopes for the construction of an imperial treasury of Confucian learning. In 1779, the Ch'ien-lung emperor used censorship not merely to repress dissent but to shape politics in slightly more benign ways. Political theorists of the Ch'ien-lung reign and its aftermath were concerned by the breakdown of communications between rulers and ruled in the empire.
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