This chapter talks about five thinkers who played a pivotal role in the development of Russian liberal thought after 1900. As public figures, Pavel Novgorodtsev, Pёtr Struve, Evgenii Trubetskoi, Bogdan Kistiakovskii, and Sergei Kotliarevskii, campaigned for a state under the rule of law, one based on recognition of human dignity, individual freedom, and civil or personal rights, and were centrally interested in the fundamental problems of liberal political philosophy. Problems of Idealism, Landmarks, and De Profundis are particularly significant for gauging the evolution of "classical" and "new" liberalism as Russia entered its age of revolution. The initial idea for what is now widely regarded as the second "landmark" of the Silver Age, Vekhi, came from Mikhail Gershenzon, a literary historian and collaborator on Kistiakovskii's journal. The themes of human dignity, justice, and cultural endeavor also drove the arguments that Sergei Kotliarevskii developed in his major work, Power and Law.