Warfare did not evolve in a linear fashion. This is most obvious on the physical level: the weapons and armies of polities across time and space have fluctuated in sophistication, so that early European medieval armies had more in common with ancient Israelite or Greek contingents than with the Roman war machinery, and, up to the nineteenth century or even the twentieth, raiding warfare in some parts of Africa or the islands of south-east Asia was akin to patterns of pre-Columbian warfare in the Americas, prehistoric warfare in Europe and ghazis and booty expeditions in Europe and around the Mediterranean. Where warfare’s aims went beyond mere raiding, for much of world history, the paucity or even absence of relevant sources has made it difficult to reconstruct political–strategic aims. We also encounter vast varieties conditioned in part by hard factors such as climate, geography and resources. We have encountered and possibly not always avoided the danger of squeezing cultural differences into a Procrustean bed of Western concepts and languages. Yet some striking patterns have emerged. Not only Indo-European cultures, but also Mongols and Chinese, came up with a strategic aim of establishing a universal monarchy, or defending against the imposition of such an overlordship. The forming of alliances for common strategic purposes and the defence of allies or clients is another widespread pattern, strategic co-operation counterbalancing long-term hostilities. The distinction between client states and allies was often blurred. Non-kinetic tools of strategy were also employed widely, from giving gifts, to tribute payments (again a distinction often difficult to make), to marriages to confirm peace treaties or cement alliances. And most cultures seem to have had some rules or code of honour with regard to the conduct of war which in many contexts imposed limits on the pursuit of strategic aims.

Econometricians develop and use methods and techniques to model economic behavior, create forecasts, to do policy evaluation, and to develop scenarios. Often, this ends up in advice. This advice can relate to a prediction for the future or for another sector or country, it can be a judgment on whether a policy measure was successful or not, or suggest a possible range of futures. Econometricians (must) make choices that can often only be understood by fellow econometricians. A key claim in this book is that it is important to be clear on those choices. This introductory chapter briefly describes the contents of all following chapters.

Decisions are doors that provide people of all ages with opportunities to express who they are and to learn about who they want to become. Sometimes the young people in your life may choose the wrong door and, while that can make for a good learning experience, you probably want to help them make good decisions and avoid the bad ones. You did, after all, decide to open up this book. While we cannot program kids with the answers they need to live healthy and fulfilling lives, we can support kids in learning and using a common-sense approach to understanding and organizing their feelings and thoughts as they make their own decisions.

This chapter expands upon Chapter 1 by examining whether those who were appointed at the helm of the ‘Jewish Councils’ constituted a continuation or discontinuation of pre-war structures. It sets the conduct of the organisations’ leaders in the pre-war and wartime social contexts, and demonstrates the wide social variation in the organisations’ central board membership. The Germans were keen to appoint Jews who already held a leading role in the communities. This proved more difficult in Belgium and France than in the Netherlands. It is argued that the relatively well-integrated pre-war position of the Dutch Council leadership in combination with a relatively stable Jewish community resulted in a more confident self-perception of their role compared with that of their Belgian and French counterparts. In addition to examining how far Jewish leaders (felt they) represented the Jewish communities, this chapter also contextualises their acceptance by these communities. The Jewish leaders’ confidence, or lack thereof, determined their choices at later stages. These different attitudes help to explain organisational divergences, including why some of the leaders in Belgium and France were replaced, while the Dutch leadership remained in place until the Jewish Council was dismantled in 1943.

Prevalence of disease, risks, impact on fertility, Medical Eligibility Criteria 3 and 4, advantages, disadvantages, special considerations

Prevalence of disease, risks, impact on fertility, Medical Eligibility Criteria 3 and 4, advantages, disadvantages, special considerations

Prevalence of disease, risks, impact on fertility, Medical Eligibility Criteria 3 and 4, advantages, disadvantages, special considerations

Prevalence of disease, risks, impact on fertility, Medical Eligibility Criteria 3 and 4, advantages, disadvantages, special considerations

This chapter provides final thoughts and key takeaways from the book. It reminds you of what you have learned throughout this book – the problems – as well as encourages you to remain hopeful by taking action – through each recipe. This chapter asks you to review your past choices and behaviors in light of everything you learned from reading this book, and have a plan of action to make a difference, starting today, because you absolutely can do it. I know you can.

This chapter gently sets the stage for the book, using accessible language and intuitive examples. It outlines the key insights in the book in simple terms, provides motivation for the issues addressed in subsequent chapters, and introduces relevant facts from everyday experience as well as academic background. Straightforward insights help to motivate and encourage the reader to consider using Cognitive Discourse Analysis in their own research, independent of previous experience in linguistic analysis. The short chapter ends by listing the main content for each of the book’s chapters, thus providing a first detailed and intuitive overview of the book’s overall scope.