The Sweedler semantics of intuitionistic differential linear logic takes values in the category of vector spaces, using the cofree cocommutative coalgebra to interpret the exponential and primitive elements to interpret the differential structure. In this paper, we explicitly compute the denotations under this semantics of an interesting class of proofs in linear logic, introduced by Girard: the encodings of step functions of Turing machines. Along the way we prove some useful technical results about linear independence of denotations of Church numerals and binary integers.

Let $\left\langle {{W_n}:n \in \omega } \right\rangle$ be a canonical enumeration of recursively enumerable sets, and suppose T is a recursively enumerable extension of PA (Peano Arithmetic) in the same language. Woodin (2011) showed that there exists an index $e \in \omega$ (that depends on T) with the property that if${\cal M}$ is a countable model of T and for some${\cal M}$-finite set s, ${\cal M}$ satisfies ${W_e} \subseteq s$, then${\cal M}$ has an end extension${\cal N}$ that satisfies T + We = s.

Here we generalize Woodin’s theorem to all recursively enumerable extensions T of the fragment ${{\rm{I}\rm{\Sigma }}_1}$ of PA, and remove the countability restriction on ${\cal M}$ when T extends PA. We also derive model-theoretic consequences of a classic fixed-point construction of Kripke (1962) and compare them with Woodin’s theorem.

Based on the formal framework of reaction systems by Ehrenfeucht and Rozenberg[Fund. Inform. 75 (2007) 263–280], reaction automata (RAs)have been introduced by Okubo et al. [Theoret. Comput. Sci.429 (2012) 247–257], as language acceptors with multiset rewritingmechanism. In this paper, we continue the investigation of RAs with a focus on the twomanners of rule application: maximally parallel and sequential. Considering restrictionson the workspace and the λ-input mode, we introduce the correspondingvariants of RAs and investigate their computation powers. In order to explore Turingmachines (TMs) that correspond to RAs, we also introduce a new variant of TMs withrestricted workspace, called s(n)-restricted TMs. Themain results include the following: (i) for a language L and a functions(n), L is accepted by ans(n)-bounded RA with λ-input mode insequential manner if and only if L is accepted by alog s(n)-bounded one-way TM; (ii) if a languageL is accepted by a linear-bounded RA in sequential manner, thenL is also accepted by a P automaton [Csuhaj−Varju and Vaszil, vol. 2597of Lect. Notes Comput. Sci. Springer (2003) 219–233.] in sequentialmanner; (iii) the class of languages accepted by linear-bounded RAs in maximally parallelmanner is incomparable to the class of languages accepted by RAs in sequential manner.