The basics of magnets, magnetism, induced magnetism, magnetic fields, and electromagnets are introduced. The force between a magnet and an electromagnet is the basis for speakers, devices that turn electrical signals into sounds, as well as other electromechanical devices. The process works in reverse, in that a sound incident on a speaker can produce an electrical signal. The latter principle is used for some microphones. In general, a time-dependent magnetic field, for example, due to a moving magnet, will tend to induce electrical currents that oppose the change. This is known as Faraday’s law of induction. Several of the principles of magnetism are used together to create an electric guitar pickup. A scheme to use a pair of pickups to cancel out environmental signals, known as a humbucker, is shown. Electrical transformers work based on a time-changing magnetic field from one electromagnet experienced by another, and they are useful for generating electrical signals that better match the destination for the signals—typically an amplifier.

Though a prominent strand of Wallace Stevens studies argues that his poetry has neither a sense of the interpersonal nor any actual human audience to speak of, recent critics are at last taking Stevens seriously as a poet of community—a key word in recent work by several critics and a peripheral or secret subject in countless other studies. Questions of community and audience, Spaide finds, have helped these critics to reconceive both “the poem of the idea” and “the poem of the words”: critics drawn to the former have focused on Stevens’s historical and personal crises, political philosophy, aesthetics, place, and affect; those drawn to the latter have focused on Stevens’s diction, genres, forms, speakers, and lyric pronouns. Community and audience, for Stevens, are always counterbalanced by their others—individuality, impersonality, inhuman nature, aesthetic autonomy. Closing on a reading of “The Sick Man” (1950), Spaide concludes that Stevens’s truest subject is not community, not individuality, but the never-settled contest between the two.

This chapter addresses the notion of participation by examining it at four different angles of view which we label, in order of roughly widening scope, utterance, talk, event and interaction. We start with the narrowest scope, involving the simplest possible notions of participant role – that of a producer and a receiver. Then, employing and stretching Goffman's notions of footing, production format and participation framework, we gradually widen the scope, putting an ever-increasing amount of flesh on, breaking down into various constituent parts and even questioning the integrity of these bare bones. At the widest scope, there comes a point when the bare bones seem to dissolve, and yet participation with interpersonal and interactive consequences can still be discerned. After proceeding to some considerations of participation in technology-mediated communication, we conclude with some suggestions concerning approaches to the identification of participant roles in the analysis of interaction.

Chapter 7 deals with the most pressing and most prominent social influence in our time, persuasion. The modality of persuasion is oft considered as the epitome of social influence processes with a long past of rhetoric analysis, and a short history of experimental demonstration of effects arising from speaker, message or audience characteristics. The chapter starts by reviewing the moderator variables of persuasion initiated by the Yale Programme. This is followed by considering mainstream dual-process theories that investigated fast or slow, hot or cold cognitive processes resulting in successful persuasion. Following this mainstream overture, the chapter reviews studies of forced and non-forced compliance that precipitate conviction by cognitive dissonance. The chapter ends with reviewing lay epistemic theory and the unimodal of persuasion, making the case for argumentation processes that form attitudes and the appraisal of behavioural inclinations beyond the exercise of mere message tactics of a box of tricks. This leads us to consider the necessary insights into the common ground and the moral community of speaker and audience as a precondition of successful persuasion.

Modal particles occur exclusively in topical contexts. They are excluded in thetic contexts and non-asserted grammatical contexts. They create common ground properties of high speaker-hearer connecting attitudinality with all assets language can provide in terms of manipulation and hyperlinking effects. As modal particles are not restricted to clausal finiteness and assertive contexts, they have a strong contingency in terms of speech acts allowing their occurrence outside of clausal finiteness.

This chapter examines passages in Hebrews where the Son is portrayed as the speaker of Scripture quotations (Heb 2:10–18; 10:1–10). In Hebrews 2, the Son, perhaps responding the Father in Hebrews 1, pledges to praise God among his human siblings. He likewise expresses his own faith in the Father. In Hebrews 10, the Son presents himself as a willing offering who has entered the world to do the Father’s will. In each case, Jesus speaks to the Father and demonstrates his status as an exemplary representative among humanity.

This chapter examines the Court’s government speech docket to date, which has focused on disputes that require it to determine when the government itself is speaking and when it is instead regulating others’ speech. It explains how the constitutional rules for the government as regulator of others’ speech differ from those that apply to the government as speaker: when the government itself is speaking, then the Free Speech Clause constraints on the government as regulator do not apply. It then offers a framework for approaching these problems that emphasizes the value of transparency—that is, an insistence that the governmental source of a message be transparent to the public as a condition of claiming the government speech defense to a Free Speech Clause challenge. It then applies the transparency principle to difficult first-stage problems to come that will require courts to unravel competing governmental and nongovernmental claims to the same speech, to determine when an individual government official speaks as the government or instead as a private citizen, and to ascertain when an individual public employee’s speech is the actually the government’s to control.

This chapeter offers close readings of two complex embedded speeches in order to show the sophisticated manipulation of voice to play with time, space, and identity.

This chapter demonstrates how Pindar’s and Aeschylus’ unusual, yet shared, approach to embedded speech (oratio recta) reflects a common interest in performance as reenactment. It is argued that their distinctive mode of duplicating voices through the “meta-language” of embedded speech stands as an emblem of choral mimesis more broadly.

This chapter explores "comprehension asymmetries," which occur when speakers have a greater ability to understand or process information relative to their target audiences. By synthesizing work from economics, communications theory, and information theory, we offer a simple conceptual model for understanding and locating comprehension asymmetries in legal programs.

Nobel prize-winning economist Herbert Simon warned more than 70 years ago that if we did not find a way to manage the flood of information that threatens to overwhelm us, we would find ourselves unable to make sense of it. This short introductory chapter explores the various ways that legal architects have failed to heed Simon's warning in legal areas as diverse as consumer protection, financial regulation, patents, chemical control, and administrative and legislative process. A number of significant legal programs in the U.S. are designed to facilitate the sharing of complete information, yet these programs often neglect to ensure that the information is also comprehensible to the target audience.