Evidence regarding the association between dietary choline intake and mortality in individuals with diabetes remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between dietary choline intake and all-cause, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer-related mortality among adults with diabetes. A total of 4,712 participants with diabetes were included from the NHANES 2007-2018 cycles. Dietary choline intake was estimated using two 24-hour dietary recalls, and mortality outcomes were ascertained via linkage to National Death Index records through December 31, 2019. Cox proportional hazards models and Kaplan-Meier analyses were employed to assess the associations between choline intake and mortality. Restricted cubic spline models were used to examine potential non-linear relationships, and threshold analyses were conducted to identify inflection points. Over a median follow-up of 6.42 years, 805 deaths were documented, including 267 from CVD and 126 from cancer. A U-shaped association was observed between dietary choline intake and all-cause mortality (p for non-linearity < 0.0001). Compared with the lowest quartile, multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for all-cause mortality were 0.64 (95% CI: 0.47-0.88) for the second quartile, 0.59 (0.43-0.82) for the third, and 0.69 (0.43-1.09) for the highest quartile. No significant associations were found between choline intake and either CVD or cancer mortality. These findings indicate a U-shaped relationship between dietary choline intake and all-cause mortality in individuals with diabetes, with intakes between 286.77 and 538.86 mg/day associated with the lowest risk—providing potential implications for dietary guidance in diabetes management.

In this paper, a single passage unsteady numerical simulation is carried out. Three different self-recirculating casing treatment structures with circumferential coverage ratios of 20%, 40% and 60% were designed. The calculation results show that as the circumferential coverage ratio increases, the stability enhancement ability of the self-recirculating casing also increases. Especially when the circumferential coverage ratio increases to 60%, the self-recirculating casing achieves the largest increase in stall margin, with an increase of 49.05%, but the decrease in the peak efficiency is 1.33%. An increase in the circumferential coverage ratio enhances the suction capacity of the self-recirculating casing. This enables it to better suppress the expansion of the leakage flow and reduce the degree of blockage within the passage. The self-recirculating casing can inhibit the occurrence of vortex breakdown in the tip passage. However, at the low flow rate point, it cannot effectively eliminate the interaction between the leakage streamlines. When the circumferential coverage ratio is relatively large, it can suppress the airflow separation phenomenon. The flow separation near the blade trailing edge and the mixing of the leakage flow within the tip passage are important reasons for the internal flow instability of the self-recirculating casing compressor.

African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious animal disease caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV). It is listed by the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) as an animal disease subject to statutory reporting. ASFV, a large, enveloped double-stranded DNA virus with high genomic complexity, exhibits a case fatality rate of up to 100%, posing a significant threat to the global pig industry and food safety. To date, the absence of a safe commercial ASFV vaccine primarily stems from challenges in identifying immunogenic viral antigens, insufficient characterization of ASFV pathogenesis, and limited understanding of the virus’s immune evasion mechanisms. Here, we review the pathogenic characteristics (morphological structure, clinical symptoms, and epidemiological characteristics), molecular biological characteristics, and infection mechanism of ASFV, as well as the immune response mechanism, vaccine research, and the latest information on ASFV in other areas. This review will be in favour of understanding the current state of knowledge of ASF and developing effective vaccines to control this disease.

Kisspeptin, encoded by Kiss1 gene, regulates reproduction via the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. While kisspeptin treatment promotes follicular development in Tan sheep, its direct action on ovarian granulosa cells remains unclear. For this, we first detected the expression of Kiss1 and its receptor Kiss1r in primary ovarian granulosa cells of Tan sheep. Second, the effect of kisspeptin on steroid hormone secretion, proliferation and apoptosis of ovarian granulosa cells was investigated. Third, the signaling pathway of kisspeptin regulating steroid hormone secretion was revealed by western bolting in ovarian granulosa cells. The results showed that the Kiss1 and Kiss1r genes were present in ovarian granulosa cells of Tan-sheep, and 500 nM dose of kisspeptin significantly stimulated steroids hormone secretion (P < 0.05), and up-regulated StAR, HSD17B2, CPY19A1, FSHR, LHR, ERβ, PGR and p-ERK1/2 proteins expression (P < 0.05). Moreover, this treatment significantly promoted cell proliferation and increased the proportion of cells in S phase (P < 0.05), and significantly suppressed granulosa cell apoptosis (P < 0.05). Additionally, the stimulatory effects of kisspeptin on estradiol and progesterone secretion were blocked by inhibitors of the Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway (including PKA inhibitor, PLC inhibitor, PKC inhibitor, and Ca2+inhibitor). Western blot analysis confirmed that kisspeptin regulates steroid hormone secretion primarily through the MAPK-ERK signaling pathway. Our results demonstrate that kisspeptin can directly act on ovarian granulosa cells to promote steroidogenesis, proliferation, and inhibit apoptosis, providing a foundational basis for developing novel kisspeptin-mediated techniques to regulate reproduction in Tan sheep.

To address the limitation of the generalised Reynolds analogy (GRA) in handling flows with a spatial mismatch between velocity and temperature extrema, we propose a zonal and regime-based GRA which integrates a zonal decomposition approach based on the extrema of velocity and temperature profiles with a regime-based approach that accounts for different temperature–velocity (T–V) relations. The new GRA is verified using compressible turbulent Couette–Poiseuille (C–P) flow, which occurs between two plane plates driven by the combination of relative moving walls and the application of a pressure gradient. Direct numerical simulations (DNS) are implemented at ${\textit{Re}}_0 = 4000$, $\textit{Ma}_0 = 0.8$ and $1.5$. Two flow regimes are recognised: one is the Couette regime (C regime), featuring opposite-direction wall frictions on the bottom and top walls, and the other is the Poiseuille regime (P regime), characterised by same-direction wall frictions. For C-regime flow, the temperature maximum point and the minimum magnitude point of the velocity gradient divide the entire channel into three zones, with each zone modelled via canonical GRA. For P-regime flow, the velocity maximum point presents a strong singularity for canonical GRA. We propose a new set of T–V relations with non-uniform distribution of the effective Prandtl number (${\textit{Pr}}_e$) rather than the typical constant-${\textit{Pr}}_e$ assumption. Comparisons with DNS results indicate that the new T–V relation improves the prediction of temperature profile in compressible C–P turbulence, particularly for the two P-regime flows with higher $\textit{Ma}_0$, where the original GRA model shows clear deviations from the DNS.

Research has demonstrated that emotion modulates specificity in recollection of personally experienced events and the words individuals use during recollection reflect their psychological states. Here, we investigated the linguistic features of autobiographical memory (AM) of different specificity for different emotional events to address how emotion would modulate the psychological mechanisms underlying AM of different specificity. We analyzed 122 participants’ narratives of AM categorized as specific and general under happy, sad, angry, fearful and neutral cues. The use of three groups (emotional process, cognitive process and thinking style) of words was, respectively, compared between specific and general AM in each emotion condition. In retrieval of sad, angry and fearful events, general relative to specific AM contained more affective process words, notably negative words. General AM featured more cognitive process words than specific AM, regardless of emotion type (except neutral). When recalling happy events, general AM featured more analytic thinking words than specific AM, while in recollection of fearful events, general AM featured fewer such words than specific AM. General relative to specific AM about happy experiences contained more narrative thinking words. These findings suggest that the psychological mechanisms underlying top-down and bottom-up retrieval differ between particular types of emotion engaged in AM.

The debate on attention’s validity in cognitive psychology persists. However, attention remains essential beyond peripheral vision constraints, as it is a resource-limited process (Norman & Bobrow, 1975). The outright dismissal of attention proposed in the target article risks conceptual voids without superior alternatives. Instead, refining attention as a theoretical framework offers a pragmatic path for advancing cognitive research.

To investigate the stall mechanisms of a multi-stage axial compressor under different rotational speeds and identify the initial stall stages, this study focuses on a high-load nine-stage axial compressor, validated through experimental data. The results reveal that at 100% corrected rotational speed, flow instability is primarily triggered by corner separation in the front four stators (S1–S4). At 80% corrected rotational speed, the instability stems from the interaction between the first rotor (R1) tip leakage vortex and the main flow, coupled with the front four stators’ corner separation. Precise identification of initial stall locations in multi-stage axial compressors is imperative. The study first employs qualitative flow-field analysis to identify initial stall locations by comparing meridional mass flux variation contour maps and axial velocity iso-surfaces. The results show that the stall inception occurs at the S2 root under 100% corrected rotational speed, while at 80% corrected rotational speed, stall initiates simultaneously at both the S2 root and the R1 tip. Furthermore, an innovative three-dimensional flow blockage quantification method was established to systematically evaluate blockage severity within multi-stage blade passages. This approach utilises relative blockage variation metrics to quantitatively identify regions of rapid flow deterioration, achieving remarkable consistency with qualitative flow-field analysis. The qualitative and quantitative analysis results have been mutually corroborated. The proposed blockage quantification approach enables precise evaluation across stages without complex flow fields comparisons, allowing rapid identification of stall-initiating locations and supporting subsequent stability enhancement optimization.

Appropriate soil water and nitrogen (N) management strategies are critical for achieving sustainable agricultural development in drylands. Straw mulching has been used to improve crop yield and water use efficiency (WUE), but N management strategies may need to be adjusted from conventional practice. The current study investigated the interactive effects of N application rate (conventional and high N rate), N application frequencies (single, and split N in 2 – 3 applications) and seasonal conditions on wheat population density dynamics, yield, harvest index (HI), grain protein content, water- and N-use efficiency, and residual soil N under straw mulching on the Loess Plateau of China. Nitrogen rate had no effect on yield, HI, WUE and grain protein content, but high N rate resulted in lower grain weight and nitrogen partial factor productivity (PFPN), and higher soil N residue. Splitting N applications significantly improved grain yield (7%), HI (9%), grain protein content (5%), PFPN and N harvest index, along with a reduction in soil N residue, compared to single application. However, there was no difference in above traits between split-N in 2 and 3 applications. Conventional N rate (vs. high N rate) and split N application (vs. single application) both alleviated the negative correlation between grain yield and grain protein content, and split N application increased grain N removal per unit yield compared to single N application. It is concluded that conventional N rate combined with split application in two doses, is suitable for straw mulching in drylands of the Loess Plateau, China.

We report a record-breaking 213.4 W continuous-wave diamond Raman laser operating at 1240 nm using polarization beam combining dual-fiber pumps and a quasi-Z-shaped cavity to suppress back-reflection. The secondary pump amplified the Stokes field without altering its polarization, confirming polarization-independent gain enhancement. Results demonstrate that high pump power, robust cavity design, reduced optical damage, temperature control of the mirror and crystal and parasitic Brillouin suppression were critical for maximizing Stokes output. The work surpasses the decade-old 154 W record, highlighting diamond’s potential in high-power applications.

This study reports potassium (K) isotope compositions of diamondiferous kimberlites. Altered kimberlite samples exhibit δ41K values ranging from −1.293 ± 0.052 (2SD) to −0.114 ± 0.029 ‰, showing covariations with chemical indicators of alteration. This is consistent with the geochemical dynamics of K isotopes in hydrothermal fluid-related processes. In contrast, pristine kimberlite samples display restricted K isotope compositions, with δ41K values between −0.494 ± 0.057 and −0.270 ± 0.048 ‰. Notably, the δ41K values of these pristine kimberlite samples correlate well with K2O and Rb contents, suggesting that approximately ∼0.2 ‰ of K isotope fractionation is induced by phlogopite crystallization, as indicated by quantitative modelling. The estimated δ41K values of −0.458 ‰ for the primary kimberlite melt and of −0.414 ‰ for the kimberlite source imply a potential link to the bulk silicate Earth. These new measurements, along with literature data from various rocks, indicate that the K isotope composition in the deep mantle (>150 km) is more homogenous than in shallow regions, likely reflecting the efficiency of convection flow and K behaviour during subduction. In addition, the K isotope data reveal temporal variations in mantle-derived magmas from the Palaeozoic to the Cenozoic, highlighting the geological history and lithospheric destruction of the North China Craton. This study underscores the significance of K isotopes in enhancing our understanding of mantle dynamics, crustal recycling and the geochemical evolution of the Earth’s interior.

We consider spline-based additive models for estimation of conditional treatment effects. To handle the uncertainty due to variable selection, we propose a method of model averaging with weights obtained by minimizing a J-fold cross-validation criterion, in which a nearest neighbor matching is used to approximate the unobserved potential outcomes. We show that the proposed method is asymptotically optimal in the sense of achieving the lowest possible squared loss in some settings and assigning all weight to the correctly specified models if such models exist in the candidate set. Moreover, consistency properties of the optimal weights and model averaging estimators are established. A simulation study and an empirical example demonstrate the superiority of the proposed estimator over other methods.