Transient thermocapillary convection flows near a suddenly heated vertical wire are widely present in nature and industrial systems. The current study investigates the dynamical evolution and heat transfer for these transient flows near a suddenly heated vertical wire, employing scaling analysis and axisymmetric numerical simulation methodologies. Scaling analysis indicates that there exist four possible scenarios of the dynamical evolution and heat transfer for these transient flows, dependent on the wire curvature, Marangoni number and Prandtl number. In a typical scenario of the dynamical evolution and heat transfer, heat is first conducted into the fluid after sudden heating, resulting in an annular vertical thermal boundary layer around the wire. The radial temperature gradient may generate a thermocapillary force on the liquid surface, dragging the liquid away from the wire. The pressure gradient also drives a vertical flow along the wire. Further, the current study analyses and derives the scaling laws of the velocity, thickness and Nusselt number for the surface and vertical flows in different scenarios. Additionally, a number of two-dimensional axisymmetric numerical simulations are performed. The flow structure around the suddenly heated vertical wire is characterised under different regimes and the validation for the proposed scaling laws in comparison with numerical results is presented.

Language AI has become a popular tool across the humanities and social sciences, but it has yet to gain traction in socio-cultural anthropology. Fieldnotes, the core data for anthropologists, present a unique opportunity and challenge for applying language AI to understand diverse human behavior and experience. Anthropological fieldnotes are communicative products in cultural contexts through immersive, extensive and idiosyncratic fieldwork. To read fieldnotes, anthropologists typically engage in qualitative, reflexive interpretations, attuned to local meaning systems and intersubjective encounters. This paper demonstrates a novel synergy, combining anthropological expertise and various AI technologies to analyze natural observation texts about children’s peer-interactions, especially their moral dramas, in the historical context of rural Taiwan during the Cold War. These fieldnotes were collected by the late anthropologists Arthur Wolf and Margery Wolf in the world’s first anthropological study focused on Han Chinese children. Engagement with AI in this project began as methodological cross-fertilization, transforming raw fieldnotes into a text-as-data pipeline and discovering how ethnographic close-reading, machine-learning techniques (e.g., unsupervised topic modeling), transformer models (e.g., S-BERT) and generative models (e.g., GPT) can complement and augment each other’s value. Capitalizing on the systematic nature of Arthur Wolf’s fieldnotes, as well as the special protagonists of these fieldnotes – playful children, the most voracious learners – this paper compares how children, the anthropologist and AI make sense of pretend-fight moral dramas. Such a human–AI hybrid experiment embodies layered-interdisciplinarity at methodological, epistemological and, to some extent, ontological levels, anchored at children’s social cognition. Situated at the intersection of anthropology, digital humanities, developmental science and data science, this work sheds light on the similarities and differences in how machines and humans learn and make sense of morality, and by doing so, critically reflect on the nature of socio-moral intelligence.

The author’s primary goal in this paper is to characterize $\omega$-Rudin sets and $\omega$-Rudin spaces via sequence convergence and give some important applications of such characterizations. For an irreducible closed set $A$ of a $T_0$-space $X$, we prove that the following four conditions are equivalent: (1) $A$ is an $\omega$-Rudin set; (2) there is $\{a_n : n\in \mathbb{N}\}\subseteq A$ such that the sequence $(a_n)_{n\in \mathbb{N}}$ simultaneously converges to all points of $A$; (3) there is $\{a_n : n\in \mathbb{N}\}\subseteq A$ such that the sequence $(\overline {\{a_n\}})_{n\in \mathbb{N}}$ converges to $A$ in the Hoare power space of $X$; (4) there is $\{a_n : n\in \mathbb{N}\}\subseteq A$ such that the sequence $(\overline {\{a_n\}})_{n\in \mathbb{N}}$ converges to $A$ in the sobrification of $X$. Based on these characterizations, we obtain some characterizations of $\omega$-Rudin spaces and sober spaces. In particular, we show that for a complete lattice $L$, its Scott space $\Sigma L$ is sober iff for any nonempty Scott irreducible closed set $A$ of $L$, there is $\{a_n : n\in \mathbb{N}\}\subseteq A$ such that the sequence $(a_n)_{n\in \mathbb{N}}$ simultaneously Scott converges to all points of $A$ or, equivalently, the sequence $(\overline {\{a_n\}})_{n\in \mathbb{N}}$ converges to $A$ in the sobrification of $\Sigma L$. Several related examples are presented. We also investigate some basic properties of $\omega$-Rudin spaces. It is proved that the property of being an $\omega$-Rudin space is retractive, productive, and closed-hereditary. We give two examples to show that it is not saturated-hereditary and the category $\boldsymbol{\omega }$-$\mathbf{Rud}$ of $\omega$-Rudin spaces does not have equalizers, and hence, $\boldsymbol{\omega }$-$\mathbf{Rud}$ is not reflective in the category $\mathbf{Top}_{0}$ of all $T_0$-spaces. Finally, we discuss the Smyth power spaces of $\omega$-Rudin spaces. It is shown that if the Smyth power space of a $T_0$-space $X$ is an $\omega$-Rudin space, then $X$ is an $\omega$-Rudin space. The question naturally arises whether the Smyth power space of an $\omega$-Rudin space is still an $\omega$-Rudin space.

The traditional ant colony optimisation (ACO) algorithm, when applied to mobile robot path planning, faces several challenges: slow convergence, susceptibility to local optima, and the generation of paths with excessive turning points, all of which reduce the robot’s operational efficiency. To overcome these shortcomings, this paper proposes a targeted set of improvements designed to enhance algorithm performance and increase the practicality and efficiency of path planning. First, we introduce an initial pheromone enhancement mechanism based on the Bresenham algorithm. By augmenting pheromone concentration along the approximate straight-line path from the start to the goal, ants are guided to explore in the optimal direction, thereby significantly accelerating convergence. Second, we integrate a directional continuity factor into the path selection probability: by using vector dot products to strengthen the bias toward consistent directions and by coupling this with a curvature-based pheromone reward that favours straighter segments, we ensure smoother, more direct paths. Finally, we apply a spring-model-based smoothing strategy as a post-processing step to the paths generated by the ant colony, reducing path complexity and the number of turns to guarantee efficient and reliable robot motion. To validate the performance of the improved algorithm, we conduct comparative experiments on a MATLAB platform against other enhanced ACO variants reported in the literature. The results demonstrate that our proposed algorithm significantly outperforms these existing methods across all performance metrics, exhibiting superior path planning capabilities.

Alterations in hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis function may underlie the relation between childhood maltreatment and nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) behaviors. This study examined how co-occurring patterns of maltreatment types influenced adolescent NSSI behaviors and the mediating role of diurnal cortisol, using a longitudinal design. The sample included 295 Chinese adolescents (Mage = 10.79 years, SD = 0.84 years; 67.1% boys). The study employed latent profile analysis to identify childhood maltreatment patterns and conducted path analysis to examine the mediating mechanism. Four maltreatment patterns were identified: Low Maltreatment (67.8%), High Neglect (15.6%), Moderate Maltreatment (10.2%), and High Abuse with Moderate Neglect (6.4%). Furthermore, compared to the Low Maltreatment profile, adolescents in the High Neglect profile were at increased risk for later NSSI behaviors through higher waking cortisol levels, while those in the High Abuse with Moderate Neglect profile were at increased risk through a steeper diurnal slope. Disturbances in diurnal cortisol rhythm serve as a pathway through which childhood maltreatment “gets under the skin” to lead to adolescent NSSI behaviors. These findings offer promise for identifying maltreated youth at risk for NSSI behaviors and informing targeted prevention strategies.

The stability of underwater bubbles is important to many natural phenomena and industrial applications. Since stability analyses are complex and influenced by numerous factors, they are often performed on a case-specific basis, with most being qualitative. In this work, we propose a unified and quantitative criterion for evaluating bubble stability by analysing its free energy. This criterion is broadly applicable across various bubble sizes (from nanometres to macroscale) and contact conditions (suspended, attached and trapped bubbles) on surfaces with diverse chemical (hydrophilic and hydrophobic) and morphological (flat and structured solid surfaces) features. This criterion not only applies to the classical stable bubble mode, which depends on contact line pinning at the tips of surface structures, but also predicts a new mode where the synergy between the geometry and wettability of the sidewalls maintains the bubble’s stable state. The contact line can spontaneously adjust its position on the solid surface to maintain pressure balance, which enhances bubble adaptability to environmental changes. A geometric standard for solid surfaces supporting this new stable state is raised, following which we realise the optimisation of solid surface geometries to control the stability of gas bubbles. This work not only provides a universal framework for understanding underwater bubble stability, but also opens avenues for applications.

High-sensitivity observations of PSR J1919+1745 were conducted using the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Radio Telescope (FAST) at a central frequency of 1250 MHz, enabling a detailed investigation of its single-pulse behaviour. Our research indicates that this pulsar is a normal pulsar, exhibiting null behaviour, subpulse drifting, and occasional bright pulses. Moreover, we observed that the null events tend to be of short duration, with an estimated overall null fraction of approximately 29.5 ± 1.1%. Through Sliding Fluctuation Spectrum analysis, the modulation period of subpulse drifting is determined to be P3 =(6.1 ± 0.7)P1 (where P1denotes the pulsar rotation period), and a non-drifting behaviour is also observed besides this. Analysis using the Harmonic-Resolved Fourier Spectrum indicates that a combination of amplitude modulation and phase modulation causes the subpulse drifting behaviour of this pulsar. Furthermore, the value P2, derived from phase modulation, is approximately 360°/21 = 17.1°. polarisation analysis shows a moderate degree of linear polarization (37.22 ± 0.59%), an S-shaped swing in the polarisation position angle, and an approximate 90° orthogonal polarisation jump. The radiation characteristics of PSR J1919+1745 will expand the sample of pulsars with pulse null and subpulse drifting, thus contributing to future systematic studies on the physical origins of pulse null and subpulse drifting phenomena.

Previous studies have primarily advocated enhancing the deterrent effects of sanctions against offending firms to prevent organizational environmental violations. However, despite stricter regulatory environments, violations that cross the ‘red line’ remain pervasive. Limited research has delved into the factors that influence an organization’s ability to learn from environmental sanctions imposed on others. To address this gap, inspired by social learning theory, we examine whether environmental sanctions imposed on violating firms deter environmental governance among their industry and regional peers using a sample of Chinese-listed firms from 2008 to 2021. Our findings indicate that increasing the frequency and severity of penalties for offending firms – particularly those leading firms and state-owned-enterprises or those with close ties – can affect the environmental governance practices of their peers, both in terms of process and outcome, underscoring the critical role of peer influence in enforcing environmental regulations. Additionally, the current article also concludes that the general deterrence effect on peers is more pronounced in competitive industries and regions with underdeveloped legal frameworks.

Contingent responses in which caregiver and child build on each other’s positive behavior may attenuate the deleterious effects of early adversity on youth mental health and neuroendocrine functioning. 159 caregiver–child dyads (child age: 6–16 years; 50.9% male; 44.6% adversity-exposed in stable arrangements with adoptive caregivers) participated in a 6-min conflict resolution task, which was coded for second-by-second changes in caregivers’ and children’s behavior (κ’s >0.78). Caregivers reported on their child’s mental health problems; youth hair cortisol concentration was obtained. Caregiver contingent responses to their children (i.e., responding to their partner’s positive social communication with active efforts to facilitate emotion regulation and/or problem-solving) attenuated the effects of adversity on child anxiety and conduct disorder symptoms. Stronger positive child contingent responses to their caregivers attenuated the effects of adversity on child depressive, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms, and oppositional defiant symptoms. Positive contingent transactions are health-promotive interaction sequences that could be targeted in transdiagnostic intervention programs.

We study the temperature–velocity (TV) relation for laminar adiabatic and diabatic hypersonic boundary layers. By applying an asymptotic expansion to the compressible boundary-layer temperature equation, we derive a first-order equation for the TV relation, where the zeroth-order solution is found to be the classical Crocco–Busemann quadratic relation. The ensuing relation predicts accurately the temperature profile by using the velocity for hypersonic boundary layers with Chapman, power and Sutherland viscosity laws, arbitrary heat capacity ratios, variable Prandtl numbers close to unity and Mach number of up to 10. The Mach-number- and wall-temperature-independent quantities in our relation are also investigated. The present relation has the potential to function as a temperature wall model for laminar hypersonic boundary layers, especially for cold-wall cases.

Aerothermal issues in hypersonic transitional swept shock wave/boundary-layer interactions (SBLIs) are critical for the structural safety of high-speed vehicles but remain poorly understood. In this work, previously scarce, high-resolution heat transfer distributions of the hypersonic transitional swept SBLIs, are obtained from fast-responding temperature-sensitive paint (fast TSP) measurements. A series of $34^\circ$ compression ramps with sweep angles ranging from $0^\circ$ to $45^\circ$ are tested in a Mach 12.1 shock tunnel, with a unit Reynolds number of 3.0 $\times$ 10$^{6}$ m$^{-1}$. The fast TSP provides a global view of the three-dimensional aerothermal effects on the ramps, allowing in-depth analysis on the sweep effects and the symmetry of heat transfer. The time-averaged results reveal that the heat flux peak near reattachment shifts upstream with decreasing amplitude as the sweep angle increases, and a second peak emerges in the $45^\circ$ swept ramp due to a type V shock–shock interaction. Downstream of reattachment, the heat flux streaks induced by Görtler-like vortices weaken with increasing sweep angle, whereas their dominant projected wavelengths show little dependence on sweep angle or spanwise location. Away from the ramp’s leading side, the transition onset of the reattached boundary layer gradually approaches the reattachment point. Finally, a general quasi-conical aerothermal symmetry is identified upstream of reattachment, although spanwise variations in transition onset, shock–shock interaction and heat flux streaks are found to disrupt this symmetry downstream of reattachment with varying degrees.

Magnetite-enriched mining tailings are a cost-effective and abundant catalytic material with inherent magnetic recyclability. Yet their practical application in catalysis is often constrained by their limited surface area and sluggish reaction kinetics. To address these issues, we developed a facile one-step co-precipitation method to synthesize a magnetic nano-Fe3O4 (MNP) catalyst that exhibits enhanced surface reactivity for efficient activation of H2O2 towards tetracycline (TC) degradation. The system achieved complete (100%) removal of TC at an initial concentration of 20 mg L–1 within 90 min and demonstrated robust catalytic performance across weakly acidic to neutral pH conditions. Mechanistic investigations confirmed that ⋅OH is the primary reactive oxygen species involved, with ⋅O2⁻ and 1O2 providing supplementary contributions to the degradation. Remarkably, the intrinsic magnetic properties ensured efficient MNP catalyst recovery. This work provides a sustainable and scalable wastewater treatment strategy, leveraging mining tailings as a cost-effective resource to treat wastewater while also providing economic and environmental benefits.

A theoretical model is developed to study the deformation dynamics of a biconcave red blood cell (RBC) in a viscous fluid driven by an ultrasonic standing wave. The model considers the true physiological shape of RBCs with biconcave geometry, overcoming the challenges of modelling the nonlinear acoustomechanical coupling of complex biconcave curved shells. The hyperelastic shell theory is used to describe the cell membrane deformation. The acoustic perturbation method is employed to divide the Navier–Stokes equations for viscous flows into the acoustic wave propagation equation and the mean time-averaged dynamic equation. The time-average flow–membrane interaction is considered to capture the cell deformation in acoustic waves. Numerical simulations are performed using the finite element method by formulating the final governing equation in weak form. And a curvature-adaptive mesh refinement algorithm is specifically developed to solve the error problem caused by the nonlinear response of biconcave boundaries (such as curvature transitions) in fluid–structure coupling calculations. The results show that when the acoustic input is large enough, the shape of the cell at the acoustic pressure node changes from a biconcave shape to an oblate disk shape, thereby predicting and discovering for the first time the snap-through instability phenomenon in bioncave RBCs driven by ultrasound. The effects of fluid viscosity, surface shear modulus and membrane bending stiffness on the deformation of the cell are analysed. This numerical model has the ability to accurately predict the acoustic streaming fields and associated time-averaged fluid stress, thus providing insights into the acoustic deformation of complex-shaped particles. Given the important role of the mechanical properties of RBCs in disease diagnosis and biological research, this work will contribute to the development of acoustofluidic technology for the detection of RBC-related diseases.