Spectral analysis of the transport process of turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) in a channel roughened with spanwise-aligned circular-arc ribs is conducted based on direct numerical simulations (DNS). Test cases of varying pitch-to-height ratios ($P/H=3.0$, 5.0 and 7.5) and bulk Reynolds numbers (${\textit{Re}}_b=5600$ and 14 600) are compared. It is observed that the characteristic spanwise wavelength of the energy-containing eddies in the internal shear layer (ISL) increases as the value of $P/H$ increases, but decreases as the Reynolds number increases. In the ISL, the energy transport processes are dominated by turbulent production as the lead source term, but by turbulent diffusion and dissipation as the lead sink terms. It is found that regions with high production and dissipation rates of TKE in the ISL are associated with moderate and small wavelengths, respectively. The TKE production for sustaining moderate- and large-scale motions enhances gradually with an increasing value of $P/H$, while that for sustaining small-scale motions augments as the Reynolds number increases. It is interesting to observe that the interscale-transport term plays a critical role in draining TKE at moderate wavelengths as a sink and carries the drained TKE to small-scale eddies as a source. It is discovered that a higher pitch-to-height ratio leads to shortening of the characteristic spanwise wavelength of the dissipation process but prolongation of those of the production, interscale-transport and turbulent-diffusion processes in the ISL. By contrast, a higher Reynolds number results in reductions in the characteristic spanwise wavelengths of all spectral transport terms.

Alterations in hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis function may underlie the relation between childhood maltreatment and nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) behaviors. This study examined how co-occurring patterns of maltreatment types influenced adolescent NSSI behaviors and the mediating role of diurnal cortisol, using a longitudinal design. The sample included 295 Chinese adolescents (Mage = 10.79 years, SD = 0.84 years; 67.1% boys). The study employed latent profile analysis to identify childhood maltreatment patterns and conducted path analysis to examine the mediating mechanism. Four maltreatment patterns were identified: Low Maltreatment (67.8%), High Neglect (15.6%), Moderate Maltreatment (10.2%), and High Abuse with Moderate Neglect (6.4%). Furthermore, compared to the Low Maltreatment profile, adolescents in the High Neglect profile were at increased risk for later NSSI behaviors through higher waking cortisol levels, while those in the High Abuse with Moderate Neglect profile were at increased risk through a steeper diurnal slope. Disturbances in diurnal cortisol rhythm serve as a pathway through which childhood maltreatment “gets under the skin” to lead to adolescent NSSI behaviors. These findings offer promise for identifying maltreated youth at risk for NSSI behaviors and informing targeted prevention strategies.

Previous studies have primarily advocated enhancing the deterrent effects of sanctions against offending firms to prevent organizational environmental violations. However, despite stricter regulatory environments, violations that cross the ‘red line’ remain pervasive. Limited research has delved into the factors that influence an organization’s ability to learn from environmental sanctions imposed on others. To address this gap, inspired by social learning theory, we examine whether environmental sanctions imposed on violating firms deter environmental governance among their industry and regional peers using a sample of Chinese-listed firms from 2008 to 2021. Our findings indicate that increasing the frequency and severity of penalties for offending firms – particularly those leading firms and state-owned-enterprises or those with close ties – can affect the environmental governance practices of their peers, both in terms of process and outcome, underscoring the critical role of peer influence in enforcing environmental regulations. Additionally, the current article also concludes that the general deterrence effect on peers is more pronounced in competitive industries and regions with underdeveloped legal frameworks.

To investigate the characteristics of a turbulent boundary layer (TBL) over the curved edge of the bow of submarine technology program office (SUBOFF) model, wall-resolved large-eddy simulation is conducted at a Reynolds number of $\mathop {\textit{Re}}\nolimits _L = 1.1 \times {10^6}$ based on the model length and free-stream velocity. Instead of using a trip wire at the bow surface, turbulent inflow is added to the simulation to induce boundary layer transition. The effects of geometric curvature and inflow turbulence intensity (ITI) are examined. With a low ITI level, natural transition takes place at the rear end of the straight section. With higher ITI levels, turbulence emerges immediately and evolves gradually, following a strong favourable-pressure-gradient (FPG) region near the forehead, which is significantly influenced by the large streamwise curvature. Within the FPG region, the root mean square of the wall pressure fluctuation (WPF) decreases rapidly, with the frequency spectra of WPF exhibiting good scalability with outer variables. Moreover, higher turbulence intensity levels lead to larger skin friction, which is related to the development of the TBL. To elucidate the generation mechanism of skin friction, the dynamic decomposition is derived in the curvilinear coordinate system. The mean convection and streamwise pressure gradient make the largest contributions to the local skin friction. Furthermore, an analysis of the energy transfer process based on the Reynolds stress transport equations in the curvilinear coordinate system is presented, highlighting the significant impact of geometric effects, particularly on the production term.