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This textbook provides an accessible introduction to quantum field theory and the Standard Model of particle physics. It adopts a distinctive pedagogical approach with clear, intuitive explanations to complement the mathematical exposition. The book begins with basic principles of quantum field theory, relating them to quantum mechanics, classical field theory, and statistical mechanics, before building towards a detailed description of the Standard Model. Its concepts and components are introduced step by step, and their dynamical roles and interactions are gradually established. Advanced topics of current research are woven into the discussion and key chapters address physics beyond the Standard Model, covering subjects such as axions, technicolor, and Grand Unified Theories. This book is ideal for graduate courses and as a reference and inspiration for experienced researchers. Additional material is provided in appendices, while numerous end-of-chapter problems and quick questions reinforce the understanding and prepare students for their own research.
This chapter reviews the solution to the U(1)A-problem, from a quantitative perspective. We discuss the ‘t Hooft large-Nc limit of QCD, which removes the axial anomaly, and its reappearance under 1/ Nc corrections. This provides mass to the η’ meson, which is related to the topological susceptibility by the Witten–Veneziano formula. This susceptibility is now well-defined on the lattice, based on the index theorem. It has a controlled continuum limit, which substantiates the Witten–Veneziano formula.
Scalar quantum electrodynamics is constructed by promoting a global U(1) symmetry to a local one. We address electrically charged infraparticles, and the corresponding superselection sectors, in infinite volume and in finite volume with two kinds of boundary Conditions.
By means of an ion crystal model, we illustrate the concepts of a particle in the sense of quantum mechanics and of quantum field theory. The latter describes reality in particle physics, but in order to avoid confusion, we temporarily denote it as a “wavicle”.
Chiral symmetry of free fermions is studied in the continuum and on the lattice. In the latter case, we review the fermion doubling problem and the Nielsen–Ninomiya theorem, then we construct Wilson fermions and finally several types of Ginsparg–Wilson fermions, which are endowed with an exact, lattice modified chiral symmetry.
This chapter deals with the renormalization group in Wilson’s spirit. General concepts, like fixed points, are illustrated with examples, such as block-variable transformations, perfect lattice actions, the Wilson–Fisher fixed points, the Callan–Symanzik equation, and various scenarios for running couplings.
The free electromagnetic field is quantized canonically and with the functional integral. We emphasize the roles of the Gauss law, helicity, and gauge fixing in the continuum. We also derive Planck’s formula for black-body radiation and apply it to the cosmic microwave background.