Traumatic and stressful life events can have lasting effects on mental health, particularly among older adults in low-resource settings. In Latin America, there is limited qualitative evidence capturing the lived experiences of these events. This study explores how older adults in Peru reflect on traumatic and stressful events throughout their lives, and how these experiences continue to shape their mental health in later life. This qualitative study was nested within the Global Excellence in COPD Outcomes (GECo) study in Lima, Peru. We conducted semi-structured, narrative-based interviews with 38 older adults (≥60 years) with moderate to severe symptoms of depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9 ≥ 10), anxiety (Beck Anxiety Inventory ≥ 16) or a history of mental health treatment. Four main categories emerged: (1) violence (emotional, physical or sexual), (2) abandonment or loss of close relatives, (3) onset of severe illness or disability and (4) other miscellaneous life disruptions. Participants described their memories of past stressful events as deeply embedded in current thoughts and, in some cases, as shaping how they experience certain emotions in the present. Addressing trauma in older adults may improve well-being in low-resource settings. Recognizing the enduring impact of life-course stressors is crucial for culturally sensitive mental health interventions.

57Fe Mössbauer spectra of two synthetic samples of ferrihydrite, recorded at 4.2 K in applied fields of up to 9 T, have been analysed by a mean-field model. The samples exhibit two and six X-ray diffraction peaks. It is shown that only one ferric ion site is present in the mineral, and that in this site the ions are octahedrally coordinated. The spectra show the presence of different magnetic states: ferrimagnetism in two-line ferrihydrite, and antiferromagnetism in six-line ferrihydrite. The ferrimagnetism in two-line ferrihydrite is analysed in terms of random fluctuations arising from the small numbers of ferric ions per particle, and it is shown that the different magnetic states may arise purely as a result of these fluctuations.

To assess the welfare of red deer (Cervus elaphus) confined at pasture or in indoor housing over winter, behaviour, productivity, skin damage and adrenal response to ACTH challenge were measured in six groups of eight weaner hinds over 91 days from June to September 1990 in Otago, New Zealand. The hinds were confined either indoors (I), indoors with daily exercise (IE), or outdoors (O); (n - 2 groups to each treatment). All groups were fed concentrate ad libitum plus 100g lucerne head−1 day−1.

Indoor confinement was associated with a greater incidence of nosing/chewing other hinds, aggression, chewing of the enclosure, and closer distances between individuals, compared with outdoor confinement (P < 0.05). Ad libitum provision of hay over a 2-week period reduced the incidence of chewing of indoor enclosures (P <0.01). Weight gain was greater for indoor groups than outdoor groups in August and September (P <0.05) and overall weight gains for indoor groups (from two weeks into the study, until the end) were higher for the exercise treatment (P <0.05). Intake of concentrates did not differ significantly between treatments. Skin damage was greater for indoor than outdoor groups (P <0.05), and positively related to weight gain (P <0.01) and receiving aggression (P <0.01), which in turn was negatively related to liveweight (P < 0.001). A negative relationship was found between pre-challenge levels of plasma Cortisol and the number of aggressive interactions received (P < 0.05). Pre-challenge Cortisol was greater for IE than I (P < 0.05), and the increase in Cortisol post-challenge was greater for outdoor groups than indoor groups (P <0.01). Conclusions were that indoor confinement had a positive effect on weight gain, but increased aggression and skin damage, indicating that the deer were compromised socially. Provision of ample forage reduced chewing of the walls. The slightly greater weight gain in IE compared with I deserves further investigation.

The frequency, intensity and location of fence line pacing were observed daily, in four groups of six farmed red deer hinds, over a 3-week period at calving. The groups were confined in neighbouring paddocks (5000m2 in area; two containing a wooden shelter) adjacent to deer yards containing an observation hide. At 1100h, a person entered each paddock to weigh, sex and tag newborn calves.

Pacing (moving parallel to and within 0.5m of a fence line) was mainly at walking speed, and its frequency differed according to the time relative to parturition. It was recorded in 13.6 (± 1.09) per cent of observations during the period 2-4 to days before calving, increased to 27.6 (± 1.9)per cent on the day before birth and then declined to 4.6 (± 0.39) per cent for the period of 0-3 days after calving. Pacing relative to total movement was greater before (65.7%) than after (43.5%) parturition (SED 3.7%; P < 0.001), indicating that it was not just a consequence of greater activity before birth. The hinds were observed to be grouped together rather than distributed randomly, but when some of the hinds were pacing, groups were spread out over more quarters of the paddock than when none were pacing (P < 0.001). However, there was no definite suggestion of avoidance of other deer. Within each group, most pacing occurred along certain fence lines, but no general pattern was observed. Regardless of whether hinds had given birth or not, there were graded increases in pacing depending on the degree of human presence (not present<within deer yards <visible<in paddock; P < 0.05); and deer favoured areas distant from human presence (P < 0.01). The findings in relation to fence line pacing and location support suggestions that human interference at calving should be minimized, but did not indicate which environmental features were responsible for this motivational drive.

Two experiments were carried out to determine whether lighting conditions during handling affected heart rate or behaviour in farmed red deer. In Experiment 1 heart rate was measured in 24 individual deer, held under restraint in a mechanical deer crush for two minutes, under either dark (0lux) or light (1500lux) conditions. A stethoscope was used to monitor heartbeat which was indicated vocally by the stethoscope operator on to a Dictaphone. In Experiment 2, 10 groups of three deer were confined for four minutes in an unfamiliar 4×6m light-proof pen with lighting provided either on the left or right-hand side of the pen, to provide a gradient across the pen from approximately 12 to 1000lux. For the first two minutes the deer were alone and for the second two minutes a person stood in the pen. An infrared video camera was used to record behaviour.

In Experiment 1, heart rate was lower (P < 0.05) in the dark compared with in the light when recording commenced, thereafter it decreased overall with similar (P > 0.05) values observed for the different lighting treatments. In Experiment 2, the mean position of the groups across the pen varied according to whether lighting was on the left or right, with groups displaced to the right when the lights were on the left, and standing in the middle of the pen when the lights were on the right (P < 0.05). During testing, groups moved away from whichever side the lights were on (P < 0.05). The experiments suggested that stress during restraint was reduced by providing darkness and that deer preferred dim lighting compared with bright lighting when confined in unfamiliar surroundings.

We present 63 new multi-site radial velocity (RV) measurements of the K1III giant HD 76920, which was recently reported to host the most eccentric planet known to orbit an evolved star. We focused our observational efforts on the time around the predicted periastron passage and achieved near-continuous phase coverage of the corresponding RV peak. By combining our RV measurements from four different instruments with previously published ones, we confirm the highly eccentric nature of the system and find an even higher eccentricity of $e=0.8782 \pm 0.0025$, an orbital period of $415.891^{+0.043}_{-0.039}\,\textrm{d}$, and a minimum mass of $3.13^{+0.41}_{-0.43}\,\textrm{M}_{\textrm{J}}$ for the planet. The uncertainties in the orbital elements are greatly reduced, especially for the period and eccentricity. We also performed a detailed spectroscopic analysis to derive atmospheric stellar parameters, and thus the fundamental stellar parameters ($M_*, R_*, L_*$), taking into account the parallax from Gaia DR2, and independently determined the stellar mass and radius using asteroseismology. Intriguingly, at periastron, the planet comes to within 2.4 stellar radii of its host star’s surface. However, we find that the planet is not currently experiencing any significant orbital decay and will not be engulfed by the stellar envelope for at least another 50–80 Myr. Finally, while we calculate a relatively high transit probability of 16%, we did not detect a transit in the TESS photometry.

Antarctica's ice shelves modulate the grounded ice flow, and weakening of ice shelves due to climate forcing will decrease their ‘buttressing’ effect, causing a response in the grounded ice. While the processes governing ice-shelf weakening are complex, uncertainties in the response of the grounded ice sheet are also difficult to assess. The Antarctic BUttressing Model Intercomparison Project (ABUMIP) compares ice-sheet model responses to decrease in buttressing by investigating the ‘end-member’ scenario of total and sustained loss of ice shelves. Although unrealistic, this scenario enables gauging the sensitivity of an ensemble of 15 ice-sheet models to a total loss of buttressing, hence exhibiting the full potential of marine ice-sheet instability. All models predict that this scenario leads to multi-metre (1–12 m) sea-level rise over 500 years from present day. West Antarctic ice sheet collapse alone leads to a 1.91–5.08 m sea-level rise due to the marine ice-sheet instability. Mass loss rates are a strong function of the sliding/friction law, with plastic laws cause a further destabilization of the Aurora and Wilkes Subglacial Basins, East Antarctica. Improvements to marine ice-sheet models have greatly reduced variability between modelled ice-sheet responses to extreme ice-shelf loss, e.g. compared to the SeaRISE assessments.

Mössbauer spectroscopy obtained with the sample at low temperatures and subject to large magnetic fields is discussed in terms of its use in analysing the naturally occurring polymorphs of FeOOH and the common growth precursor, ferrihydrite. Experiments on well-characterized synthetic samples provided benchmark results. A relatively simple means of quantitative analysis was used, in which sextets of Voigtian-shaped lines were summed and least-squares fitted. The results are discussed in terms of the magnetic structures of each compound.

The stabilities of antierite, Cu3SO4(OH)4, and a synthetic compound whose stoichiometry is here established as Cu3SO4(OH)4.2H2O, have been determined at 5°C intervals between 10°C and 45°C using solution methods. The results of the experiments show that antlerite is stable with respect to the compound Cu3SO4(OH)4.2H2O only at temperatures above 30°C Below 30°C a change in the relative stabilities of these two basic copper(II) sulfates occurs, and the compound Cu3SO4(OH)4.2H2O, although unknown at present as a mineral, instead, is stable. Under these conditions, it does not react to give antlerite if kept in contact with water. Once isolated from its mother liquor, however, the dihydrate undergoes rapid dehydration to yield antlerite. Thermodynamic quantities for the two phases have been derived from equilibrium measurements. At 298.2K, values of AfG° for the compounds Cu3SO4(OH)4.2H2O(s ) and antlerite are −1919.6(14) and −1445.0(10) kJ mol−1, respectively. The results have been used to construct stability field diagrams for the system CuO—H2O–SO3 at 25°C and at 35°C These diagrams have been used to illustrate the chemical conditions under which the two compounds might be expected to form in the oxidised zones of cupriferous base metal orebodies.

Strictly reproducible syntheses of the trimorphs of composition Cu2Cl(OH)3, atacamite, paratacamite, and botallackite, have been developed. In syntheses involving direct precipitation, or reaction of aqueous solutions with solid phases, reliable results are obtained only if the temperature and time of reaction are carefully controlled. Botallackite, the rarest of the naturally occurring trimorphs, is a key intermediate and crystallizes first under most conditions; subsequent recrystallization of this phase to atacamite or paratacamite, or of the latter from the former, depends upon the precise nature of the reaction medium. The crystallization sequence indicates that paratacamite, as has long been suspected, is the thermodynamically stable phase at ambient temperatures. Spertiniite, Cu(OH)2, can be reproducibly synthesized via one route in the non-commutative titration of aqueous copper chloride with aqueous sodium hydroxide solutions.

New stability constant data are presented for the minerals blixite, mendipite and the compound Pb7O6Cl2.2H2O at 298.2 K and P = 105 Pa. Mendipite is in fact a metastable phase at this temperature, being thermodynamically stable under the appropriate conditions at temperatures above about 29°C Kinetic influences are of some significance with respect to the sequence of formation of solid phases in the PbO-HCl-HH2O system, and these have been elucidated for some important reactions. Penfieldite and fiedlerite appear to be metastable phases at all temperatures at 105 Pa. The results have been used to reassess the conditions of formation of the lead(II) oxy- and hydroxychloride phases that are known to form as minerals and as corrosion products of lead-containing artefacts. The effect of CO2 on the system is also described.

Comparison of the infrared spectra of georgeite and a phase which can be reproducibily synthesised in the laboratory shows that the mineral is an amorphous analogue of malachite, Cu2CO3(OH)2. Synthetic studies also explain the chemical conditions under which georgeite may form, as well as those which can cause it to react to either malachite or chalconatronite. Parallels may be drawn between the laboratory observations and known mineral associations of georgeite.

The stability of synthetic connellite has been determined at 298.2K (25 °C) and 105 Pa, using solution methods. For the reaction 1/37{62H+(aq) + Cu37Cl8(SO4)2(OH)62.8H2O(s) ⇌ Cu2+(aq) + 8Cl−(aq) + 2SO4 2−(aq) + 70H2O(l)}, log K H+ is equal to 6.44(2). This result has been used in turn to calculate a value for ΔfG°(1/37Cu37Cl8(SO4)2(OH)62.8H2O, s, 298.2K) of −423.7±6.6 kJ mol−1. During the synthesis of connellite, claringbullite sometimes forms as a metastable phase. This solid recrystallizes to connellite if kept in contact with the reaction solution. The results have been used to construct an equilibrium model for the formation of connellite in relation to other common secondary copper (II) minerals. Connellite crystallizes from solution over an appreciable range of conditions. This result is consistent with the observed widespread occurrence of connellite, though as a very minor phase, in the oxidized zones of cupriferous sulfide ores.

Epstein Barr virus (EBV) infects 95% of the global population and is associated with up to 2% of cancers globally. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody levels to EBV have been shown to be heritable and associated with developing malignancies. We, therefore, performed a pilot genome-wide association analysis of anti-EBV IgG traits in an African population, using a combined approach including array genotyping, whole-genome sequencing and imputation to a panel with African sequence data. In 1562 Ugandans, we identify a variant in human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQA1, rs9272371 (p = 2.6 × 10−17) associated with anti-EBV nuclear antigen-1 responses. Trans-ancestry meta-analysis and fine-mapping with European-ancestry individuals suggest the presence of distinct HLA class II variants driving associations in Uganda. In addition, we identify four putative, novel, very rare African-specific loci with preliminary evidence for association with anti-viral capsid antigen IgG responses which will require replication for validation. These findings reinforce the need for the expansion of such studies in African populations with relevant datasets to capture genetic diversity.

In the article by Pollard et al. (2017), Figure 2 was incorrectly duplicated as Figure 5.

Ten ice-sheet models are used to study sensitivity of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets to prescribed changes of surface mass balance, sub-ice-shelf melting and basal sliding. Results exhibit a large range in projected contributions to sea-level change. In most cases, the ice volume above flotation lost is linearly dependent on the strength of the forcing. Combinations of forcings can be closely approximated by linearly summing the contributions from single forcing experiments, suggesting that nonlinear feedbacks are modest. Our models indicate that Greenland is more sensitive than Antarctica to likely atmospheric changes in temperature and precipitation, while Antarctica is more sensitive to increased ice-shelf basal melting. An experiment approximating the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s RCP8.5 scenario produces additional first-century contributions to sea level of 22.3 and 8.1 cm from Greenland and Antarctica, respectively, with a range among models of 62 and 14 cm, respectively. By 200 years, projections increase to 53.2 and 26.7 cm, respectively, with ranges of 79 and 43 cm. Linear interpolation of the sensitivity results closely approximates these projections, revealing the relative contributions of the individual forcings on the combined volume change and suggesting that total ice-sheet response to complicated forcings over 200 years can be linearized.

The Shang (c. 1500–1045 BC) and Zhou dynasties (c. 1045–771 BC) of China are famous for their sophisticated ritual bronze vessels. Sourcing the leaded tin-bronze has, however, proved to be a challenge. A new systematic approach to metal chemistry uses trace elements and isotopes to characterise the underlying circulation pattern. It reveals the complexity of the copper sources on which the late Shang capital at Anyang depended for its bronzes, suggesting the transport of copper from distant regions in the south, on the Yangtze, and from north-east China. The new interpretational system furthers our understanding of the network on which successive Chinese dynasties depended for copper, lead and tin, and attempts to give equal weight to the archaeological and chemical data.