A truism of modern organizational life is that organizations collaborate. They may collaborate to meet client needs, acquire resources, or gain legitimacy. They may be required to collaborate by funders, but have little direction beyond this basic mandate. In this situation, how do managers choose collaborative partners? What is important to them and when is it important? While institutional and resource-dependence theories emphasize environmental factors driving collaboration, only recently has attention has been given to factors individuals identify as important when making choices about who to collaborate with, and for what purpose. This study uses the repertory grid technique, an innovative method based on personal construct theory, to explore what is important in the minds of nonprofit managers when navigating the world of collaboration and partner selection. The results reveal that managers prioritize different traits when selecting partners depending on the type of collaboration. We conclude with a review of current collaboration theories, where the findings from this study support and deviate from them and offer five new propositions about the complex, situation-dependent nature of partner selection in the minds of nonprofit practitioners.

Aims: Changes in the hippocampus and amygdala are associated with psychotic illnesses. However, there is little research examining the output tracts of these regions in psychosis. The fornix connects the hippocampus to the basal forebrain anteriorly and to the hypothalamus posteriorly, while the stria terminalis (ST) connects the amygdala to these same areas. The anterior commissure divides these tracts into anterior (pre-commissural) and posterior (post-commissural) fibres. This study investigates these two tracts and their pre- and post-commissural fibres in young adolescents with psychotic experiences (PEs) as compared with controls across two timepoints (TP), 2 years apart.

Methods: 51 young adolescents with PEs (37 female) and 43 healthy controls (25 female) underwent high angular diffusion imaging at TP1, while 39 adolescents with PEs and 29 healthy controls underwent same at TP2. Images were processed using ExploreDTI and, using a bespoke method, the fornix and ST were separated and pre-commissural and post-commissural fibres isolated. Analysis of covariance was performed correcting for age, sex and intracranial volume.

Results: Right pre-commissural fornical Mean Diffusivity (MD) (p=0.035) and Radial Diffusivity (RD) (p=0.009) were increased, with decreased Fractional Anisotropy (FA) (p=0.045) at TP1. There was increase across MD (p=0.004), RD (p=0.005) and Axial Diffusivity (AD) (p=0.042) at TP2. Only right pre-commissural fornix MD and RD increases at TP2 survived Bonferroni correction at p=0.0083. No ST differences survived correction for multiple comparisons.

Conclusion: This study uses a novel method to separate the stria terminalis and fornix, using an anatomically driven approach. The results show that the hippocampal output fibres are involved in early psychosis, while the amygdala fibres are not affected. Of the hippocampal fibres, it is the fibres going to the basal forebrain, responsible for motivation and behaviour, that are specifically impacted. These changes in adolescents are entirely right sided, reflecting similar right sided hippocampal changes found in adults with psychotic illnesses. The right basal forebrain is known to influence vigilance, attention and emotional processing, which are affected in patients with psychosis. The findings from this study suggest that the right basal forebrain is affected in children and adolescents with psychotic experiences, which are common in people who go on to develop psychotic illnesses, and thus supports the neurodevelopmental theory of psychosis.

Evidence indicates hypervitaminosis A may be attributed to overconsumption of natural preformed vitamin A (VA) and overlapping VA intervention strategies. Hypervitaminosis A can disrupt metabolic processes; however, the extent and mechanisms of these impacts are not well understood. This study aims to assess metabolic differences related to hypervitaminosis A and VA supplementation by performing metabolomics analysis. A subsample of South African preschoolers participating in the country’s VA supplementation programme was selected. Participants were divided into two groups: adequate VA (n 15; 0·59–0·99 µmol/g total liver reserve and high VA (n 15; ≥ 1·0 µmol/g total liver reserve). Serum samples were collected at baseline and 28 d after consuming a 200 000 IU VA supplement. Lipidomics and oxylipins assays were conducted using ultraperformance LC-MS. At baseline, unsaturated lysophosphatidylcholines and unsaturated phosphatidylcholines were significantly lower in the high VA group (P < 0·05). A group-by-time interaction with VA supplementation was observed for polyunsaturated lysophosphatidylcholines and polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholines (P < 0·05). Additionally, a group effect was noted for oxylipins, and a time effect in response to VA supplementation was seen with decreased arachidonic acid and lipoxygenase- and non-enzymatically derived oxylipins (P < 0·05). Hypervitaminosis A is associated with modifications in lipids involved in cell structure and signalling, particularly unsaturated lysophosphatidylcholines and phosphatidylcholines. Further research is needed to identify the mechanisms behind these modifications, their physiological effects and their potential as biomarkers of elevated vitamin A status.

Objectives/Goals: Youth with IBD have preventive, psychosocial, and acute care needs beyond those of peers, yet receipt of services does not match those needs. Our objectives are to assess the feasibility of (1) an individualized care plan intervention to improve perceived and measured care quality and (2) a pragmatic trial design embedded in pediatric IBD practice. Methods/Study Population: This is a pilot rollout-design randomized trial (n = 60) at a regional academic medical center. Eligible patients are 13–19 years old with IBD for at least 3 months and scheduled for a follow-up visit during the trial. Research staff recruits from one cluster at a time until goal enrollment (14–16). Enrollees are randomized 1:1 to intervention (MyIBD now) or control (MyIBD after the trial). MyIBD combines a tabular summary of individualized acute, chronic, and preventive care needs with nurse facilitator support for patients to use the information. Surveys at baseline, 6 and 12 months measure care quality (Patient Assessment of Chronic Illness Care scale, vaccines, health services) and patient self-management skills (Partners in Health scale). Implementation outcomes are collected via chart review. Results/Anticipated Results: To date, 44 subjects have been randomized. Among subjects, the mean age is 16 years; 73% have Crohn’s disease, 77% have commercial insurance, 75% receive anti-TNF therapy, and 14% live in a rural area. Mean baseline perceived care quality (PACIC scale) is 76.9 (sd 16.3; out of 100); mean baseline perceived self-management skill (PIH scale) is 78.1 (sd 13.4; out of 96). On objective care quality measures, 59% have completed the HPV vaccine series, 32% have received an additional pneumonia vaccine; in the past year 68% have had a screening for mood disorders, 20% an emergency department visit for IBD, and 18% an IBD hospitalization. To date, the IBD clinical team has achieved 100% completion (intervention subjects receive MyIBD plus nurse facilitation) and 0% contamination (control subjects inappropriately receive MyIBD). Discussion/Significance of Impact: Study results to date support the feasibility of the pragmatic, embedded trial design and indicate opportunities for improvement in care quality as perceived by patients and as measured by common preventive and acute care quality indicators. An individualized care plan supported with nurse facilitation may improve pediatric IBD care quality.

Objectives/Goals: To determine the safety and feasibility of single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (spTMS) for assessing corticospinal tract (CST) excitability and integrity in infants with perinatal brain injury, bridging foundational neuroscience to potential early diagnosis and clinical interventions during critical neuroplasticity periods. Methods/Study Population: Nineteen infants with perinatal brain injury underwent 1–3 spTMS sessions at three developmental time points: 3–6 months, 12 ± 1 month, and 18 ± 1 month. spTMS targeted the primary motor cortex to elicit motor-evoked potentials (MEPs), recorded via electromyography (EMG) from bilateral wrist flexor muscles. Safety monitoring included heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), the Modified Behavioral Pain Scale (MBPS), and caregiver feedback. Feasibility was evaluated based on the ability to elicit MEPs, the number of trials that elicited MEPs, and procedure tolerability. Pre- and post-spTMS physiological and behavioral data were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models (LMEM) to account for repeated measures within subjects. Results/Anticipated Results: Thirty-five spTMS sessions were conducted in 19 infants (mean age 8.75 ± 5.12 months) with perinatal brain injury, delivering 1936 pulses with a median inter-pulse interval of 24.7 seconds. Analysis with LMEM found no significant changes in HR (mean difference  =  0.51 bpm, p  =  0.81) or RR (mean difference  =  0.69 breaths/min, p  =  0.66). MBPS scores showed a small statistically significant increase (mean difference  =  0.57, p  =  0.046), but overall remained low (mean score change from 1.94 to 2.51 on 0–10 scale). The median change score was 0, and 18/35 sessions showed no change in MBPS, indicating low discomfort with TMS. No adverse events were reported during or after the sessions. The feasibility of eliciting MEPs in this population was confirmed, with 235 MEPs identified in 17/19 participants. Discussion/Significance of Impact: Understanding neurodevelopment after injury is crucial for early diagnosis and targeted rehabilitation. Our study demonstrates that spTMS is a safe, feasible tool for assessing motor pathways in infants with early brain injury, highlighting its potential for clinical translation in neurodevelopmental disorders, and offering a pathway to improved care.

The authors offer reflections and lessons learned in a single pediatric tertiary center’s experience during a pediatric mass casualty incident (MCI). The MCI occurred at a holiday parade and the patients were brought to multiple community emergency departments for initial resuscitation prior to transfer to the Pediatric level 1 trauma center. In total, 18 children presented with severe blunt force trauma after a motor vehicle entered the parade route. Following initial triage in emergency departments, 10 of 18 children injured during the incident were admitted to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, collectively representing a system-wide stressor of emergency medicine, critical care, and surgical services. Institutional characteristics, activation of personnel and supplies, and psychosocial support for families during an MCI are important to consider in children’s hospitals’ disaster preparedness planning.

Whole genome sequencing (WGS) and clinical review were used to characterize 14 cases of central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) due to Staphylococcus epidermidis. WGS, which demonstrated disparate strains, suggested that 42.9% of S. epidermidis CLABSI cases were due to contamination, while clinical review suggested that 57.1% were contamination events.

Jacobean visitation articles reveal increasing anxiety about preserving sacred space and material things from profane use. New churches and churchyards were consecrated by novel rites as sacred space was increasingly prioritised and emphasised in visitation. More and more prelates labelled the church building ‘the house of God’. By 1612, the archbishop of Canterbury's metropolitical visitation articles identified ecclesiastical space and furniture, notably the communion table, as ‘consecrated’ to God. English prelates widely adopted this sacralising rhetoric. These innovations originate not in the prescriptions of avant-garde prelates awaiting the advent of Laud but more commonly in those of Reformed conformist bishops.

The gut microbiome is impacted by certain types of dietary fibre. However, the type, duration and dose needed to elicit gut microbial changes and whether these changes also influence microbial metabolites remain unclear. This study investigated the effects of supplementing healthy participants with two types of non-digestible carbohydrates (resistant starch (RS) and polydextrose (PD)) on the stool microbiota and microbial metabolite concentrations in plasma, stool and urine, as secondary outcomes in the Dietary Intervention Stem Cells and Colorectal Cancer (DISC) Study. The DISC study was a double-blind, randomised controlled trial that supplemented healthy participants with RS and/or PD or placebo for 50 d in a 2 × 2 factorial design. DNA was extracted from stool samples collected pre- and post-intervention, and V4 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to profile the gut microbiota. Metabolite concentrations were measured in stool, plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography. A total of fifty-eight participants with paired samples available were included. After 50 d, no effects of RS or PD were detected on composition of the gut microbiota diversity (alpha- and beta-diversity), on genus relative abundance or on metabolite concentrations. However, Drichlet’s multinomial mixture clustering-based approach suggests that some participants changed microbial enterotype post-intervention. The gut microbiota and fecal, plasma and urinary microbial metabolites were stable in response to a 50-d fibre intervention in middle-aged adults. Larger and longer studies, including those which explore the effects of specific fibre sub-types, may be required to determine the relationships between fibre intake, the gut microbiome and host health.

Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) research relies upon accurate identification of cases when using electronic health record (EHR) data. We developed and validated a multi-component algorithm to identify hospital-associated CDI using EHR data and determined that the tandem of CDI-specific treatment and laboratory testing has 97% accuracy in identifying HA-CDI cases.

Introducing soybean cultivars resistant to 2,4-D and dicamba allowed for postemergence applications of these herbicides. These herbicides pose a high risk for off-target movement, and the potential influence on crops such as hemp is unknown. Two studies were conducted from 2020 through 2022 in controlled environments to evaluate hemp response to rates simulating off-target events of 2,4-D and dicamba. The objectives of these studies were to (1) determine the effects of herbicide (2,4-D and dicamba) and rate (1× to 1/100,000× labeled rate) on visible injury, height, and branching, and (2) determine the effect of 2,4-D rate (1× to 1/100,000× labeled rate) on visible injury, height, branching, and reproductive parameters. Herbicides were applied in the early vegetative stage, and evaluations took place 14 and 28 d after treatment (DAT) and at trial termination (42 DAT in the greenhouse trial and at harvest in the growth chamber trial). In the greenhouse study, 2,4-D and dicamba at the 1× rate, and the 1/10× rate of dicamba, caused 68%, 78%, and 20% injury 28 DAT, respectively. At the time of trial termination 42 DAT, plants treated with 1× rates of 2,4-D and dicamba, or 1/10× dicamba, were 19, 25, and 9 cm shorter than the nontreated control, respectively. Simulated off-target rates of 2,4-D and dicamba did not influence branching or plant weight at trial termination. In the growth chamber study, the 1× and 1/10× rates of 2,4-D caused 82% and 2% injury 28 DAT, respectively. Plant height, fresh weight, and cannabidiol (CBD) levels of plants treated with simulated off-target rates of 2,4-D were not different from the nontreated control. These studies suggest that hemp grown for CBD exposed to off-target rates of 2,4-D or dicamba in early vegetative stages may not have distinguishable effects 42 DAT or at harvest.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Adoption of the Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership (OMOP) common data model promises to transform large-scale observational health research. However, there are diverse challenges for operationalizing OMOP in terms of interoperability and technical skills among coordinating centers throughout the US. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: A team from the Critical Path Institute (C-Path) collaborated with the informatics team members at Johns Hopkins to provide technical support to participating sites as part of the Extract, Transform, and Load (ETL) process linking existing concepts to OMOP concepts. Health systems met regularly via teleconference to review challenges and progress in ETL process. Sites were responsible for performing the local ETL process with assistance and securely provisioning de-identified data as part of the CURE ID program. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: More than twenty health systems participated in the CURE ID effort.Laboratory measures, basic demographics, disease diagnoses and problem list were more easily mapped to OMOP concepts by CURE ID partner institutions. Outcomes, social determinants of health, medical devices, and specific treatments were less easily characterized as part of the project. Concepts within the medical record presented very different technical challenges in terms of representation. There is a lack of standardization in OMOP implementation even among centers using the same electronic medical health record. Readiness to adopt OMOP varied across the institutions who participated. Health systems achieved variable level of coverage using OMOP medical concepts as part of the initiative. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Adoption of OMOP involves local stakeholder knowledge and implementation. Variable complexity of health concepts contributed to variable coverage. Documentation and support require extensive time and effort. Open-source software can be technically challenging. Interoperability of secure data systems presents unique problems.

Maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index is positively associated with offspring obesity, even at adulthood, whereas breastfeeding decreases the risk of obesity. The present study was aimed at assessing whether breastfeeding moderates the association of maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index with offspring body composition at adulthood, using data from 3439 subjects enrolled in a southern Brazilian birth cohort. At 30 years of age, maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index was positively associated with offspring prevalence of obesity, abdominal obesity, as well as body mass index and fat and lean mass index. Breastfeeding moderated the association of maternal pre-pregnancy obesity with offspring adiposity at 30 years of age. For those breastfed<6 months, body mass index was 4.13 kg/m2 (95% confidence interval: 2.98; 5.28) higher among offspring of obese mothers, in relation to offspring of normal weight mothers, whereas among those breastfed≥6 months the magnitude of the difference was small [2.95 kg/m2 (95% confidence interval: 1.17; 4.73)], p-value for interaction = 0.03. Concerning obesity, among those who had been breastfed < 6 months, the prevalence of obesity was 2.56 (95% confidence interval: 1.98; 3.31) times higher among offspring of obese mothers. On the other hand, among those who were breastfed ≥ 6 months, the prevalence of obesity was 1.82 (95% confidence interval: 1.09; 3.04) times higher among offspring of obese mothers. Therefore, among overweight mothers breastfeeding for more than 6 months should be supported, as it may mitigate the consequences of maternal overweight on offspring body composition.

Empowering the Participant Voice (EPV) is an NCATS-funded six-CTSA collaboration to develop, demonstrate, and disseminate a low-cost infrastructure for collecting timely feedback from research participants, fostering trust, and providing data for improving clinical translational research. EPV leverages the validated Research Participant Perception Survey (RPPS) and the popular REDCap electronic data-capture platform. This report describes the development of infrastructure designed to overcome identified institutional barriers to routinely collecting participant feedback using RPPS and demonstration use cases. Sites engaged local stakeholders iteratively, incorporating feedback about anticipated value and potential concerns into project design. The team defined common standards and operations, developed software, and produced a detailed planning and implementation Guide. By May 2023, 2,575 participants diverse in age, race, ethnicity, and sex had responded to approximately 13,850 survey invitations (18.6%); 29% of responses included free-text comments. EPV infrastructure enabled sites to routinely access local and multi-site research participant experience data on an interactive analytics dashboard. The EPV learning collaborative continues to test initiatives to improve survey reach and optimize infrastructure and process. Broad uptake of EPV will expand the evidence base, enable hypothesis generation, and drive research-on-research locally and nationally to enhance the clinical research enterprise.