We combine mathematical modeling, population growth data, archaeological survey data, and GIS analysis to project that tens of thousands of archaeological sites will be destroyed by development in Illinois by the year 2100. Climate-driven migration from less hospitable areas of the United States is likely to contribute to the growth and expansion of existing municipalities, converting millions of hectares of natural and agricultural land into urban land. A scenario of 1% annual growth over the next 80 years will impact about 55,000 sites in the state, most of which are undocumented. The damage is likely to be even more severe in other areas of the world as the global trends of population increase and urbanization accelerate the expansion of large urban areas in archaeologically rich regions.

We surveyed physicians and patients to create a novel Desirability of outcome ranking (DOOR) for non-severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Patients generally ranked uncomfortable but non-life-threatening symptoms as less desirable, while physicians focused on traditional medical outcomes. When developing DOORs, both patient and clinician perspectives should be considered.

This paper presents a study in which modelling and simulation have been used to assess the effect of the aircraft lifts on the air flow over the flight deck of the Queen Elizabeth Class (QEC) aircraft carriers and the subsequent impact on helicopter operations. The aircraft lifts can be either raised or lowered, and they can also have aircraft on them. They can therefore significantly alter the geometry of the starboard side of the ship and, potentially, the air flow over the flight deck. The air flow over the flight deck of the QEC was investigated using experimental and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) techniques. To assess how the air flows for the different lift configurations affected a helicopter landing on the flight deck, piloted flight simulation trials were performed in which a test pilot conducted helicopter deck landings in CFD-simulated Green 60 winds with speeds from 10 kt to 40 kt. Pilot assessment showed the operational wind speed limits, across all spots and lift configurations, were 30 kt or 35 kt and that the different lift configurations produced a 5 kt change in the maximum tolerable wind speeds. While the distribution of the workload experienced by the pilot along the flight path was different for the three lift configurations, it was judged that the difficulty of the overall landing task was not sufficiently affected to require different limiting wind speeds for the different lift configurations.

Design teams commonly need to explain the rationale or logic behind how they frame design challenges and develop a particular design concept and not others. This paper explores the use of Design Logic Visualizations (DLV) as a boundary object to enhance understanding and communication in convergent interdisciplinary engineering design environments. We developed the DLV as a new design tool, building upon existing design process visualizations like design signatures, and provide a case study from our NASA team. We then use a reflection-based autoethnographic and collaborative inquiry approach to reflect on how the DLVs influenced our team, our process, and our decision-making. The findings suggest DLVs can serve as a succinct storytelling tool, support shared understanding across disciplines and levels of leadership, and, ultimately, influence design outcomes.

Understanding the properties of lower-carbon concrete products is essential for their effective utilization. Insufficient empirical test data hinders practical adoption of these emerging products, and a lack of training data limits the effectiveness of current machine learning approaches for property prediction. This work employs a random forest machine learning model combined with a just-in-time approach, utilizing newly available data throughout the concrete lifecycle to enhance predictions of 28 and 56 day concrete strength. The machine learning hyperparameters and inputs are optimized through a novel unified metric that combines prediction accuracy and uncertainty estimates through the coefficient of determination and the distribution of uncertainty quality. This study concludes that optimizing solely for accuracy selects a different model than optimizing with the proposed unified accuracy and uncertainty metric. Experimental validation compares the 56-day strength of two previously unseen concrete mixes to the machine learning predictions. Even with the sparse dataset, predictions of 56-day strength for the two mixes were experimentally validated to within 90% confidence interval when using slump as an input and further improved by using 28-day strength.

This forum engages an emerging discourse around historical reckoning, truth, and reconciliation, asking how these frameworks inform American archaeology and its future. A growing number of archaeologists are now demanding systemic disciplinary transformations that directly address how white supremacy and settler colonialism enact Indigenous dispossession and erasure as well as anti-Blackness, gender discrimination, and ableism. This forum, featuring 10 archaeologists—including a mixture of junior- and senior-level scholars—is organized into thematic dialogues that highlight their different perspectives and experiences within North American cultural heritage management. First, the dialogue interrogates American archaeology’s embeddedness in ethnocentrism and racism. It then looks at different forms of collaboration that actualize anti-colonial critiques and corrections. Next, it compares collaborative methods with broader calls for “un-disciplining” through incorporating non-Western expertise, sensibilities, needs, and interests. In response to systemic forms of racism, colonialism, and neoliberalism within archaeology, the authors discuss how individuals and institutions can work for and with Indigenous and descendant communities to achieve “reclamation,” defined as the assertion of community control over their significant places, ancestors, belongings, and historical narratives. The article concludes with a consideration of how archaeology can be used by communities to ensure their collective futures.

The First Large Absorption Survey in H i (FLASH) is a large-area radio survey for neutral hydrogen in and around galaxies in the intermediate redshift range $0.4\lt z\lt1.0$, using the 21-cm H i absorption line as a probe of cold neutral gas. The survey uses the ASKAP radio telescope and will cover 24,000 deg$^2$ of sky over the next five years. FLASH breaks new ground in two ways – it is the first large H i absorption survey to be carried out without any optical preselection of targets, and we use an automated Bayesian line-finding tool to search through large datasets and assign a statistical significance to potential line detections. Two Pilot Surveys, covering around 3000 deg$^2$ of sky, were carried out in 2019-22 to test and verify the strategy for the full FLASH survey. The processed data products from these Pilot Surveys (spectral-line cubes, continuum images, and catalogues) are public and available online. In this paper, we describe the FLASH spectral-line and continuum data products and discuss the quality of the H i spectra and the completeness of our automated line search. Finally, we present a set of 30 new H i absorption lines that were robustly detected in the Pilot Surveys, almost doubling the number of known H i absorption systems at $0.4\lt z\lt1$. The detected lines span a wide range in H i optical depth, including three lines with a peak optical depth $\tau\gt1$, and appear to be a mixture of intervening and associated systems. Interestingly, around two-thirds of the lines found in this untargeted sample are detected against sources with a peaked-spectrum radio continuum, which are only a minor (5–20%) fraction of the overall radio-source population. The detection rate for H i absorption lines in the Pilot Surveys (0.3 to 0.5 lines per 40 deg$^2$ ASKAP field) is a factor of two below the expected value. One possible reason for this is the presence of a range of spectral-line artefacts in the Pilot Survey data that have now been mitigated and are not expected to recur in the full FLASH survey. A future paper in this series will discuss the host galaxies of the H i absorption systems identified here.

Recent events provide a stark reminder that we live in a global society where major events affect everyone, across borders, regions, and cultures. Yet, despite the intensification of global interconnections effected by worldwide flows of capital and culture, the meanings of September 11 continue to be constructed in sharply nationalist terms. This may be especially so for Americans who were the primary targets of the 2001 attacks, and who generally see them as attacks on the nation (as, indeed, they seem to have been intended). As John Dower has observed, one need only look at the outpouring of patriotic responses to September 11 in the United States, marked by flags, songs, ceremonies, and commentaries (as well as military actions) enunciating national pride and solidarity. (John Dower, in remarks made at a symposium marking the 60th anniversary of Pearl Harbor, observed that these responses reminded him of accounts of Japanese nationalism in the early stages of the Asia-Pacific War.) But the �new� American patriotism being produced in the post-9-11 era frequently invokes earlier forms of patriotism, especially in images of World War II, the �good war.� Here I reflect on the role of memories of the bombing of Pearl Harbor in (re)producing American patriotism in the 9-11 era, focusing particularly on cultural practices of remembrance.

The fifty-year anniversary of the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between Japan and the United States, signed on January 19, 1960, was not exactly a cause for unrestrained celebration. In 2010, contentious disagreements over the relocation and expansion of the American military presence in Okinawa, lawsuits against the Toyota Motor Corporation, ongoing restrictions on the import of American beef, and disclosures of secret pacts that have allowed American nuclear-armed warships to enter Japan for decades, subdued commemorative tributes to the U.S.-Japan security agreement commonly known as “Ampo” in Japan.

The growing popularity of home-sharing platforms such as Airbnb, partly fueled by hosts’ ability to evade local taxes and regulations, has been shown to elevate housing costs by reallocating long-term housing units to the short-term rental market. This study assesses whether enhanced tax enforcement can mitigate this trend. We analyze staggered tax collection agreements between Airbnb and Florida counties, wherein Airbnb collects taxes from the hosts directly. Using a difference-in-differences methodology, we find these agreements significantly slow the growth of housing costs, highlighting the importance of tax policy in addressing the sharing economy’s influence on housing affordability.

Mapping reviews (MRs) are crucial for identifying research gaps and enhancing evidence utilization. Despite their increasing use in health and social sciences, inconsistencies persist in both their conceptualization and reporting. This study aims to clarify the conceptual framework and gather reporting items from existing guidance and methodological studies. A comprehensive search was conducted across nine databases and 11 institutional websites, including documents up to January 2024. A total of 68 documents were included, addressing 24 MR terms and 55 definitions, with 39 documents discussing distinctions and overlaps among these terms. From the documents included, 28 reporting items were identified, covering all the steps of the process. Seven documents mentioned reporting on the title, four on the abstract, and 14 on the background. Ten methods-related items appeared in 56 documents, with the median number of documents supporting each item being 34 (interquartile range [IQR]: 27, 39). Four results-related items were mentioned in 18 documents (median: 14.5, IQR: 11.5, 16), and four discussion-related items appeared in 25 documents (median: 5.5, IQR: 3, 13). There was very little guidance about reporting conclusions, acknowledgments, author contributions, declarations of interest, and funding sources. This study proposes a draft 28-item reporting checklist for MRs and has identified terminologies and concepts used to describe MRs. These findings will first be used to inform a Delphi consensus process to develop reporting guidelines for MRs. Additionally, the checklist and definitions could be used to guide researchers in reporting high-quality MRs.

There is a growing focus on understanding the complexity of dietary patterns and how they relate to health and other factors. Approaches that have not traditionally been applied to characterise dietary patterns, such as latent class analysis and machine learning algorithms, may offer opportunities to characterise dietary patterns in greater depth than previously considered. However, there has not been a formal examination of how this wide range of approaches has been applied to characterise dietary patterns. This scoping review synthesised literature from 2005 to 2022 applying methods not traditionally used to characterise dietary patterns, referred to as novel methods. MEDLINE, CINAHL and Scopus were searched using keywords including latent class analysis, machine learning and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator. Of 5274 records identified, 24 met the inclusion criteria. Twelve of twenty-four articles were published since 2020. Studies were conducted across seventeen countries. Nine studies used approaches with applications in machine learning, such as classification models, neural networks and probabilistic graphical models, to identify dietary patterns. The remaining studies applied methods such as latent class analysis, mutual information and treelet transform. Fourteen studies assessed associations between dietary patterns characterised using novel methods and health outcomes, including cancer, cardiovascular disease and asthma. There was wide variation in the methods applied to characterise dietary patterns and in how these methods were described. The extension of reporting guidelines and quality appraisal tools relevant to nutrition research to consider specific features of novel methods may facilitate consistent reporting and enable synthesis to inform policies and programs.

The rising incidence of neurodegenerative diseases in an ageing global population has shifted research focus towards modifiable risk factors, such as diet. Despite potential links between dietary patterns and brain health, inconsistencies in neuroimaging outcomes underscore a gap in understanding how diet impacts brain ageing. This study explores the relationship between three dietary patterns – Mediterranean, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) and Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay – and cognitive outcomes as well as brain connectivity. The study aimed to assess the association of these diets with brain structure and cognitive function, involving a middle-aged healthy group and an older cohort with subjective cognitive decline. The study included cognitive assessments and diffusion-weighted MRI data to analyse white matter microstructural integrity. Participants comprised fifty-five older individuals with subjective cognitive decline (54·5 % female, mean age = 64) and fifty-two healthy middle-aged individuals (48·1 % female, mean age = 53). Age inversely correlated with certain cognitive functions and global brain metrics, across both cohorts. Adherence to the Mediterranean, DASH and Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay diets showed no significant cognitive or global brain metric improvements after adjusting for covariates (age, education, BMI). Network-based statistics analysis revealed differences in brain subnetworks based on DASH diet adherence levels in the subjective cognitive decline cohort. In the healthy cohort, lower white matter connectivity was associated with reduced adherence to Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay and DASH diets. Ultimately, the study found no strong evidence connecting dietary patterns to cognitive or brain connectivity outcomes. Future research should focus on longitudinal studies and refine dietary assessments.