Magnetohydrodynamic turbulence with Hall effects is ubiquitous in heliophysics and plasma physics. Direct numerical simulations reveal that, when the forcing scale is comparable to the ion inertial scale, the Hall effects induce remarkable cross-helicity. It then suppresses the cascade efficiency, leading to the accumulation of large-scale magnetic energy and helicity. The process is accompanied by the disruption of current sheets through the entrainment by vortex tubes or the excitation of whistler waves. Using the solar wind data from the Parker Solar Probe, the numerical findings are separately confirmed. These findings provide new insights into the emergence of large-scale solar wind turbulence driven by helical fields and Hall effects.

High-order harmonic generation (HHG) in noble gases driven by femtosecond lasers is currently a feasible solution to obtain ultrafast pulses in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) wavelength range. Implementation of high-flux EUV sources requires driving HHG using an ultrafast laser source in the visible wavelength range with MHz repetition rate. In this paper, we employ a multi-pass cell followed by chirped mirrors to compress 1-MHz, 200-W, 300-fs pulses at 1.03 μm to a duration of 35 fs. The resulting 186-W compressed pulses are focused onto 0.5-mm thick beta barium borate crystal to drive second-harmonic generation and produce positively chirped pulses at 520 nm. These green pulses are de-chirped to 26 fs in duration with an average power of 64 W, which, to the best of our knowledge, represents the highest average power of green pulses with a duration below 100 fs.

Milk fat is a crucial component for evaluating the production performance and nutritional value of goat milk. Previous research indicated that the composition of ruminal microbiota plays a significant role in regulating milk fat percentage in ruminants. Thus, this study aimed to identify key ruminal microorganisms and blood metabolites relevant to milk fat synthesis in dairy goats as a mean to explore their role in regulating milk fat synthesis. Sixty clinically healthy Xinong Saanen dairy goats at mid-lactation and of similar body weight, and similar milk yield were used in a feeding study for 15 days. Based on daily milk yield of dairy goats and the results of milk component determination on the 1st and 8th days, five goats with the highest milk fat content (H group) and five goats with the lowest milk fat content (L group) were selected for further analysis. Before the morning feeding on the 15th day of the experiment, samples of milk, blood and ruminal fluid were collected for analyses of components, volatile fatty acids, microbiota and metabolites. Results revealed that acetate content in the rumen of H group was greater compared with L group. H group had abundant beneficial bacteria including Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005, Saccharofermentans, Ruminococcaceae-UCG-002 and Prevotellaceae_UCG-3, which were important for plant cellulose and hemicellulose degradation and immune regulation. Metabolomics analysis revealed H group had greater relative concentrations of 4-acetamidobutanoic acid and azelaic acid in serum, and had lower relative concentrations of Arginyl-Alanine, SM(d18:1/12:0) and DL-Tryptophan. These altered metabolites are involved in the sphingolipid signaling pathway, arginine and proline metabolism. Overall, this study identified key ruminal microorganisms and serum metabolites associated with milk fat synthesis in dairy goats. These findings offer insights for enhancing the quality of goat milk and contribute to a better understanding of the regulatory mechanisms involved in milk fat synthesis in dairy goats.

High-power 808 nm vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) chips have unique characteristics for neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser pumping compared with conventional edge-emitting laser bars, including a chip surface with high reflectivity, near flat top distribution in the near field, larger emitting width and smaller divergence. A novel symmetrical pump cavity with an inter-reflective chamber was invented by introducing even-numbered pumping geometry and removing the conventional internal reflector. Several optical tuning measures were taken to improve the uniformity of the pumping distribution, including power and spectrum balancing in the cross-section and the long axis of the laser rod, a diffuse mechanism in the pump chamber by a frosted flow tube and optional eccentric pumping geometry. A series of VCSEL pumping experiments were conducted and optical tuning measures were evaluated through distribution profiles and efficiencies. A new design philosophy for the VCSEL side-pumped Nd:YAG laser cavity was finally developed.

A dual-beam platform is developed for all-optical Thomson/Compton scattering, with versatile parameter tuning capabilities including electron energy, radiation energy, radiation polarization, etc. By integrating this platform with a 200 TW Ti:sapphire laser system, we demonstrate the generation of inverse Compton scattering X-/gamma-rays with tunable energies ranging from tens of keV to MeV. The polarization of X-/gamma-rays is manipulated by adjusting the polarization of the scattering laser. In the near future, by combining this platform with multi-PW laser facilities, our goal is to explore the transition from nonlinear Thomson scattering to nonlinear Compton scattering, ultimately verifying theories related to strong-field quantum electrodynamics effects induced by extreme scattering.

Nd-Hf isotope evolution in arc magmas has been widely used to trace the advance and retreat of subduction zones over time. However, the reliability of this method has been questioned. One way to assess its validity is by comparing it with LaN/YbN or Sr/Yb ratios, which are well-established proxies for crustal thickness. In this study, we present new Nd-Hf isotopic data from the Permian to Triassic Hangay Batholith in the western Mongol-Okhotsk Orogen (Hangay Mountains), to evaluate the role of Nd-Hf isotopes in tracing crustal thickness variations along convergent plate boundaries. Our results show that granitoids from the Hangay Batholith likely originated from partial melting of crustal materials, with a possible mantle contribution. These granitoids have moderate εNd(t) and εHf(t) values, with no significant shift from Permian to Triassic, which contrasts with the continuous crustal thickening indicated by LaN/YbN ratios. This inconsistency between Nd-Hf isotope evolution and crustal thickness variation is likely due to the heterogeneous crustal architecture in this accretionary orogen. Our findings highlight the need for caution when linking Hf and Nd isotope evolution with extensional and contractional tectonics.

We undertake a comprehensive investigation into the distribution of in situ stars within Milky Way-like galaxies, leveraging TNG50 simulations and comparing their predictions with data from the H3 survey. Our analysis reveals that 28% of galaxies demonstrate reasonable agreement with H3, while only 12% exhibit excellent alignment in their profiles, regardless of the specific spatial cut employed to define in situ stars. To uncover the underlying factors contributing to deviations between TNG50 and H3 distributions, we scrutinise correlation coefficients among internal drivers (e.g. virial radius, star formation rate [SFR]) and merger-related parameters (such as the effective mass-ratio, mean distance, average redshift, total number of mergers, average spin-ratio, and maximum spin alignment between merging galaxies). Notably, we identify significant correlations between deviations from observational data and key parameters such as the median slope of virial radius, mean SFR values, and the rate of SFR change across different redshift scans. Furthermore, positive correlations emerge between deviations from observational data and parameters related to galaxy mergers. We validate these correlations using the Random Forest Regression method. Our findings underscore the invaluable insights provided by the H3 survey in unravelling the cosmic history of galaxies akin to the Milky Way, thereby advancing our understanding of galactic evolution and shedding light on the formation and evolution of Milky Way-like galaxies in cosmological simulations.

After right ventricular outflow tract obstruction reconstruction for CHD, surgical pulmonary valve replacement, or transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement may be performed if complicated by moderately severe or severe right ventricular outflow tract dysfunction. However, for patients whose anatomy is not suitable for transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement, surgical pulmonary valve replacement is the only option, but it has a higher rate of perioperative complications and longer hospitalisation for patients. In two cases of severe transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement in which percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation could not be performed directly due to the presence of a large right ventricle, a significant decrease in right ventricular function, and significant widening of the pulmonary arteries, we used a new hybridisation procedure to partially fold and reduce the diameter of the significantly widened pulmonary artery trunk without cardiopulmonary bypass by surgically opening the thorax in a median way, and then successfully implanted a percutaneous self-expanding pulmonary valve valve, with good immediate results in the postoperative period. The postoperative recovery was rapid and the recent results were excellent.

Language comprehension requires integration of multiple cues, but the underlying mechanisms of how accentuation, as a significant prosodic feature, influences the processing of words with different levels of cloze probability remains unclear. This study exploits event-related potentials (ERPs) to examine the processing of accented and unaccented words with high-, medium-, and low-cloze probabilities embedded in the final position of highly constrained contexts during spoken sentence comprehension. Our results indicate that accentuation and cloze probability interact across the N400 and post-N400 positivity (PNP) time windows. Under the accented condition, N400 amplitudes gradually increased as cloze probability decreased. Conversely, under the unaccented condition, PNP amplitudes gradually increased as cloze probability decreased with a frontal distribution. These results suggest that the effect of predictability is influenced by accentuation, which is likely due to the processing speed and depth of the critical words, modulated by the amount of attentional resources allocated to them.

The selection of random sampling points is crucial for the path quality generated by probabilistic roadmap (PRM) algorithm. Increasing the number of sampling points can enhance path quality. However, it may also lead to extended convergence time and reduced computational efficiency. Therefore, an improved probabilistic roadmap algorithm (TL-PRM) is proposed based on topological discrimination and lazy collision. TL-PRM algorithm first generates a circular grid area among start and goal points. Then, it constructs topological nodes. Subsequently, elliptical sampling areas are created between each pair of adjacent topological nodes. Random sampling points are generated within these areas. These sampling points are interconnected using a layer connection strategy. An initial path is generated using a delayed collision strategy. The path is then adjusted by modifying the nodes on the convex outer edges to avoid obstacles. Finally, a reconnection strategy is employed to optimize the path. This reduces the number of path waypoints. In dynamic environments, TL-PRM algorithm employs pose adjustment strategies for semi-static and dynamic obstacles. It can use either the same or opposite pose adjustments to avoid dynamic obstacles. Experimental results indicate that TL-PRM algorithm reduces the average number of generated sampling points by 70.9% and average computation time by 62.1% compared with PRM* and PRM-Astar algorithms. In winding and narrow passage maps, TL-PRM algorithm significantly decreases the number of sampling points and shortens convergence time. In dynamic environments, the algorithm can adjust its pose orientation in real time. This allows it to safely reach the goal point. TL-PRM algorithm provides an effective solution for reducing the generation of sampling points in PRM algorithm.