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1113 results

Page 1 of 56

  • Depressive symptoms and their association with age, chronic conditions and health status among middle-aged and elderly people in peri-urban Tanzania

  • Laura-Marie Stieglitz, Leslie B. Adams, Till Bärnighausen, Anne Berghöfer, Patrick Kazonda, Japhet Killewo, Germana H. Leyna, Julia Lohmann, Julia K. Rohr, Stefan Kohler
  • Journal:
    Cambridge Prisms: Global Mental Health / Volume 10 / 2023
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    04 May 2023, e27
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  • Background

    Depression is a global mental health challenge. We assessed the prevalence of depressive symptoms and their association with age, chronic conditions, and health status among middle-aged and elderly people in peri-urban Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

    Methods

    Depressive symptoms were measured in 2,220 adults aged over 40 years from two wards of Dar es Salaam using the ten-item version of the Center of Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D-10) and a cut-off score of 10 or higher. The associations of depressive symptoms with age, 13 common chronic conditions, multimorbidity, self-rated health and any limitation in six activities of daily living were examined in univariable and multivariable logistic regressions.

    Results

    The estimated prevalence of depressive symptoms was 30.7% (95% CI 28.5–32.9). In univariable regressions, belonging to age groups 45–49 years (OR 1.35 [95% CI 1.04–1.75]) and over 70 years (OR 2.35 [95% CI 1.66–3.33]), chronic conditions, including ischemic heart disease (OR 3.43 [95% CI 2.64–4.46]), tuberculosis (OR 2.42 [95% CI 1.64–3.57]), signs of cognitive problems (OR 1.90 [95% CI 1.35–2.67]), stroke (OR 1.56 [95% CI 1.05–2.32]) and anemia (OR 1.32 [95% CI 1.01–1.71]) and limitations in activities of daily living (OR 1.35 [95% CI 1.07–1.70]) increased the odds of depressive symptoms. Reporting good or very good health was associated with lower odds of depressive symptoms (OR 0.48 [95% CI 0.35–0.66]). Ischemic heart disease and tuberculosis remained independent predictors of depressive symptoms in multivariable regressions.

    Conclusion

    Depressive symptoms affected almost one in three people aged over 40 years. Their prevalence differed across age groups and was moderated by chronic conditions, health status and socioeconomic factors.

The Correspondence of Isaac Newton
  • Volume 7, 1718–1727
  • Isaac Newton
  • Edited by A. Rupert Hall, Laura Tilling
  • Published online:
    17 November 2020
    Print publication:
    02 February 1978
  • In this seventh and final volume the letters are divided into two quite distinct groups. The first group begins with the remaining letters of the main chronological sequence written during the closing years of Newton's life, and then proceeds to those few letters to which there is no assignable date with any certainty. The second group of letters, placed in Appendix I, contains corrections and additions to the letters printed in the earlier volumes of the Correspondence. A genealogical table is added to Appendix II to help the reader through the intricacies of Newton's family tree. Even after the creative power of his genius had deserted him, Newton retained to the very end of his long life the characteristic clarity of his thought. Few of Newton's letters in this volume may justly be described as scientific. The relative inactivity of the Mint meant that, although he apparently delegated few of his responsibilities to others, Newton's concerns there were no onerous. Thus it is not surprising that in the last nine years of his life (the period covered in this volume), and particularly from 1725 onwards, there was a decrease in Newton's output of letters; but those which he did write remain as lucid as ever.

The Correspondence of Isaac Newton
  • Volume 6, 1713–1718
  • Isaac Newton
  • Edited by A. Rupert Hall, Laura Tilling
  • Published online:
    17 November 2020
    Print publication:
    22 July 1976
  • As Newton had by now entered his eighth decade, it can be no surprise that the correspondence in this sixth volume shows a marked decline in his activity and intellectual vigour. While the number of extant letters written by him on other that Mint business is relatively small, the majority of them are devoted to his controversy with Leibniz - Newton's dominant interest during this period. The correspondence of Newton shades gradually into the correspondence of the Newtonians. Thus notably Keill, De Moivre, Chamberlayne, Brook Taylor, the Abbe Conti and Des Maizeaux interested themselves in the calculus dispute, all of them (except the first) having frequent opportunities for personal conversation with Newton.

The Correspondence of Isaac Newton
  • Volume 5, 1709–1713
  • Isaac Newton
  • Edited by A. Rupert Hall, Laura Tilling
  • Published online:
    17 November 2020
    Print publication:
    16 October 1975
  • This fifth volume presents the surviving correspondence from the period of almost four years which is, from a bibliographical point of view, the most important time in Newton's life: with Roger Cotes, Newton revised his Philosophise Naturalis Principia Mathematics and saw it through the press. Considered as a single group of letters, the Newton-Cotes correspondence is the largest and most important section of Newton's scientific correspondence that we have. Nowhere else can one witness Newton in a detailed debate about scientific argument and scientific conclusions – a debate from which he did not always emerge victorious. Nowhere else does Newton write in detail about the text of the Principia. And all scholars agree that this text which was hammered out between Cotes and Newton was the most important of all versions, printed and unprinted; this was (to all intents and purposes) the Principia of subsequent history.

  • High-risk environments for eating foods surplus to requirements: a multilevel analysis of adolescents’ non-core food intake in the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS)

  • Zoi Toumpakari, Kate Tilling, Anne M Haase, Laura Johnson
  • Journal:
    Public Health Nutrition / Volume 22 / Issue 1 / January 2019
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    08 November 2018, pp. 74-84
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  • Objective

    Interventions to reduce adolescents’ non-core food intake (i.e. foods high in fat and sugar) could target specific people or specific environments, but the relative importance of environmental contexts v. individual characteristics is unknown.

    Design

    Cross-sectional.

    Setting

    Data from 4d food diaries in the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) 2008–2012 were analysed. NDNS food items were classified as ‘non-core’ based on fat and sugar cut-off points per 100g of food. Linear multilevel models investigated associations between ‘where’ (home, school, etc.) and ‘with whom’ (parents, friends, etc.) eating contexts and non-core food energy (kcal) per eating occasion (EO), adjusting for variables at the EO (e.g. time of day) and adolescent level (e.g. gender).

    Participants

    Adolescents (n 884) aged 11–18 years.

    Results

    Only 11 % of variation in non-core energy intake was attributed to differences between adolescents. In adjusted models, non-core food intake was 151 % higher (ratio; 95 % CI) in EO at ‘Eateries’ (2·51; 2·14, 2·95) and 88 % higher at ‘School’ (1·88; 1·65, 2·13) compared with ‘Home’. EO with ‘Friends’ (1·16; CI 1·03, 1·31) and ‘Family & friends’ (1·21; 1·07, 1·37) contained 16–21 % more non-core food compared with eating ‘Alone’. At the individual level, total energy intake and BMI, but not social class, gender or age, were weakly associated with more non-core energy intake.

    Conclusions

    Regardless of individual characteristics, adolescents’ non-core food consumption was higher outside the home, especially at eateries. Targeting specific eating contexts, not individuals, may contribute to more effective public health interventions.

  • 4 - Nitrogen in current European policies

  • from Part I - Nitrogen in Europe: the present position
  • Edited by Mark A. Sutton, NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, UK, Clare M. Howard, NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, UK, Jan Willem Erisman, Gilles Billen, Albert Bleeker, Peringe Grennfelt, Hans van Grinsven, Bruna Grizzetti
  • Book:
    The European Nitrogen Assessment
    Published online:
    16 May 2011
    Print publication:
    14 April 2011, pp 62-81

  • Summary

    Executive summary

    Nature of the problem

    • Europe, and especially the European Union (EU), has many governmental policy measures aimed at decreasing unwanted reactive nitrogen (Nr) emissions from combustion, agriculture and urban wastes. Many of these policy measures have an ‘effects-based approach’, and focus on single Nr compounds, single sectors and either on air or waters.

    • This chapter addresses the origin, objectives and targets of EU policy measures related to Nr emissions, considers which instruments are being used to implement the policies and briefly discusses the effects of the policy measures.

    Approaches

    • The chapter starts with a brief description of the basic elements of governmental policy measures.

    • A review of the main international conventions and EU policies related to emissions of Nr to air and water is then provided.

    • Finally the chapter provides a semi-quantitative assessment of the effectiveness and efficiency of European policy measures.

    Key findings/state of knowledge

    • International conventions and other treaties have played a key role in raising awareness and establishing policy measures for Nr emissions abatement in EU through so-called Directives and Regulations.

    • There are many different EU Directives, often addressing individual Nr compounds from individual sectors (e.g. NOx emissions from combustion; NH3 emissions from agriculture, pollution of groundwater and surface water by nitrates from agriculture, discharge of total nitrogen from urban sewage to surface waters).

    • […]

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