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24 results

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  • Colonization with antiseptic tolerant Staphylococcus aureus in children with cancer: a longitudinal study

  • J Chase McNeil, Lauren M Sommer, Marritta Joseph, Charles Minard, Julienne Brackett, Amya Mitchell, Matthew Wilber, Anthony R Flores
  • Journal:
    Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 46 / Issue 10 / October 2025
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    11 September 2025, pp. 999-1005
    Print publication:
    October 2025
  • Objective:

    In Staphylococcus aureus the qacA/B and smr genes have been associated with elevated MICs to antiseptics with such organisms often termed antiseptic tolerant S. aureus (ATSA). The impact of repeated healthcare or antiseptic exposure on colonization with ATSA is uncertain.

    Design:

    Prospective longitudinal cohort study.

    Setting/Participants:

    The high-risk cohort included children with a new diagnosis of malignancy recruited from a pediatric oncology clinic. The low-risk cohort were otherwise healthy children enrolled from general pediatrics clinics.

    Methods:

    Subjects had anterior nares and axillary cultures collected at 3-month intervals for one year. Identified S. aureus isolates underwent PCR for qacA/B and smr. The primary outcome was colonization with ATSA at least once during study follow-up. Logistic regression models were utilized to adjust for confounding across cohorts.

    Results:

    226 subjects were evaluable for the primary outcome. It was noted that 93.5% of high-risk subjects reported regularly using chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) antiseptic products. Colonization with ATSA was found in 15.5% of subjects. In univariable analyses, subjects in the low-risk cohort more frequently had ATSA colonization; following adjustment for confounders, the rates of overall ATSA colonization were similar in the high- and low-risk cohorts. Only 2 subjects had colonization with an ATSA strain at more than one encounter.

    Conclusions:

    Pediatric oncology patients do not experience higher rates of ATSA colonization than healthy children. In addition, ATSA colonization is transient relative to strains negative for smr/qacA/B. These findings suggest that repeated use of infection prevention strategies including CHG do not predispose to colonization with ATSA in the ambulatory setting.

  • Chapter 1 - Introduction

  • Edited by Julien Musolino, Rutgers University, New Jersey, Joseph Sommer, Rutgers University, New Jersey, Pernille Hemmer, Rutgers University, New Jersey
  • Book:
    The Cognitive Science of Belief
    Published online:
    03 November 2022
    Print publication:
    17 November 2022, pp 1-28

  • Summary

    Beliefs are, or at least appear to be, integral to cognition and action. Though there are scarcely features of human psychology more intuitive to their bearers, beliefs are surprisingly elusive targets of study. In this chapter, we consider some perennial questions about beliefs and suggest that some clarity might be achieved by viewing beliefs through the lens of cognitive psychology. We discuss psychological findings and evolutionary considerations which seem to imply that the mind is not designed to form true beliefs, but beliefs that are instrumentally useful. This issue is redolent of debates over whether people are rational or irrational and whether beliefs aim at truth or serve other psychological functions. We survey a series of practical tradeoffs and computational constraints that limit the attainment of true beliefs, and which may be responsible for apparent irrationality. Additionally, the origin of false or irrational-seeming beliefs may be inadequately specified by behavioral data, which implies that a deeper understanding of processes and prior knowledge inside the head is essential for a science of beliefs. We conclude by noting that a view of irrational beliefs as the result of prior knowledge, rather than irrational processes, may have optimistic implications for improving people’s beliefs.

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