Recently, increasing numbers of nonprofit studies have used experiments to understand individuals’ charitable giving decisions. One significant gap between experimental settings and the real world is the way in which individuals earn the incomes that they use for charitable donations. This study examined the relationship between individuals’ income sources and their charitable giving decisions. To do so, we conducted a laboratory experiment with 188 college students and asked them to donate with windfall money or with money earned from a real task, respectively. The findings showed that participants donated more to charities if their funds derived from windfall gains. Implications for conducting experiments and motivating donors are also discussed.

A simple k-coloring of a multigraph G is a decomposition of the edge multiset as a disjoint sum of k simple graphs which are referred to as colors. A subgraph H of a multigraph G is called multicolored if its edges receive distinct colors in a given simple k-coloring of G. In 2004, Keevash–Saks–Sudakov–Verstraëte introduced the k-color Turán number ${\text {ex}}_k(n,H)$, which denotes the maximum number of edges in an n-vertex multigraph that has a simple k-coloring containing no multicolored copies of H. They made a conjecture for any $r\geq 3$ and r-color-critical graph $H,$ that in the range of $k\geq \frac {r-1}{r-2}(e(H)-1)$, if n is sufficiently large, then ${\text {ex}}_k(n, H)$ is achieved by the multigraph consisting of k colors all of which are identical copies of the Turán graph $T_{r-1}(n)$. In this article, we show that this holds in the range of $k\geq 2\frac {r-1}{r}(e(H)-1)$, significantly improving earlier results. Our proof combines the stability argument of Chakraborti–Kim–Lee–Liu–Seo with a novel graph packing technique for embedding multigraphs.

Weedy rice (Oryza sativa f. spontanea Roshev.), a widespread and troublesome weed in rice (Oryza sativa L.) fields, is typically controlled using imazamox in imidazolinone-tolerant rice fields. However, suspected resistance to imazamox has emerged in weedy rice populations in Jiangsu Province, China. This study aimed to evaluate the degree of resistance and investigate the resistance mechanisms. A whole-plant bioassay was performed on 35 weedy rice populations, demonstrating that 26 populations developed resistance to imazamox. The effective dose values causing 50% inhibition of growth reduction (GR50) in resistant (R) populations ranged from 129.2 to 280.2 g ai ha−1, exceeding the recommended application rate of imazamox (120 g ai ha−1) in imazamox-tolerant rice fields. R populations displayed cross-resistance to other acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides, except for certain sulfonylurea herbicides. Sequencing of the ALS gene identified a Ser-653-Asn substitution in resistant populations. A novel derived cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (dCAPS) method was developed for the rapid and efficient detection of the Ser-653-Asn mutation in O. sativa f. spontanea. In vitro ALS activity assays revealed that the imazamox concentration required to inhibit 50% (IC50) of ALS activity was 80.0- to 88.3-fold higher in R populations compared with a susceptible (S) population. After imazamox treatment, the ALS expression levels in both the S and R populations of weedy rice increased. Resistance was not reversed by cytochrome P450 oxidase system (CYP450) or glutathione S-transferase (GST) inhibitors, suggesting that metabolic resistance mechanisms were not involved. In conclusion, weedy rice developed a different resistance level to imazamox, and the Ser-653-Asn mutation in the target ALS was the main reason. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to reveal the mechanism of resistance to imazamox in weedy rice in China.

Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent in the UK (1-2). Low exposure to the sun in winter months, as well as higher risk of deficiency amongst some ethnic minority populations (1), means that fortification of food and beverages remains an important potential route to ensure optimal vitamin D status. However, it is unclear as to whether type of fortified food affects ability to raise vitamin D status. Animal foods (e.g. dairy foods) would be expected to lead to higher vitamin D absorption than would non-animal-based foods (e.g. bread, juice), due to their higher fat content. The primary aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate the effectiveness of animal and non-animal-based vitamin D fortified foods on raising serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D).

The literature search was conducted using PubMed on 23 January 2024. Inclusion criteria were as follows: data on non-pregnant/non-lactating adults or data on children, randomised controlled trial; data for 25(OH)D measurement. Initial search results retrieved 701 publications, and 593 ineligible records were removed. Next, 108 records were screened by title and abstract, with 63 records excluded, for the following reasons: off topic (n=54); pregnant or breastfeeding (n=6); non-human (n=1); preterm infants (n=1) and duration <4 weeks (n=1). After full text eligibility screening, 28 publications remained for systematic review and meta-analysis. Ethical approval was not required as this was a literature review.

The end point data meta-analysis showed (for all studies combined) a significant increase in 25(OH)D (+23.4 (95% CI 17.0, 29.7) nmol/L (24 studies)). For specific food types, results were as follows: ‘animal’ +21.7 (95% CI 14.1, 29.3) nmol/L (17 studies); mixture of ‘animal’ and ‘non-animal’ +26.1 (95% CI 10.8, 41.4) nmol/L (1 study); ‘non-animal’ +28.1 (95% 12.0, 44.2) nmol/L (6 studies).

Contrary to what would be expected, non-animal mode of fortification (e.g. bread, juice) had a similar effect size to animal modes (e.g. dairy), so can be considered equivalent in effectiveness in raising 25(OH)D concentration. Differences in dose, duration and population groups between the non-animal and animal modes (in terms of health and baseline vitamin D status) mean the results should be taken with caution, and future studies where these factors are standardised could be useful to provide further evidence of effectiveness.

In the design and construction of ultra-high-peak-power laser systems, it is necessary to control the accumulated B-integral of the laser pulse, but currently there are no reasonable B-integral control standards for picosecond and femtosecond lasers. We systematically evaluate the influence of the B-integral on the output capability of picosecond and femtosecond laser systems for the first time, to our knowledge, taking Nd:glass lasers and Ti:sapphire lasers as examples. For picosecond lasers, the temporal domain compressibility and the small-scale self-focusing effect restrict the B-integral to 1.7 and 1.9, respectively. For femtosecond lasers, the B-integral is mainly restricted by the small-scale self-focusing effect and the far-field focusability, which limit the B-integral to 1.5 and 1.7, respectively. The restriction made by far-field focusability can be largely relaxed by inserting a deformable mirror. The study of the factors restricting the B-integral will provide guidance for the design of ultra-high-peak-power laser systems.

n-3 PUFA, including ALA, EPA and DHA, are widely found in plant oils and marine organisms. These fatty acids demonstrate significant biological effects, and their adequate intake is essential for maintaining health. However, modern diets often lack sufficient n-3 PUFA, especially among populations that consume little fish or seafood, leading to a growing interest in n-3 PUFA supplementation in nutrition and health research. In recent decades, the role of n-3 PUFA in preventing and treating various diseases has gained increasing attention, particularly in cardiovascular, neurological, ophthalmic, allergic, hepatic and oncological fields. In orthopaedics, n-3 PUFA exert beneficial effects through several mechanisms, including modulation of inflammatory responses, enhancement of cartilage repair and regulation of bone metabolism. These effects demonstrate potential for the treatment of conditions such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, osteoporosis, fractures, sarcopenia and spinal degenerative diseases. This review summarises the clinical applications of n-3 PUFA, with a focus on their research progress in the field of orthopaedics, and explores their potential in the treatment of orthopaedic diseases.

Persistent malnutrition is associated with poor clinical outcomes in cancer. However, assessing its reversibility can be challenging. The present study aimed to utilise machine learning (ML) to predict reversible malnutrition (RM) in patients with cancer. A multicentre cohort study including hospitalised oncology patients. Malnutrition was diagnosed using an international consensus. RM was defined as a positive diagnosis of malnutrition upon patient admission which turned negative one month later. Time-series data on body weight and skeletal muscle were modelled using a long short-term memory architecture to predict RM. The model was named as WAL-net, and its performance, explainability, clinical relevance and generalisability were evaluated. We investigated 4254 patients with cancer-associated malnutrition (discovery set = 2977, test set = 1277). There were 2783 men and 1471 women (median age = 61 years). RM was identified in 754 (17·7 %) patients. RM/non-RM groups showed distinct patterns of weight and muscle dynamics, and RM was negatively correlated to the progressive stages of cancer cachexia (r = –0·340, P < 0·001). WAL-net was the state-of-the-art model among all ML algorithms evaluated, demonstrating favourable performance to predict RM in the test set (AUC = 0·924, 95 % CI = 0·904, 0·944) and an external validation set (n 798, AUC = 0·909, 95 % CI = 0·876, 0·943). Model-predicted RM using baseline information was associated with lower future risks of underweight, sarcopenia, performance status decline and progression of malnutrition (all P < 0·05). This study presents an explainable deep learning model, the WAL-net, for early identification of RM in patients with cancer. These findings might help the management of cancer-associated malnutrition to optimise patient outcomes in multidisciplinary cancer care.

Overnutrition during before and pregnancy can cause maternal obesity and raise the risk of maternal metabolic diseases during pregnancy, and in offspring. Lentinus edodes may prevent or reduce obesity. This study aimed to to assess Lentinus edodes fermented products effects on insulin sensitivity, glucose and lipid metabolism in maternal and offspring, and explore its action mechanism. A model of overnutrition during pregnancy and lactation was developed using a 60 % kcal high-fat diet in C57BL6/J female mice. Fermented Lentinus edodes (FLE) was added to the diet at concentrations of 1 %, 3 %, and 5 %. The results demonstrated that FLE to the gestation diet significantly reduced serum insulin levels and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in pregnant mice. FLE can regulate maternal lipid metabolism and reduce fat deposition. Meanwhile, the hepatic phosphoinositide-3-kinase-protein kinase (PI3K/AKT) signaling pathway was significantly activated in the maternal mice. There is a significant negative correlation between maternal FLE supplementation doses and offspring body fat percentage and visceral fat content. Furthermore, FLE supplementation significantly increased offspring weaning litter weight, significantly reduced fasting glucose level, serum insulin level, HOMA-IR and serum glucose level, significantly activated liver PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in offspring, and upregulated the expression of liver lipolytic genes adipose triglyceride lipase, hormone-sensitive lipase and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 mRNA. Overall, FLE supplementation can regulate maternal lipid metabolism and reduce fat deposition during pregnancy and lactation, and it may improve insulin sensitivity in pregnant mothers and offspring at weaning through activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

A dual-beam platform is developed for all-optical Thomson/Compton scattering, with versatile parameter tuning capabilities including electron energy, radiation energy, radiation polarization, etc. By integrating this platform with a 200 TW Ti:sapphire laser system, we demonstrate the generation of inverse Compton scattering X-/gamma-rays with tunable energies ranging from tens of keV to MeV. The polarization of X-/gamma-rays is manipulated by adjusting the polarization of the scattering laser. In the near future, by combining this platform with multi-PW laser facilities, our goal is to explore the transition from nonlinear Thomson scattering to nonlinear Compton scattering, ultimately verifying theories related to strong-field quantum electrodynamics effects induced by extreme scattering.

The autonomous safe flight of fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs in complex low-altitude environments presents significant challenges and holds practical application value. This paper proposes a motion planning method for agile fixed-wing UAVs to address safety issues in navigating narrow corridors within such environments. In the path planning phase, we introduce the Improved Batch Informed Trees (IBIT*) to enhance both the solving speed and quality of BIT*. The IBIT* incorporates strategies such as using Rapidly Exploring Random Tree (RRT)-Connect for initial pathfinding, informed sparse sampling, and re-selecting parent nodes. During the trajectory planning phase, we first decouple the roll angle of the UAV from its three-dimensional position based on the agility of fixed-wing UAVs; subsequently, we address constraints related to smoothness and mission time by leveraging the characteristics of the Minimum Control Effort; finally, we design a differentiable penalty function to satisfy the dynamic performance constraints of the UAV. The effectiveness and superiority of the proposed motion planning method are demonstrated through numerical simulations and physical flight experiments.

Understanding the vertical coherence of the pressure structure and its interaction with velocity fields is critical for elucidating the mechanisms of acoustic generation and radiation in hypersonic turbulent boundary layers. This study employs linear coherence analysis to examine the self-similar coherent structures in the velocity and pressure fields within a Mach 6 hypersonic boundary layer, considering a range of wall-to-recovery temperature ratios. The influence of wall cooling on the geometric characteristics of these structures, such as inclination angles and three-dimensional aspect ratios, is evaluated. Specifically, the streamwise velocity exhibits self-similar coherent structures with the streamwise/wall-normal aspect ratio ranging from 16.5 to 38.7, showing a linear increases with decreasing wall temperatures. Similar linear dependence between the streamwise/wall-normal aspect ratio and the wall temperatures are observed for the Helmholtz-decomposed streamwise velocity and the pressure field. In terms of velocity–pressure coupling, the solenoidal component exhibits stronger interactions with the pressure fields in the near-wall region, while the dilatational component has stronger interactions with the pressure field at large scales with the increase of height. Such coupling generally follows the distance-from-the-wall scaling of the pressure field, except in cooled wall cases. Using the linear stochastic estimation, the pressure field across the boundary layer is predicted by inputting the near-wall pressure/velocity signal along with the transfer kernel. The result demonstrates that near-wall pressure signals provide the most accurate description of the pressure field in higher regions of the boundary layer. As wall-mounted sensors can measure near-wall pressure fluctuations, this study presents a potential approach to predict the off-wall pressure field correlated with the near-wall structures based on wall-pressure measurements.

We presented an attosecond-precision timing detector based on linear optics. The minimum measurement floor is 1×10–10 fs2/Hz with only 1 mW input optical power. With this novel technique, the residual dispersion of a 5.2 km fiber link is characterized and precisely compensated. Finally, a comprehensive feedback model has been developed to analyze the noise coupling in a long-distance link stabilization system. The simulation results demonstrate an out-of-loop jitter of merely 359 as, integrated at [1 Hz, 1 MHz], at 1 mW input power per photodetector of our timing detector. Remarkably, the system is capable of maintaining sub-femtosecond precision even at optical power levels as low as 240 nW (for a 5.2 km link length), or link lengths as long as 20 km (with 1 μW optical power), respectively.